超弹性柱晶组织CuAlNi合金丝的弯曲疲劳

用热型连铸法以不同速度连铸了Ф1.5mm的柱晶CuAlNi丝,检验其弯曲疲劳寿命.结果显示：固溶处理后消除了内应力,弯曲疲劳寿命随连铸速度的提高而提高,但超过480mm/min后由于出现等轴晶和加热后的晶粒长大,疲劳寿命下降.弯曲疲劳断裂首先从柱晶晶界开始开裂,然后各晶粒各自断裂.晶界开裂有利于阻隔疲劳裂纹扩展,降低对表面缺陷的敏感性,降低弯曲时在晶界上产生的应变量,从而提高疲劳寿命.     

热型连铸超弹性CuAlNi合金丝的拉伸疲劳性能

用热型连铸法以不同速度连铸了φ1．5的柱晶CuAlNi合金丝,研究其拉伸疲劳性能。结果显示:铸态下,连铸速度由240mm／min提高到360mm／min时合金丝由于晶粒细化提高了疲劳寿命;铸态下少量γ2对拉伸疲劳没有显著影响;疲劳拉伸中柱晶晶界开裂,阻隔了疲劳裂纹扩展,降低了疲劳裂纹对表面缺陷的敏感性,有利于提高疲劳寿命。     

热型连铸超弹性CuAlNi合金丝的拉伸疲劳性能

用热型连铸法以不同速度连铸了φ1.5的柱晶CuAlNi合金丝,研究其拉伸疲劳性能.结果显示：铸态下,连铸速度由240mm/min提高到360mm/min时合金丝由于晶粒细化提高了疲劳寿命;铸态下少量γ2对拉伸疲劳没有显著影响;疲劳拉伸中柱晶晶界开裂,阻隔了疲劳裂纹扩展,降低了疲劳裂纹对表面缺陷的敏感性,有利于提高疲劳寿命.     

柱状晶CuAlBe合金丝的性能

用热型连铸法制备具有柱状晶组织的CuAlBe合金丝,并比较其与单晶CuAlBe的性能。试验结果表明,柱状晶与单晶一样具有优良的超弹性及应变恢复率,其弯曲疲劳寿命介于单晶的抛光与未抛光状态之间。CuAlBe柱状晶合金加热到500℃时组织无变化,加热到700℃时析出α相,使焊接后的应变恢复率稍有下降。CuAlBe柱状晶合金可进行不小于30%的塑性变形。     

热型连铸CuAlBe超弹性合金丝的力学性能

研究热型连铸柱状晶CuAlBe超弹性合金的性能并与单晶相比较。用热型连铸法制备了柱状晶CuAlBe超弹性合金丝,用循环拉伸试验检测其力学性能,用纯弯曲疲劳试验检测其弯曲疲劳寿命。结果表明,柱状晶CuAlBe合金丝的可恢复应变可达到15％,与单晶接近。超过这一应变量将导致马氏体稳定化,产生残余变形,导致卸载时拉伸曲线上出现锯齿状峰。柱状晶的弯曲疲劳寿命与单晶的为同一数量级,比机械加工表面的单晶高,而比电解抛光表面的单晶低。由此可见,柱状晶CuAlBe的性能与单晶的相近。     

CuAlNi形状记忆合金的热型连铸

用热型连铸法终形制造直径1.5 mm的CuAlNi合金丝。当铸型温度设定为1110 ℃时，可以拉铸出表面光洁、具有定向凝固组织的合金丝。拉铸速度50 mm/min时，晶粒数较少，晶界平直；拉铸速度80 mm/min时，晶粒数较多，晶界较曲折。试样经1000 ℃固溶处理后的一次抗拉强度达502 MPa，伸长率14.4%；热型连铸法制取铜基形状记忆合金，既可免除塑性加工的困难，又可获得定向凝固组织，提高合金性能，具有巨大的优越性。     

不同铸轧条件对铸轧铝带坯凝固组织的影响

在实验铸轧机上对不同铸轧条件下铝带坯微观组织的变化规律进行研究。结果表明,不同铸轧速度、铸轧厚度铸轧出的凝固组织不同,当铸轧速度为1．3m／min、厚度为6mm时,凝固组织主要为粗大的柱状晶;当铸轧速度增大到2．8m／min、厚度为3mm时,铸轧凝固组织柱状晶减少,等轴晶增多,铝带坯中心存在明显的分凝面;当铸轧速度进一步增大到4m／min、厚度为3mm时,铝带坯是两侧为柱状晶、中心出现细小等轴晶区的混合组织;当铸轧速度超过8m／min、厚度为3mm时,即进入超薄快速铸轧条件时,凝固组织从柱状晶全部转化为等轴晶。     

连铸工艺对方坯凝固组织影响的数值模拟

铸坯凝固组织特征对于连铸坯粗坯质量具有重要影响。通过建立重轨钢U71Mn方坯连铸过程中传热和凝固组织模拟数学模型,研究了CA模型特征参数和连铸操作工艺参数对于凝固组织特征的影响规律。研究结果表明：平均形核过冷度控制柱状晶区域,随着该值的增大,柱状晶区域也随之增大;最大形核密度控制晶粒尺寸,该值越大晶粒的尺寸则越小。连铸拉坯速度波动在±0.5m/min时,最终铸态组织特征并没有明显变化,而浇注温度对于最终铸坯组织结构具有较大的影响,晶粒平均半径由15℃的1.555mm增加到45℃的1.721mm,并且中心等轴晶比例逐渐减小。因此,连铸生产过程中,在满足钢液顺利浇注的条件下,降低浇注钢液的过热度会很大程度上改善重轨钢内部组织结构,提高铸坯内部质量。     

GH4033合金粗轧加热过程晶粒长大模型

以GH4033合金锻坯为研究对象,在850~1200℃的温度范围内,借助激光共聚焦高温显微镜研究了加热温度和保温时间对GH4033合金锻坯晶粒尺寸变化的影响,推导并验证了具有普适意义的适合GH4033合金锻坯粗轧加热过程的晶粒长大模型。研究结果表明:随加热时间的延长,在850~1050℃加热时,晶粒尺寸变化不显著,且呈线性长大;1100~1200℃加热时,晶粒尺寸呈抛物线性长大,加热时间低于30 min时,晶粒尺寸随温度升高急剧长大,30 min后晶粒尺寸变化不显著,45 min后出现混晶现象。用于热加工的锻坯,加热温度低于1100℃时,有利于细化晶粒;加热温度高于1100℃时,保证坯料断面均温时间处于30~45 min可有效避免混晶。     

电磁铸造镁合金大规格板坯的宏观偏析与宏观组织

研究了不同铸造速度下截面尺寸为300 mm×800 mm的AZ31镁合金大规格板坯的宏观偏析及宏观组织。结果表明,偏析区域出现在距离板坯表面20~30 mm范围内,板坯心部偏析小。宏观组织可分为表面激冷区,粗大柱状晶区和内部等轴晶区。低速铸造可减轻宏观偏析,随铸造速度增加,整体晶粒尺寸先增大后减小,表面柱状晶区宽度减小。高速铸造时晶粒尺寸小,但不均匀。合理的铸造速度为32 mm/min。     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Mechanism of Nucleation of Precipitates of Carbides of Refractory Metals Under Hot Rolling of Automotive Sheet Steel

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The problem of formation of properties in microalloyed sheet steels is considered. The cause and the possible mechanism of precipitation of carbides of refractory...     

燃煤机组锅炉烟气脱硝灰中氨含量测定

NOx是大气环境的主要污染物之一,其主要来源为火力发电机组。依靠低氮燃烧技术,远达不到排放要求。选择性催化还原脱硝(简称SCR)技术是目前效率最高、最成熟、应用最广泛的电厂烟气脱硝技术。目前,在线氨逃逸监测技术存在诸多问题,影响了氨逃逸监测数据的准确度和稳定性。在燃料种类、炉膛结构、受热面布置、过量空气量、炉膛气流分布以及脱硝催化剂类型等条件确定的情况下,控制好氨加入量及其逃逸量是保证NOx脱除率的关键所在。燃煤锅炉除尘飞灰氨含量可侧面反映脱硝氨逃逸率的状况。根据国外的文献报道,正常情况下,电除尘灰中氨含量一般在50mg/kg-100mg/kg范围内。由于国内尚无灰中氨含量的测定方法,亦无脱硝运行对飞灰含氨量影响的数据积累。本文通过大量试验,确定了灰中氨溶解条件(如溶解时间、搅拌状态、灰水比、灰样量及其稳定性等),制定了灰中氨含量测定方法。