9Cr-1.5W-0.15Ta耐热钢搅拌摩擦焊焊缝组织和冲击性能分析

对9Cr-1.5W-0.15Ta耐热钢搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的微观组织演变和冲击性能进行了分析.结果表明,由于搅拌针剧烈的机械搅拌和焊接热循环的双重作用,搅拌摩擦焊缝区域内发生晶粒破碎、完全奥氏体化动态再结晶、晶界处M23C6相溶解和晶内M3C相析出,焊后较大的冷却速率抑制晶粒长大,促进了马氏体转变.在-100～20℃温度内进行了冲击试验,随着冲击试验温度的增加,母材和FSW焊缝的冲击吸收能量均表现为单调增大的特征,同时冲击断裂模式由脆性断裂逐渐转变为延性断裂.由于FSW焊缝中板条马氏体的形成、“针状”M3C碳化物的析出,FSW焊缝的硬度显著增大,并且在相同温度下FSW焊缝的冲击韧性发生降低,韧—脆转变温度由母材的-50℃升高至-40.2℃.     

Incoloy 825镍基高温合金电子束焊工艺及接头组织与力学性能分析

采用电子束焊，对空冷器管箱Incoloy 825镍基高温合金进行对接焊试验. 通过对焊接接头的组织观察，并结合拉伸力学性能以及接头的冲击韧性等试验，分析镍基高温合金电子束焊接头的组织和力学性能. 结果表明, 采用电子束焊焊接镍基高温合金可以得到良好的焊接接头，焊缝区组织由大片等轴晶和少量柱状晶组成；焊缝区没有出现明显的元素烧损现象；焊缝、热影响区硬度达到母材硬度值；焊缝接头抗拉强度达到600 MPa，接近母材抗拉强度，接头断裂形式为韧性断裂；焊缝和热影响区的冲击吸收能量高于母材区，其中焊缝区的冲击吸收能量达到了262 J，冲击断口形貌为韧窝状.     

热处理工艺对CLAM钢电子束焊缝显微组织与冲击韧性的影响

对聚变堆用中国低活化马氏体钢（CLAM钢）进行了真空电子束焊接试验,并对接头进行了回火和调质处理．利用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）及透射电镜（TEM）对焊缝热处理前后的显微组织进行了观察,并对焊缝进行了室温冲击试验．结果表明,焊态下,焊缝由粗大板条马氏体和δ铁素体构成,其冲击韧性较差;回火处理后,马氏体组织转变为回火马氏体组织,δ铁素体保存下来,且其晶界聚集了大量M23C6型碳化物．碳化物地聚集使得δ铁素体与原奥氏体晶界的结合减弱,在受到外部载荷作用时,裂纹易于萌生和扩展,故回火后焊缝冲击韧性未得到改善;调质处理消除了δ铁素体,焊缝组织转变为和母材相同的回火马氏体组织,焊缝冲击韧性显著提高．     

焊接热输入对Q890/Q550异种钢激光-MAG复合焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用激光-MAG复合焊进行了Q890/Q550异种钢焊接试验,研究不同焊接热输入对异种钢焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同热输入下,焊缝两侧过热区主要由板条马氏体和少量贝氏体组织组成,细晶区为致密的板条马氏体组织,Q890钢侧的马氏体含量比Q550侧多,板条更加粗短,焊缝冲击断口具有剪切韧窝特征,冲击韧性优于热影响区;随着热输入从3.5 kJ/cm增加到9.6 kJ/cm,过热区晶粒粗化,贝氏体逐渐增多,马氏体含量减少,焊缝和热影响区冲击吸收能量略微减小。三种热输入下拉伸试件均断在母材Q550钢,断后伸长率相当,断裂方式为韧性断裂,焊接接头强度高于母材。     

回火对9Cr2WVTa钢电子束焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响

对9Cr2WVTa钢进行电子束焊接,并对焊接接头进行不同温度回火处理,研究了回火对焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊态下,焊缝由粗大的板条马氏体和d铁素体组成.高温回火后,基体中析出大量M23C6型碳化物.硬度测试结果表明,焊态下焊缝硬度远高于母材,随回火温度升高,焊缝硬度逐渐下降,但仍高于母材.拉伸测试结果表明,断裂位置均出现在母材,表明焊缝仍保持了较高强度.采用带沟槽的V型冲击试样获得了完全的焊缝断口,室温冲击实验结果表明,焊态下,焊缝冲击韧性差,冲击功远低于母材;经回火后,焊缝冲击韧性显著提高.焊后回火热处理使焊缝获得了较好的综合力学性能.     

新型9Cr-1Mo钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能

采用钨铼合金搅拌工具对新型9Cr-1Mo钢进行搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,探讨焊缝成形、组织及性能变化规律. 结果表明,在300和400 r/min的转速,50 mm/min的焊接速度下可获得无缺陷接头;焊缝主要由搅拌区和热力影响区组成,具有明显的马氏体淬硬组织特征;高温热影响区为淬硬马氏体和回火马氏体混合组织,低温热影响区为过回火马氏体组织. 焊缝区具有晶粒细化特征,其晶粒尺寸约为母材69.2%. 焊缝区产生明显硬化,最高硬度约为母材硬度值的2.0倍. 焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材98%以上,搅拌区和热影响区冲击吸收能量分别达到母材的77.8%和87.4%,表明搅拌摩擦焊接头仍具有较好强韧匹配.     

热输入对LNG运输车储罐用9Ni钢埋弧焊接头组织和性能的影响

通过埋弧焊的方法,采用三种线能量对22mm厚的9Ni钢板进行对接焊,对焊接接头金相组织进行观察,并对接头进行拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度等试验检验。结果表明,采用三种线能量的埋弧焊接头粗晶区组织均为马氏体,不完全正火区组织为回火马氏体和少量奥氏体,随着热输入的增加马氏体板条粗化;三种线能量的埋弧焊接头拉伸、弯曲性能均合格,随着线能量的增加,接头抗拉强度基本没有影响,而焊缝和热影响区-192℃冲击功均降低,且焊接热输入对HAZ冲击韧性影响比焊缝大;硬度测试结果表明,焊缝和热影响区硬度值均明显高于母材,临近母材的热影响区边界处均出现一个软化区,随热输入的增加,焊缝及热影响区最高硬度均提高,而软化区硬度几乎不变。     

粗晶热影响区比例对09MnNiDR焊接接头冲击韧性的影响

通过对09MnNiDR低温压力容器用钢埋弧焊焊接接头热影响区不同位置处的冲击吸收能量的测试、冲击断口以及微观组织的观察分析，确定了09MnNiDR焊接接头的组织特征以及最薄弱区域，并深入讨论了最薄弱区域对焊接接头冲击韧性的影响. 结果表明，在?70 ℃时，焊接接头母材、亚临界热影响区、临界热影响区、细晶热影响区平均冲击吸收能量均在270 J以上，表现出良好的韧性. 焊缝的平均冲击吸收能量为139 J. 焊接接头韧性最薄弱区域为粗晶热影响区，当缺口完全位于粗晶热影响区时，冲击吸收能量为20 J，相比于母材冲击韧性损失高达92.7%. 粗晶热影响区的显微组织为粗大的粒状贝氏体、板条贝氏体以及块状铁素体组成的复合组织. 随着缺口尖端前沿粗晶热影响区比例的增加，其分布位置越靠近缺口尖端，试样的冲击吸收能量越小，充分体现出最薄弱区域对冲击韧性的影响.     

超高强度钢35CrMnSi惯性摩擦焊接头组织与性能

对35CrMnSi超高强度钢进行了惯性摩擦焊试验研究,对热处理前后焊接接头组织、显微硬度进行分析测试,并对热处理后焊接接头进行了拉伸性能、冲击性能及拉伸断口分析。结果表明:焊后接头焊缝组织为板条马氏体与残余奥氏体,热力影响区组织为细小的马氏体、索氏体、珠光体和铁素体混合组织;热处理后焊缝组织为回火马氏体与少量铁素体;摩擦焊接头焊缝区的硬度高于热力影响区和母材,热处理后焊接接头硬度趋于一致,焊接接头抗拉强度大于1 890 MPa,断后伸长率大于7. 5%,焊缝区拉伸断口为混合断口;焊接接头冲击吸收能量大于18. 5J。     

铝合金双面搅拌摩擦焊初步研究

提出了双面搅拌摩擦焊这种新的焊接方法，对比研究了6K32-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊与双面搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和硬度，并对双面搅拌摩擦焊焊缝进行了XRD分析。研究发现：铝合金双面搅拌摩擦焊与搅拌摩擦焊焊缝组织分区相同；双面搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的硬度略低于搅拌摩擦焊，且焊缝硬度下降区域范围更大；双面搅拌摩擦焊后焊缝依然保持为原有相组成；双面搅拌摩擦焊比搅拌摩擦焊焊接线能量更大，采用双面搅拌摩擦焊代替搅拌摩擦焊有利于提高焊接效率并消除焊缝隧道型缺陷、改善焊缝的性能。     

Characteristics of Laser Beam and Friction Stir Welded AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

This article presents the comparative evaluation of microstructural features and mechanical properties of friction stir welded (solid-state) and laser beam welded (high energy density fusion welding) AISI 409M grade ferritic stainless steel joints. Optical microscopy, microhardness testing, transverse tensile, and impact tests were performed. The coarse ferrite grains in the base material were changed to fine grains consisting duplex structure of ferrite and martensite due to the rapid cooling rate and high strain induced by severe plastic deformation caused by frictional stirring. On the other hand, columnar dendritic grain structure was observed in fusion zone of laser beam welded joints. Tensile testing indicates overmatching of the weld metal relative to the base metal irrespective of the welding processes used. The LBW joint exhibited superior impact toughness compared to the FSW joint.     

低活化马氏体钢真空扩散焊接头力学性能

在不同焊接工艺参数下对低活化马氏体钢进行真空扩散焊接试验,分别对焊缝区进行光学显微观察(OM)与扫描电镜观察(SEM)分析,并对焊件进行力学性能测试. 结果表明,低活化马氏体钢的焊后组织主要为板条马氏体及少量的残余奥氏体,焊缝结合状况良好;在一定范围内提高焊接温度、延长保温时间可以提升接头抗拉强度,但过高的温度及保温时间会导致奥氏体晶粒粗化,损害接头的抗拉强度及冲击韧性. 经过焊后热处理(正火+回火)的接头抗拉强度相对于热处理前有所降低,但组织稳定性及冲击韧性有一定改善.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded and laser welded high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi

The high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi has been shown to have promising structural properties. For a new alloy to be used in a structural application it should be weldable. In the present study, friction stir welding (FSW) and laser welding (LW) techniques were used to butt weld thin plates of CrMnFeCoNi. The microstructure, chemical homogeneity and mechanical behavior of the welds were characterized and compared with the base metal. The tensile stress-strain behavior of the welded specimens were reasonable when compared with that of the base metal. FSW refined the grain size in the weld region by a factor of ～14 when compared with the base metal. High-angle annular dark field transmission electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed chemical inhomogeneity between dendritic and interdendritic regions in the fusion zone of LW. Large fluctuations in composition (up to 15 at%) did not change the crystal structure in the fusion zone. Hardness measurements were carried out in the weld cross section and discussed in view of the grain size, low angle grain boundaries and twin boundaries in FSW specimens and the dendritic microstructure in LW specimens.     

Effect of initial base metal temper on mechanical properties in AA7050 friction stir welds

Abstract

The effect of initial base metal temper on mechanical properties in AA7050 friction stir welds was investigated. AA7050 plates, 6·4 mm thick, with three different heat treatment conditions (T7451, T62 and W), were friction stir welded using nearly identical welding parameters, followed by post-weld aging approximating a T7451 heat treatment. The microstructure, transverse hardness profiles and transverse tensile properties were characterised for these three welds. Experimental results show that preweld heat treatment conditions of AA7050 base metal have significant effect on the mechanical properties of the friction stir welds. Friction stir welding of AA7050 in the W condition, followed by post-weld aging, can change the fracture location from HAZ to weld nugget and increase tensile and yield strengths and elongation in transverse tension, relative to welding in T62 or T7451 conditions.     

Fracture toughness of structural aluminium alloy thick plate joints by friction stir welding

Abstract

The fracture toughness in a friction stir welded joint of thick plates of structural aluminium alloy type A5083-O is investigated. A joint between two 25 mm thick plates is fabricated by one sided, one pass friction stir welding. The Charpy impact energy and critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) in the friction stir weld are much higher than those in the base metal or heat affected zone, whereas mechanical properties such as stress–strain curve and Vickers hardness are not conspicuously different. The effects of the microstructure on crack initiation and propagation are studied in order to clarify the difference in fracture toughness between the stir zone and base metal. The analyses of the fracture resistance curves and the diameters of dimples in the fracture surface after both tensile and bending tests show that the fine grained microstructure in the stir zone helps to increase ductile crack initiation and propagation resistance. It is found that the high fracture toughness value in the stir zone is affected by the fine grained microstructure in friction stir welds.     

Failure Analysis of Electron Beam Weld Joints for 18Ni Co-free Maraging Steels

Microstructure of two different 18Ni Co-free maraging specimens and their electron beam weld joints were investigated comparatively by optical microscopy and SEM. It is showing that both of the steels are typical lath martensite, however, one grain size is about three times as another one, and XRD reveals that the amount of the retained austenitic phase in the former is less then the latter. The austenite distributes in plate form along granular and lath boundaries while some in fine particle within the matrix. The microstructural difference between two specimens led to diverse behaviors in electron beam welding. The first specimen is weldable well but the second shows obvious welding defects of pits and burn-through holes in weld face. The welding microstructure exhibits a typical dendritic morphology, and the grains in the heat-affected zone recrystallized and grew up obviously for high temperature heated by welding electron beam. The weldablity is relative to the thermal conduction performance of the base materials,which is contributed greatly for grain size and austenite content.     

10Ni3CrMoV钢CO2激光多层焊的接头组织与性能

与传统电弧焊相比,激光焊接厚板优势明显。采用纯激光焊和激光电弧复合焊等多道焊接技术实现了28 mm厚10Ni3CrMoV钢的高效焊接,采用光学显微镜分析焊缝、热影响区和焊缝重叠区的组织,激光复合焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体,纯激光焊缝、粗晶区和细晶区组织主要为板条马氏体,激光复合焊缝重叠区组织为粒状贝氏体+马氏体,纯激光焊缝和激光复合焊缝重叠区组织为马氏体+少量粒状贝氏体。测试了焊接接头的力学性能,结果表明,激光复合焊缝金属的冲击韧性较高,焊接接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度与母材相当,延伸率略小于母材,焊接接头的最大硬度小于360 HV,弯曲性能合格。     

微观组织对镁合金FSW焊缝应变硬化行为的影响

采用传统搅拌摩擦焊和冷源辅助搅拌摩擦焊对3 mm厚的AZ31B镁合金进行焊接. 利用电子背散射衍射、透射电子显微镜和静拉伸试验研究焊缝区的微观组织对力学性能的影响. 结果表明，液态二氧化碳不仅降低焊接峰值温度，还提高焊后冷却速度. 焊缝峰值温度的降低为激活{10-12}孪生行为创造了有利条件. {10-12}孪晶可降低基面织构的强度，也可进一步分割晶粒，起到细化晶粒的作用. 焊后冷却速度的提高使焊接过程中产生的大量位错保留在晶粒内部. 因此冷源辅助搅拌摩擦焊缝表现为具有大量{10-12}孪晶和位错的细晶结构. 在拉伸过程中，细晶强化和位错强化为主要强化机制. 孪晶界面可有效吸收和分解变形时产生的位错，从而协调应变和减小应力集中，使焊缝具有合理的应变硬化行为和强塑性匹配.     

Fatigue crack growth under a constant amplitude loading of Al-6061-T6 welds obtained by modified indirect electric arc technique

Abstract

The characteristics of the fatigue crack growth in the base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were quantified by testing compact type specimens of 6061-T6 welds obtained by the modified indirect electric arc technique. The fatigue crack growth depends on the microstructure imposed by the welding thermal cycle and it was observed that in the HAZ the crack growth rate is lower than that in the weld metal, but higher than that in the base metal. Microhardness maps revealed that this behaviour is due to the formation of a larger plastic zone around of the crack tip produced by loss of hardening. A comparison of fatigue crack growth of weld metal and HAZ for modified indirect electric arc and friction stir welding shows that the weld metal produced by friction stir welding exhibits better resistance to crack propagation, but both processes behaved similarly in the HAZ.