铸造Al-Si合金熔体处理——晶粒细化

对亚共晶Ａｌ－Ｓｉ铸造合金进行细化处理已成为一种基本操作。中间合金（Ａｌ－Ｔｉ,Ａｌ－Ｔｉ－Ｂ和Ａｌ－Ｂ合金）在亚共晶Ａｌ－Ｓｉ铸造合金中与在工业纯铝和变形铝合金中的晶粒细化行为存在较大的差异。Ａｌ－３Ｔｉ－３Ｂ,Ａｌ－３Ｂ中间合金在Ａｌ－Ｓｉ铸造合金中表现出优异的晶粒细化效应,Ｓｉ与晶粒细化剂的交互作用在其中扮演着重要的角色。通过炉前对熔体进行快速热分析可以对晶粒细化效果和变质程度进行评价和预测,继而控制熔体处理的质量。对于亚共晶Ａｌ－Ｓｉ铸造合金,归纳起来有四种晶粒细化机理：包晶反应理论、共晶反应理论、硼化物颗粒理论和超形核理论。仅对Ａｌ－Ｓｉ铸造合金细化处理的最新进展、Ｓｉ与晶粒细化剂的交互作用和晶粒细化机理进行综合评述     

Al—Ti—C中间合金的相组成及其细化特性

用专利方法制备出各种成分的Al-Ti-C中间合金作为铝及铝合金的晶粒细化剂。对该系列中间合金的组织和物相分析表明：在制备中间合金过程中,C与Ti反应充分,生成TiC和TiAl3两种管二相,且TiAl3析出量取决于中间合金的Ti含量和Ti/C含量比。用于纯铝的晶粒细化试验表明：与Al-Ti-C中间合金相比,Al-Ti-C中间合金的晶粒细化效率更高;Al-Ti-C中间合金只有在组织中TiC与TiAl3保持适当比例时,才能对纯铝产生良好的晶粒细化效果,不含TiAl3的Al-Ti-C中间合金的晶粒细化作用很微弱;用Al-Ti-C中间合金细化纯铝晶粒时,响应时间短,但衰退较快,且不能通过熔体搅拌法予以消除。分析和探讨了Al-Ti-C中间合金的晶粒细化机理,认为“碳化物理论” 不能充分解释Al-Ti-C的晶粒细化机理,提出“Ti在TiC或TiAl3颗粒表面富集引发包晶反应”的晶粒细化机制。     

Effect of nano TiN/Ti refiner on as-cast and hot-working microstructure of commercial purity aluminum

A novel type nano TiN/Ti composite grain refiner (TiN/Ti refiner) was prepared by high energy ball milling, and its effect on as-cast and hot-working microstructure of commercial purity aluminum (pure Al) was investigated. The results show that TiN/Ti refiner exhibits excellent grain refining performances on pure Al. With an addition of 0.2% TiN/Ti refiner, the average grain size of pure Al decreases to 82 μm, which is smaller than that of pure Ti and Al–5Ti–1B master alloy as refiners. The microstructure of weld joint of pure Al with 0.1% TiN/Ti refiner is fine equiaxed grains and the hardness of weld joint is higher than that of the base metal. For pure Al with 40% cold deformation and recrystallization at 250 °C for 1.0 h, the grains of the sample added 0.1% Ti powder have an obvious grain growth behavior. In contrast, oriented grains caused by deformation have been eliminated, and there is no obvious grain growth in pure Al refined with 0.1% TiN/Ti refiner, indicating that nano TiN in the refiner inhibits the growth of grain during recrystallization.     

AlTiC中间合金细化剂研究的最新进展

通过合适的工艺、并选择合适的成分,AlTiC对99.7％Al的细化效果完全可以和目前国际上最好的AlTiB相媲美。当细化1070、1060、1235、3004、6063及8011等合金时,AlTiC和AlTiB细化效果均优异且相当。当用对99.7％Al具有同样细化效果的AlTiC和AlTiB细化含Zr、Cr、Mn的铝合金时,未发现细化“中毒”现象,Zr和Mn还不同程度地加强了AlTiC和AlTiB的细化效果。TiC单独成为结晶核心的观点成立与否与TiC的加入方式和保温时间同时相关;用不含Al3Ti的AlTiC细化剂细化工业纯铝时,在保温60min时间内,这样的AlTiC可产生一定的细化效果;用纯TiC粉直接加入铝液时,当TiC粉在铝液中分散均匀后,即可产生显著的晶粒细化效果。     

A356合金α(Al)的晶粒细化

采用 ＡｌＴｉＣ 晶粒细化中间合金对 Ａ３５６ 进行了晶粒细化试验,证明Ａ３５６ 合金的 α（Ａｌ）晶粒尺寸和枝晶干同时获得了明显的细化。这表明ＡｌＴｉＣ 合金可能是细化ＡｌＳｉ合金 α（Ａｌ）晶体组织和克服Ｓｉ中毒作用的良好晶粒细化剂。     

中间合金对铝合金细化处理的现状分析与初探

分析讨论了中间合金对铝合金晶粒细化处理的研究与应用现状及其细化机理;并对新型细化剂AITiBRE中国合金的细化效果进行初探,结果表明该中间合金是一种高效、长效的晶粒细化剂,对压力罐用铝材具有显著的细化作用,其效果优于进口的A15TilB细化剂。     

微量Mg、Si对Al-Ti-C中间合金晶粒细化效果的促进作用

研究结果表明：微量的Mg和Si均能促进Al-Ti-C中间合金对工业纯铝和6063合金等铝合金的晶粒细化作用;在细化温度相同的条件下,与Si相比,Mg对Al-Ti-C中间合金细化效果具有更大的促进作用,微量的Mg可以抑制Al-Ti-C中间合金晶粒细化的“温度效应”;铝熔体中同时存在微量的Mg和Si时Al-Ti-C中间合金的细化效果更好,初步探讨了这两种微量元素促进Al-Ti-C中间合金细化效果的机理。     

Grain refining action of Al–5Ti–C and Al–TiC master alloys with Al–5Ti master alloy addition for commercial purity aluminium

Al–Ti–C master alloys have a great potential as efficient grain refiners for aluminium and its alloys. In the present work, the Al–5Ti–C, Al–TiC and Al–5Ti master alloys have been successfully prepared by a method of liquid solidification reactions. While the Al–5Ti–C master alloy consists of some strip- or needle-like TiAl₃, and in addition to TiC particles in the Al matrix, the Al–TiC master alloy revealed the presence of only TiC particles, and the Al–5Ti master alloy consists of only some blocky TiAl₃ particles. A united refinement technology by Al–5Ti–C+Al–5Ti and Al–TiC+Al–5Ti master alloys was put forward in this paper. The blocky TiAl₃ particles in Al–5Ti master alloy can not only improve the grain refinement efficiency of Al–5Ti–C and Al–TiC master alloys but also reduce the consumption because the blocky TiAl₃ particles improve the grain refinement efficiency of TiC particles in Al–5Ti–C and Al–TiC master alloys.     

Mg对Al-Ti-B、Al-Ti-C中间合金细化铝晶粒效果的影响

试验研究了Mg对Al-5Ti-1B和Al-5Ti-0.2C两种中间合金细化铝晶粒效果的影响,分析了Mg影响两种中间合金细化铝晶粒行为的机制。结果表明,在w(Mg)=1%～7%的范围内,镁含量的增加,对两种中间合金细化铝晶粒的促进作用不显著,但对晶粒形貌有显著的影响;晶粒形貌取决于所用中间合金的种类和Mg添加量大小,相同镁含量时,用Al-5Ti-1B细化比用Al-5Ti-0.2C细化后晶粒的树枝化程度小;细化所用的中间合金相同时,随着镁含量的增加,细化晶粒的树枝化程度增大。     

Structural heredity of TiC and its influences on refinement behaviors of AlTiC master alloy

1　INTRODUCTIONPreparationofmostalloysisachievedthroughprocessinginthreestages :solid liquid solid .Duringeveryprocessingstage ,processingmethodsorparam etersmayresultinsomechangesinthemicrostruc turesorpropertiesofthealloywhichwillbetrans ferredstablytothesubsequentstagesandinfluencepropertiesoftheultimateproduct ,andthismaybecalledhereditaryphenomenonofmicrostructuresandproperties .Heredityphenomenoninmetalalloyshasbeennoticedasearlyasin 192 0 [1] ,recentlyworkswerecarriedouttostudyitsre…     

Optimal modifying and refining processes for A356 aluminium alloys

M illions of alum inium alloy com ponents are produced using A356 alum inium alloys, which provide high fluidity, good 'castability'and m echanical properties. A356 alloys are widely used to fabricate structural castings for autom otive and other industrial applications. For α (Al) refining,A356 alum inium alloys usually apply Al-Tim aster alloys in the range 0.08-0.20% Ti, resulting in high consum ption of Al-Ti m aster alloys and higher production cost.M odification ofthe Al-Sieutectic …     

Ti、Zr对纯铝微观组织和力学性能的影响

通过向工业纯铝中单独或复合添加微量Zr、Ti元素,研究了Zr、Ti合金化对纯铝微观组织、力学性能及抗细化衰退性能的影响。结果表明:Zr元素能显著提高纯铝的硬度,对晶粒有一定的细化作用,但其细化效果远不及Ti;Ti元素具有较强的晶粒细化效果,但对合金的硬度影响较Zr元素小;当Zr、Ti复合添加时,Ti能明显改善Zr元素对晶粒的细化能力,使细化后的合金达到强度、硬度和塑性的合理匹配。Zr、Ti复合孕育剂具有良好的抗晶粒细化衰退性能,这很大程度上取决于Al3(Ti,Zr)粒子优异的晶粒细化性能、热稳定性能及抑制晶粒长大性能。     

Effect of Al5Ti1B master alloy on microstructures and properties of AZ61 alloys

AZ61 alloys with different levels of Al5Ti1B master alloy additions were prepared by conventional casting method.The effects of Al5Ti1B contents and holding time on microstructures and microhardness of AZ61 alloys were studied by XRD,OM and microhardness testing techniques.The results show that when the addition level of Al5Ti1B master alloy is less than 0.5%(mass fraction),the average grain size of the alloys decreases with the increase of Al5Ti1B content at the same holding time.But the grain size increases somewhat with further addition of Al5Ti1B.The average grain size of the alloys decreases with the increase of the holding time as it is less than 30 min at the same addition level of Al5Ti1B.It is considered that TiB2 particles can serve as the heterogeneous nucleation sites ofα-Mg during solidification,and heterogeneous nucleation is the main reason for the grain refinement of AZ61 alloys.The microhardness of the refined AZ61 alloys with 1.0%Al5Ti1B addition is increased by about 8%.     

A new development of Al-Ti-C grain refining master alloys

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｎｏｗａｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｔｏａｄｄｇｒａｉｎｒｅｆｉｎｅｒｓｔｏｍｏｌｔｅｎＡｌｂｅｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇｔｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｆｉｎｅｇｒａｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｌｉｄｉｆｉｅｄｉｎｇｏｔｓｏｒｃａｓｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ.Ａｌｏｔｏｆａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓａｒｅｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｂｙｇｒａｉｎｒｅｆｉｎｅｍｅｎｔ,ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ[1,2],ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｃｒａｃｋｉｎｇｉｎｉｎｇｏｔｓａｎ…     

变形对中间合金细化剂组织及细化性能的影响

研究了挤压变形对铸态Ａｌ－Ｔｉ,Ａｌ－Ｔｉ－Ｂ和Ａｌ－Ｔｉ－Ｃ中间合金的微细胞及其细化性能的影响,变形引起铸态中间合金中的Ａｌ３Ｔｉ相断开,并使团簇状ＴｉＢ２和ＴｉＣ粒子趋于分散。变形使３种铸成中间合金的细化性有分别产生了不同的变化,初步探讨了原因。     

加钛和加硼方式对铝合金的晶粒细化及其衰退行为的影响

通过对比实验,研究了电解加钛与经Al-Ti、Al-Ti-B中间合金向工业纯铝熔配加钛的晶粒细化效果及其衰退行为,以及Al-B中间合金对电解低钛铝合金的晶粒细化效果及衰退行为的影响,还分析了硼对电解低钛铝合金的晶粒细化和抗衰退行为的影响.结果表明,在钛含量为0.10%和0.15%的条件下,电解加钛晶粒细化作用的衰退速度比熔配加Al-Ti中间合金要慢;熔配加Al-Ti-B中间合金细化晶粒作用的抗衰退能力则明显高于电解加钛和熔配加Al-Ti中间合金;加Al-B中间合金可有效提高电解低钛铝合金的细化效果和抗衰退能力,并使其明显高于电解加钛和熔配加Al-Ti或Al-Ti-B中间合金.     

不同加钛方法对6063合金细化的研究

加钛方式不同，钛含量不同，对铝及其合金的晶粒细化效果不同。对比研究了用电解低钛铝合金、加Al—5Ti中间合金、Al—5Ti—1B中间合金及电解低钛铝合金加Al—B中间合金4种加钛方式及不同钛含量对6063合金的晶粒细化效果。研究结果表明：不同的加钛方式对6063合金均有明显的细化效果，随着钛含量增加，晶粒逐渐变细；钛含量相同时，电解加钛的细化效果优于Al—5Ti中间合金的细化效果；当合金中含有硼时，钛含量相同时，电解加钛加Al—B中间合金的细化效果优于加Al—5Ti—1B的细化效果。     

A novel fading-resistant Al-3Ti-3B grain refiner for Al-Si alloys

Al-Ti-B refiners with excess-Ti perform adequately for wrought aluminum alloys but inefficiently in the case of foundry alloys. The high content of silicon in the latter, which forms silicides with Ti and severely impairs the refining potency of the nuclei, is known to be responsible for the poor performance. Hence, new grain refiners, such as Al-3B and Al-3Ti-3B master alloys with excess-B have been developed with well documented advantages for Al-Si alloys. It is very desirable to involve TiAl₃ particles in the Al-3Ti-3B master alloy to maximize its grain refining efficiency. However, fading phenomenon is a key drawback for application of the TiAl₃-containing refiners in aluminum foundry. In the present work, new Al-3Ti-3B grain refiners, containing TiB₂, AlB₁₂ and TiAl₃ particles were developed with an aim to prolong the acting time after inoculation. The results showed that inoculation of Al-7Si alloy with thus meliorated Al-3Ti-3B grain refiner has produced a fine grain structure which was approximately maintained up to 30 min.     

AlTiC和Al4B、Al3Ti4B中间合金对纯铝和亚共晶铝硅合金的细化机理

研究了ＡＩＴｉＣ和ＡＩ４Ｂ、ＡＩ３Ｔｉ４Ｂ等中间合金细化剂对纯铝和亚共晶铝硅合金的细化效果和细化机理。实现发现ＡＩ６Ｔｉ０．２Ｃ对纯铝有很好的细化效果,但对高Ｓｉ含量的亚共晶铝硅合金几乎没有细化效果;而ＡＩ４Ｂ、ＡＩ３Ｔｉ４Ｂ等ｗ（Ｔｉ）／ｗ（Ｂ）〈２．２（ｗ（Ｔｉ）／ｗ（Ｂ）＝０时即为ＡＩ－Ｂ合金）的ＡＩＴｉＢ合金对纯铝没有细化效果,但对亚共晶铝硅合金却有非常好的细化效果。上述实验结果与中间合金的成分及其第二相的类型有直接关系,即与不同中间合金的细化机理相关。     

Refining mechanism of salts containing Ti and B elements in purity aluminum

The effect of refiners containing Ti, B elements on the microstructure of purity aluminum has been studied in detail with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX). It is shown that salts mixture containing 5Ti1B is the best refiner with the finest -Al grain and more than 10 h fading time. It is ascertained from the analysis of SEM–EDAX and thermodynamics analysis that the refining mechanism of salts mixture is mainly contributed to the heterogeneous nuclei of more fine TiAl₃ particles dispersed in the melting, which come from the reaction between the salts and aluminum. While (Al,Ti)B₂ has little or no refining effect, but it will reduce the size of TiAl₃ since the TiAl₃ nucleates and grows along the (Al,Ti)B₂ particle. That is to say, B atom has also refining effect on the purity aluminum when it is added simultaneously with Ti atom.