300MW锅炉再热出口管道焊缝开裂原因分析

通过试验对再热出口管道焊缝裂纹进行了分析,裂纹沿晶开裂且位于焊缝熔合线附近的粗晶区内,判断此裂纹为再热裂纹,并提出切实可行的预防再次产生裂纹的建议.     

抗HIC压力容器用Q345R(R-HIC)钢焊接接头组织与性能研究

研发了抗HIC(Hydrogen Induced Cracking,氢致开裂)压力容器用Q345R(R-HIC)钢,并研究其焊接接头区域的显微组织及性能。结果表明,焊缝区、熔合区和热影响区显微组织主要由铁素体、贝氏体和珠光体组成。各区域热力学过程不同,焊接后显微组织存在明显差异:焊缝区显微组织主要由先共析铁素体、针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体组成;熔合区显微组织中贝氏体逐渐增多,铁素体逐渐减少;热影响区中的粗晶区显微组织几乎全部由贝氏体组成,细晶区和不完全重结晶区显微组织为等轴铁素体和珠光体组织。焊接接头具有良好的力学和抗氢致开裂性能。焊接接头微区硬度和冲击性能与显微组织关系密切:热影响区存在贝氏体组织导致其平均硬度最高、冲击功最低;针状铁素体具有良好的抗裂纹扩展能力,使得焊缝区具有良好的冲击韧性,冲击功最高。各区域差异的显微组织未对抗氢致开裂性能造成影响。     

液压缸焊接接头开裂原因分析

通过化学成分分析、显微组织观察、硬度测试和断口宏-微观观察等方法,分析了液压缸27Si MnQ345异种钢焊接接头裂纹的性质及其成因。结果表明,裂纹起源于靠近熔合线的热影响粗晶粒区,该处组织为粗大板条马氏体和针状马氏体混合物。由于采用П型焊缝结构,致使焊缝转折位置焊后存在较大残余应力,裂纹源区域存在大量微裂纹和空洞等显微缺陷,以及粗大马氏体组织使得接头塑性降低,造成晶界微裂纹扩展,降低晶界结合强度,导致该接头在服役过程中产生沿晶断裂。     

无钴马氏体时效钢电子束焊接接头组织与性能分析

对18Ni无Co马氏体时效钢进行了真空电子束焊接,用金相显微镜观察了焊接接头的组织形貌,并测定了焊缝区、热影响区、基体的显微硬度.结果表明,18Ni无Co马氏体时效钢组织为板条马氏体组织,材料焊接性能良好,焊缝区凝固组织为胞状树枝晶,熔合线附近热影响区晶粒发生了再结晶,晶粒长大明显.硬度分布有明显的规律性,焊缝区硬度最低,细晶区硬度最高,熔合线附近的热影响区,离熔合线越远,硬度值越高.在距熔合线2.5 mm处有一个马氏体与奥氏体两相混合的狭窄区域,硬度较其两侧有明显降低.     

EN1.4501超级双相不锈钢叶轮早期应力腐蚀开裂研究

用光学显微镜及电子扫描显微镜观察了叶轮本体与扰流板焊缝的微观组织以及焊缝处微裂纹的形貌。结果表明,应力腐蚀开裂萌生并扩展于熔合线附近的焊接热影响区,与母材相比,处于熔合线附近的叶轮本体显微组织发生了明显变化。焊接热循环直接导致熔合线附近的热影响区产生了Cr_2N,从而使其周边形成贫Cr区。贫Cr区的形成是焊缝组织耐蚀性劣化的根源,也是叶轮早期应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因。在不能进行焊后热处理的情况下,经现场验证取消叶轮近心部区域的四个扰流板不明显减弱扰流效果,同时可避免应力腐蚀开裂。     

锌基合金激光焊焊接接头组织和性能的研究

通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析仪等分析手段,研究了锌基合金激光焊焊接接头的组织和性能。结果表明:锌基合金焊接接头熔合线明显,熔合区及热影响区很窄,组织比较均匀;焊缝中心位置的蒸发凹坑较明显。焊缝中心主要由等轴晶组成,焊缝中心与熔合线的中间区域主要由树枝状晶组成。熔合区及热影响区组织发生明显的重结晶,为细小的等轴晶,没有半熔化区晶粒组织及过热粗晶区组织出现。焊接接头的焊缝硬度最高,各区域的硬度分布为:焊缝热影响区、熔合区母材。     

铝锂合金1420交流CMT焊接工艺及接头性能研究

采用交流CMT焊接方法对1420铝锂合金薄板进行了焊接试验,使用光学显微镜观察了焊接接头不同部位的显微组织,测试了接头横截面不同位置沿水平方向的显微硬度,并通过拉伸试验测定了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,焊缝成形良好,表面有少量气孔;焊缝区组织较母材粗大,熔合线附近出现了细晶区,未出现热裂纹;焊缝区域的显微硬度均低于母材,接头有软化现象;接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度均比母材低,熔合线附近是焊接接头的薄弱区域。     

X80管线钢及其接头的低温韧性和显微组织

分别利用示波冲击韧性试验、硬度试验和光学显微镜、透射电镜研究了X80管线钢及其焊管接头的力学性能和显微组织。试验结果表明，X80钢及其焊管接头具有良好的韧性，其中焊缝的韧性最高，焊接热影响区粗晶区因受焊接热效应引起晶粒粗化和形成脆性组织，故韧性最低。试验钢由针状铁素体和少量块状铁素体组成，焊缝为典型的针状铁素体组织，焊接热影响区粗晶区以粒状贝氏体为主。焊接热影响区熔合线附近的硬度值最高，越远离熔合线硬度值越低，并逐渐接近母材的硬度值。     

718镍基合金激光焊接接头微观组织研究

对718镍基合金的激光焊接接头微观组织进行了研究。结果表明:焊接接头的焊缝组织呈"钉头"状,结晶方向由熔合线指向焊缝中心,焊缝中心组织主要是等轴晶,焊缝熔合区出现了大量黑色沉淀相,是Nb在晶界的析出物和碳化物,热影响区也存在部分黑色沉淀相。在热影响区有大量的不连续裂纹,在钉头中间缩颈部位的裂纹最为明显。裂纹的出现与树枝晶间析出较多的Nb低熔点共晶相有关。焊缝区的显微硬度明显低于母材,在熔合线附近出现了软化区。     

液化气原料罐法兰与管线接头失效因为分析

从断口形貌观察、金相组织的检验、腐蚀产物成分分析等方面对液化气原料罐法兰与入口管线接头的失效因为进行了分析,认为是16Mn钢在含有H2S的腐蚀介质中,在焊接残余应力和工作载荷的共同作用下,由于应力腐蚀而产生的沿晶脆性开裂.裂纹起始于内表面法兰侧焊缝热影响区熔合线附近(马氏体区),裂纹源起始于该区域的蚀坑或焊缝根部余高应力集中部位,同时出现多处裂纹源,每个微小裂纹在该区域内沿焊缝纵向扩展最终连接成大裂纹.并向纵深扩展,直至穿透.并提出了相应的措施防止此类事故的发生.     

Characterization of microstructure and local deformation in 316NG weld heat-affected zone and stress corrosion cracking in high temperature water

Microstructure and local deformation in 316NG weld heat-affected zones were measured by electron-back scattering diffraction and hardness measurements. With increasing the distance from the fusion line, kernel average misorientation decreases and the fraction of Σ3 boundaries increases. Stress corrosion cracking growth rates in high temperature water were measured at different locations in the heat-affected zones that correspond to different levels of strain-hardening represented by kernel average misorientation and hardness distribution. Intergranular cracking along random boundaries as well as extensive intergranular crack branching is observed in the heat-affected zone near the weld fusion line.     

发动机架圈裂纹故障分析

发动机架圈在大修分解检查中发现耳片与圈体之间的焊缝熔合区存在裂纹,结合架圈的使用条件,通过裂纹分布与形貌分析、断口特征观察、硬度测试、化学成分分析和组织检查等方法,分析了裂纹产生的原因。研究结果表明:架圈裂纹为高周疲劳裂纹;焊接缺陷、零件表层氧化脱碳及载荷分布不均匀造成疲劳裂纹集中分布在应力较大的架圈耳片焊接接头熔合区是疲劳裂纹产生的原因。     

预热温度对12Cr10Co3W2Mo耐热钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性的影响

采用插销试验进行了12Cr10Co3W2Mo耐热钢在室温以及预热100,200和300℃条件下焊接接头粗晶区临界断裂应力试验研究,测试了热影响区最高硬度,观察了粗晶区微观组织,并对插销试样断口进行了扫描电镜观察.结果表明,随着预热温度升高,临界断裂应力呈线性增加趋势;热影响区最高硬度出现在粗晶区,该区域组织为板条马氏体,随着预热温度升高,粗晶区硬度呈小幅下降趋势;在各预热温度下,插销试样起裂区断口均呈解理+准解理氢致开裂特征,随着预热温度提高,氢致开裂的断口特征逐步消失.     

Heterogeneous Microstructure-Induced Mechanical Responses in Various Sub-Zones of EH420 Shipbuilding Steel Welded Joint Under High Heat Input Electro-Gas Welding

Heterogeneous microstructure-induced mechanical responses in EH420 shipbuilding steel welded joint by electro-gas welding processed have been systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy,electron backscatter diffraction and mechanical testing.Comparing with the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ),the weld metal presents higher toughness (129.3 J vs.37.3 J) as it contains a large number of acicular ferrites with high-angle grain boundaries (frequency 79.2％) and special grain boundary Σ3 (frequency 55.3％).Moreover,coarse austenite grains in CGHAZ and slender martensite-austenite constituents between bainite laths may likely facilitate crack propagation.Polygonal ferrites and tempered pearlites formed at the junction of the fine-grained heat-affected zone and the intercritical heat-affected zone induced a softened zone with an average hardness of 185 HV0.5,which is the main reason for the occurrence of tensile fracture.     

Metallurgical modeling of microcrack repairment during welding nonferrous materials: non-equilibrium solidification behavior of weld pool (I)

Metallurgical modeling of synergistic microcrack self-repairmen during welding single crystal and polycrystalline superalloys of high-temperature aerospace materials has been properly established.The idea of improvement of nickel-based superalloys weldability through non-equilibrium solidification behavior of backfill to self-repair arterial crack network is usefully proposed.Crystallographic control strategy of crack self-repairmen of fusion zone interdendritic solidification cracking and heat-affected zone (HAZ) intergranular liquation cracking is technically achievable,indicating that optimal niobium alloying beneficially refines weld microstructure,stabilizes the primary solidification path,increases the solidification temperature and concomitantly decreases the weld pool geometry.High-carbon grain boundary is more thermal stable and less contributes to incipient intergranular liquid film than that of low-carbon grain boundary.The theoretical predictions of cracking susceptibility are indirectly verified in a rather satisfactory manner.Additionally,the metallurgical modeling enhances predicative capabilities and thereby is readily applicable for other alloy systems.     

Microstructures and hardness of flat overhead weld of the high strength steel thick plate using double-sided arc welding

High strength steel thick plate is widely used in shipbuilding, pressure vessels, etc., the balance between weld quality and welding efficiency is becoming a research focus. In this paper, double sided double arc flat-overhead welding experiments for high strength steel thick plate were conducted. Microstructures of weld have been observed through optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Transformation of microstructures under thermal cycles of multi peaks was analyzed. Macro and micro hardness were also tested. The results show that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) near the fusion line experiences thermal cycles up to three times. The microstructures there are the most complex, including coarse lath martensite in original coarse-grained zone, and net like structure along grain boundaries in critical reheat coarse grained zone. After several times of tempering for backing welding, the features of acicula and lath are weakened. Its microstructure approaches to the microstructure of base metal which is tempering sorbite. The hardness test shows that the maximum hardness occurs at critical reheat coarse-grained zone, the hardness of reticulation structure at grain boundary can be up to 450HV.     

超超临界锅炉水冷壁T23/12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头焊后热处理裂纹分析

分析了T23/12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头焊后热处理裂纹的宏观和微观特征、断口形貌及接头的显微组织,测试了接头的硬度分布,在此基础上讨论了裂纹的性质及形成原因,并提出了防止裂纹的措施。结果表明,裂纹启裂于T23钢侧焊趾部位,沿粗晶粒热影响区(CGHAZ)晶界扩展,为典型的再热裂纹。焊后热处理明显降低了异种钢焊接接头两侧热影响区的硬度,T23钢侧CGHAZ产生再热裂纹与其在焊后热处理过程中晶界析出碳化物有关,其析出促进了孔洞的形成。在焊后热处理前,对异种钢焊接接头进行一次550 ℃×1 h的中间热处理有利于抑制再热裂纹的产生。     

Metallurgical modeling of microcrack repairment during welding nonferrous materials: non-equilibrium solidification behavior of weld pool (Ⅰ)

Metallurgical modeling of synergistic microcrack self-repairmen during welding single crystal and polycrystalline superalloys of high-temperature aerospace materials has been properly established. The idea of improvement of nickel-based superalloys weldability through non-equilibrium solidification behavior of backfill to self-repair arterial crack network is usefully proposed. Crystallographic control strategy of crack self-repairmen of fusion zone interdendritic solidification cracking and heat-affected zone( HAZ) intergranular liquation cracking is technically achievable,indicating that optimal niobium alloying beneficially refines weld microstructure,stabilizes the primary solidification path,increases the solidification temperature and concomitantly decreases the weld pool geometry. High-carbon grain boundary is more thermal stable and less contributes to incipient intergranular liquid film than that of low-carbon grain boundary. The theoretical predictions of cracking susceptibility are indirectly verified in a rather satisfactory manner. Additionally, the metallurgical modeling enhances predicative capabilities and thereby is readily applicable for other alloy systems.     

二次热循环对X100管线钢粗晶热影响区组织与性能的影响

通过热模拟技术与显微分析方法研究了二次热循环对X100管线钢粗晶热影响区组织的影响规律,再热粗晶区的性能通过夏比V型缺口冲击试验表征。试验结果表明,当二次热循环的峰值温度处于(α+γ)两相温区,试验钢的临界粗晶热影响区出现局部脆化。局部脆化的原因主要有两个:一是临界粗晶热影响区组织粗化;另一是该区MA组元数量多,尺寸大,硬度高。     

水下焊条电弧焊扩散氢含量及焊缝组织特征分析

对影响水下焊条电弧焊扩散氢含量的主要因素和焊缝组织进行分析研究.结果表明,电弧周围的水对焊缝增氢的贡献并不大,仅仅使扩散氢含量增加0.4%,扩散氢来源的主体是药皮中的结晶水和防水层材料所携带的H元素,分别使扩散氢含量增加12.1%和21.8%,工件表面的铁锈也是焊缝增氢的一个不容忽视的因素,会使扩散氢含量上升达28.2%.焊缝组织为少量的侧板条铁素体和贝氏体,热影响区(HAZ)则含有大量马氏体组织.其焊接接头的最高硬度一般都超过0.4 GPa,硬度峰值出现在熔合线附近,在焊缝热影响区内会形成典型的焊道下裂纹缺陷.