Finite Element Analysis of High Temperature Piping Creep for Considering the Effect of Inner Pressure and Welding Residual Stress

利用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus的多次顺次耦合功能,先对P91钢高温主蒸汽管道焊接接头焊态和焊后热处理状态进行残余应力分析, 然后采用Norton蠕变本构关系,根据P91耐热钢在625℃下焊缝、热影响区和母材的不同蠕变参数,对内压以及内压与热处理后残余应力共同作用下的接头蠕变进行有限元分析,分别得到了焊接残余应力和焊后热处理残余应力的分布规律,同时预测了在高温环境下服役105h后蠕变应变分布. 结果表明,由于高温管道的壁厚以及约束等影响, 焊后产生了较大的焊接残余应力,通过焊后热处理可以有效地降低焊接残余应力.但由于热处理残余应力的存在, 仍对高温管道焊接接头的蠕变有较大影响,并且在焊缝与热影响区的交界处存在着较大的蠕变应变.     

Numerical Investigation on Residual Stresses of the Safe-End/Nozzle Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint in CAP1400 Nuclear Power Plants

The residual stress evolution in a safe-end/nozzle dissimilar metal welded joint of CAP1400 nuclear power plants was investigated in the manufacturing process by finite element simulation. A finite element model, including cladding, buttering, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and dissimilar metal multi-pass welding, is developed based on SYSWELD software to investigate the evolution of residual stress in the aforementioned manufacturing process. The results reveal a large tensile axial residual stress, which exists at the weld zone on the inner surface, leads to a high sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PWHT process before dissimilar metal multi-pass welding process has a great influence on the magnitude and distribution of final axial residual stress. The risk of SCC on the inner surface of the pipe will increase if PWHT process is not taken into account. Therefore, such crucial thermal manufacturing process such as cladding, buttering and post-weld heat treatment, besides the multi-pass welding process, should be considered in the numerical model in order to accurately predict the distribution and the magnitude of the residual stress.     

焊后热处理对特厚板20MnNiMo焊接残余应力的影响

为了研究焊后热处理对8万吨模锻压机主缸材料20MnNiMo焊接接头残余应力的影响,制定了窄间隙焊接方案和15 h×(550±10)℃焊后热处理方案,并通过盲孔法对焊接接头表面残余应力进行了测定和记录。得到了15 h×(550±10)℃焊后热处理对20MnNiMo厚板焊接接头残余应力场分布的影响。结果表明:15 h×(550±10)℃去应力退火可以很好的减小20MnNiMo厚板焊接残余应力,去应力效果显著,可以很好地改善20MnNiMo焊接残余应力的分布,该热处理方案满足实际产品需要,可以用于实际焊接生产中。     

核用SA508-3钢特厚板焊后热处理有限元分析

为了得到SA508-3钢特厚板焊接残余应力分布及焊后热处理对残余应力分布的影响,利用有限元方法对焊接及焊后热处理进行了模拟计算,计算结果表明:焊后热处理对试板焊接应力分布趋势影响较小,但焊后热处理可以大大减小接头应力数值,其中,纵向应力最大减小幅度为72%,横向应力最大减小幅度为70%;焊接接头存在应力分布准稳定区,且接头内部残余应力水平最小,其次为接头上表面,接头下表面应力水平最大;通过残余应力测定试验与模拟结果比对,两者结果吻合度很高,说明计算模型及计算方法可靠,可以指导实际SA508-3钢特厚板焊后热处理生产.     

Cr-Mo钢管子局部焊后热处理加热宽度准则的确定

采用粘弹塑性有限元方法从应力释放角度讨论了Cr-Mo钢局部热处理下各种优化加热条件.研究表明,局部热处理过程产生的瞬态和残余应力受蠕变性能和温度关系弹性模量等因素的影响.当加热宽度足够大时,局部热处理后的应力与炉中热处理的应力接近.通过与现有标准的比较,从应力释放角度位于焊缝中心5√Rt的加热宽度较为合理.提出了考虑焊接冷却过程Cr-Mo低温膨胀现象的相变模型.给出了焊接残余应力与局部焊后热处理应力的试验结果与模拟结果的对比.     

局部焊后热处理加热宽度的直接评定方法

局部焊后热处理通常用改善焊接接头的性能和消除焊接残余应力。影响局部焊后热处理的因素很我,其中加热宽度是最重要的一个控制参数。然后对于加热宽度的确定,各国标准规定就很不一致。本语文采用粘弹塑性有限元分析,提出一个基于残余应力消除效果的局部焊后热处理的直接评定方法。该方法可清楚地显示整个热处理过程的应力变化并可找到临界的加热宽度。对存在原始焊接残余应力随加热宽度的增加而降低,当加热宽度达到一定值,残余     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welding joint during post weld heat treatment with different zigzag lines

Zigzag line is a common defect in friction stir welding(FSW) joint.The formation mechanism of the zigzag line in Al-Cu alloy FSW joint and its influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties during post weld heat treatment(PWHT) were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),microhardness and tensile tests.It is found that the occurrence of zigzag line for PWHT joint is determined by PWHT process which in nature depends on residual stress and thermal stress of FSW joint.The optimization of PWHT process to reduce the residual and thermal stress can trigger for the deterioration of mechanical properties of PWHT joints with zigzag line.No obvious decrease of tensile properties is observed for T6-450 and T6-495 joints although zigzag line appears in the weld.PWHT determines the sizes of zigzag line cracks and consequently determines the fracture location and characteristics of FSW joint.     

Recent developments in repair welding technologies in Japan

Abstract

Developments in some difficult repair welding technologies in Japan during the past decade are reviewed. The topics covered include the repair welding of bridges in service, the temper bead method which makes it possible to omit post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of repaired pressure vessels, the seal welding of a reactor vessel in which stress corrosion cracks were detected, low heat input repair welding of neutron irradiated stainless steel and nickel based alloys, the prevention of solidification cracking in repair welding of aged heat resistant cast steels, the development of welding materials for the mending of single crystal nickel based superalloy turbine blades, underwater repair welding of nuclear reactors, the reduction of residual stresses in repair welding, and an ultrasonic testing method for nickel based weld metals. The local PWHT of creep resistant ferritic steel tubes is also reviewed.     

Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的分析

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法用于模拟Q345/SUS304异种钢多层多道焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形. 同时,采用试验方法测量了焊接接头的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形. 计算得到的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形与实测值吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性. 结果表明,Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布有明显的不连续性,靠近交界处Q345侧的较窄范围内纵向拉伸应力明显低于该区的两侧;SUS304侧的高纵向拉伸应力区明显宽于Q345侧. 此外,试验和数值分析表明,Q345/SUS304异质接头有较明显的角变形.     

复合容器的焊接

针对容器内表面全部实施合金625的堆焊覆层技术条件要求,对于合金625的堆焊覆层,从堆焊覆层工作表面以下2 mm处的铁元素含量应不超过5%,接管法兰与筒体和管帽的部件热处理应在堆焊覆层后和不锈钢内件焊接前进行,筒体与管帽的闭合焊缝焊接和热处理存在问题,采用坡口预边堆焊隔离层,部件焊后热处理后冷态焊接闭合焊缝,图纸要求内壁堆焊层厚度和坡口隔离层厚度不小于3 mm,经焊接实验证明其复合容器堆焊覆层最小厚度应为5 mm,用焊接工艺评定验证了该结构的各项性能指标均满足标准和规范要求。     

埋弧焊焊接及校正过程数值模拟

针对金属结构在焊后易产生残余应力和焊接变形的问题,以一种对焊钢制梁为例,采用有限单元法模拟埋弧焊焊后的残余应力和变形。结果表明,钢制梁焊后存在较大的残余应力,且纵向残余应力大于横向残余应力。以焊接结果为初始条件,分析是否考虑残余应力对校正后钢制梁应力分布的影响,结果显示校正后焊缝处仍存在较大的应力,因此焊接残余应力不能忽略。     

Q345/316L异种钢焊接残余应力与变形数值模拟

文中基于SYSWELD有限元分析软件对Q345/316L异种钢焊接过程的瞬态温度分布、残余应力及变形进行了数值模拟,并通过试验对其模拟结果进行了验证. 试验测量结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好,证明了利用SYSWELD模拟异种钢焊接的可靠性. 结果表明,异种钢焊接温度场呈不对称分布,Q345侧的高温区域范围更大. 不论是横向残余应力还是纵向残余应力,沿焊缝方向均呈帽状分布且在焊缝中部位置存在最大残余应力;在垂直于焊缝中央截面上,纵向残余应力与横向残余应力在焊缝和焊缝附近区域分布是不连续的,存在较大的应力梯度且应力状态也较复杂,而最大残余应力出现在Q345侧的熔合线处. 不同的热输入下模拟结果表明,在保证焊接接头质量的前提下,最好采用小热输入的焊接工艺.     

Distribution Features of the Residual Stress For T-Joints by Laser Welding

The residual stress of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel by YAG laser welding was measured by the method of hole-drilling,and the effects of heat treatment and hardness distribution of weld joints on the distribution of residual stress for T-joints were analyzed.The results showed that the maximum of longitudinal residual tensile stress for T-joints was about 140MPa.The maximum of residual stress was not more than 40MPa after heat treatment,the peak of residual stress reduced obviously.The gradient of residual stress distribution was also reduced significantly.Strain hardening phenomenon occurred for T-joints,and the hardness of weld and heat affected zone was both higher than the hardness of base metal,the peak of hardness occurred in the fusion line.The effect of strain hardening phenomenon of weld and heat affected zone on the residual stress distribution of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel was obvious,which made longitudinal residual tensile stress become higher.     

核电设备不锈钢堆焊层的铁素体含量

针对化学分析法和磁性法测得的核电设备不锈钢堆焊层铁素体含量的差异,以及焊接工艺参数和焊后热处理对铁素体含量的影响规律,采用3种焊接方法在16MND5低合金钢上堆焊309L+308L进行试验研究。结果表明:磁性法和化学分析法得到的铁素体含量数据之间存在一定的差距;道间温度和焊接电流的提高会使铁素体含量降低;焊后热处理会降低铁素体含量,热处理温度提高和热处理时间的延长会使铁素体含量进一步降低。     

Internal residual stress measurement on inertia friction welding of nickel-based superalloy

The internal residual stress in the narrow inertia friction welding (IFW) welds of FGH96 nickel-based superalloy was measured with the contour method (CM). The as-welded internal hoop and axial residual stresses were obtained after two cuts and the detailed steps of the CM measurement were described. In addition, the hole-drilling method was used to obtain the surface stress. Furthermore, the internal hoop residual stress of a FGH96 superalloy IFW specimen after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) was also measured with the CM after a single cut. The measured results show that the peak hoop residual stress is not symmetrical about the weld centreline. Axial residual stress on the outer surface at the weld centreline is compressive stress, while tensile stress appears on the inner surface, and it varies linearly along the thickness. The peak values of hoop tensile and compressive stresses decrease dramatically after PWHT.     

Residual welding stresses in laser beam and tungsten inert gas weldments of titanium alloy

Abstract

The residual welding stresses in laser beam (LB) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) weldments of a titanium alloy in thin plate form were investigated experimentally in the present work. A hole drilling technique was used to measure the residual stresses in the weldments. The effects of the welding method and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the residual stresses were analysed. The results show that (i) the residual stress distribution in the LB welded joints is similar to that obtained for traditional fusion welding processes, although the distribution zone is much narrower in LB welding, (ii) the residual stress in the heat affected zone for LB welding is about 100 MPa lower than that for TIG welding, and (iii) PWHT in vacuum greatly relieves the welding residual stress.     

三维管接头焊后局部热处理加热宽度准则

提出了直接定量评定管接头焊后局部热处理应力释放效果的方法。构造了三维管接头焊接应力和局部热处理温度场,采用粘弹塑性有限元方法对管接头焊后不同局部热处理条件不应力分布特征进行了研究,对单道焊情况,不同焊接规范下的焊接应力分布具有相似性,焊接顺序对应力峰值位置的影响较小。对管接头热点处焊接应力在不同局部热处理条件下释放程度做了分析,在局部热处理加热宽度足够大情况下残余应力明显下降,周向和轴向应力分量与加热宽度的关系不同,周向和轴向应力的最优加热宽度分别为3.46√-Rr的4.8√-Rt。通过对局部热处理主要工艺参数的计算,推荐了正交管接头局热处理加热宽度准则。     

Modifying residual stress levels in rail flash-butt welds using localised rapid post-weld heat treatment and accelerated cooling

Abstract

Flash-butt welding is used in the manufacture of continuously-welded rails. Finished welds typically exhibit high tensile residual stresses in the rail web and at the upper surface of the rail foot, which may increase the risk of fatigue failure in service. An understanding of the influence of the welding process, including post-weld cooling, on the residual stress distribution is necessary to improve the performance of flash-butt welds by post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), since incorrect treatment may have adverse effects on both residual stress and weld material characteristics. A finite element model has been developed to simulate post-weld cooling in flash-butt welded AS60 kg m^–1 rail. Computed thermal histories for normal (air) cooling, rapid PWHT, and accelerated cooling (water spray) were used as inputs to calculate sequentially coupled stress–time histories, including phase transformations. In addition, the localised influence of the initiation time for rapid PWHT, after final upset, on the reduction of tensile residual stresses was investigated. Heating the rail foot immediately after final upset reduced tensile residual stresses in the web region of the weld. Preliminary numerical predictions showed that water quenching the entire weld region too soon after the austenite–pearlite transformation is completed can induce further tensile residual stresses without affecting the microstructure. The results of the numerical analysis can be used to modify the flash-butt welding procedure to lower residual stress levels, and hence improve weld performance.     

V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发热-弹-塑性有限元方法模拟了V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢多层焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形.同时采用试验的方法测量了接头的残余应力和角变形.计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性.数值结果表明,不同坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢接头的Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布均出现不连续性,且SUS304侧的高拉伸残余应力区明显宽于Q345侧;K形坡口开口朝向Q345侧相较于开口朝向SUS304侧的接头,Q345/焊缝交界处附近的峰值应力和高拉伸残余应力区均明显较小.试验和数值结果表明,坡口形式对接头的角变形有明显的影响.     

焊缝屈服强度对SM490A钢焊接残余应力预测精度的影响

基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟焊接温度场、焊接应力场和应变场的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 以低合金高强度钢SM490A为研究对象,采用移动热源和实测得到的YGT50焊缝与母材高温热物理性能和力学性能数据,数值模拟了SM490A钢单道堆焊接头的焊接残余应力. 并重点讨论了高组配接头焊缝的屈服强度对焊接残余应力的峰值和分布的影响. 结果表明,对于高组配接头,当把焊缝和母材不加区分(等强匹配),两者都采用母材的屈服强度来计算焊接残余应力时,得到的焊缝处纵向残余应力明显低于实测值;当分别采用焊缝和母材的屈服强度来计算焊接残余应力时,得到的焊缝处纵向残余应力与试验值非常接近.