HR3C钢焊接接头高温时效后的显微组织和力学性能

通过光学金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜观察和力学性能试验,研究了HR3C钢焊接接头高温时效后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,经650℃时效,HR3C钢焊接接头的强度和硬度升高,焊缝硬度上升幅度大于母材;焊缝的时效脆化倾向明显,时效7000 h后缺口冲击吸收能量都保持在15 J以下。焊缝区晶界处M23C6相的连续网状分布及σ相、G相的存在导致了其较低的缺口冲击吸收能量和时效脆性,而晶内均匀细小Z相的沉淀强化作用则提高了接头的强度和硬度。     

高温长时服役HR3C钢焊接接头的组织与性能

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪以及拉伸和弯曲试验研究了高温服役4.2万小时超超临界机组用HR3C钢焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能。研究结果表明,高温长时服役后HR3C钢焊缝金属中形成了大量条状和颗粒状M₂₃C₆析出相,焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒长大,在晶界附近形成了板状M₂₃C₆相。拉伸和弯曲试验结果表明HR3C钢焊接接头高温服役后表现出明显的时效脆化倾向。     

HR3C焊接接头700℃长期时效后的组织与性能分析

对HR3C钢焊接接头在700℃长期时效后进行了力学性能、系列冲击试验,采用光学显微镜对焊缝的显微组织进行了观察与分析。结果表明,HR3C焊接接头在700℃长期时效后拉伸性能良好,但晶界和晶内均有化合物析出,弯曲试样已发生脆断。     

650℃时效HR3C耐热钢的显微组织与高温拉伸性能

针对650℃直到3000 h时效的HR3C钢,研究其显微组织的变化及对其高温拉伸力学性能的影响,探讨650℃时效HR3C钢的高温拉伸断裂机制。结果表明:高温时效过程中,晶界强化、晶内弥散强化和奥氏体基体脱溶弱化等效应导致时效HR3C钢的高温拉伸力学性能发生明显变化。时效初期(500 h)HR3C钢高温强度变化不大;时效中期(500~1000 h)HR3C钢高温强度大幅提高,但塑性持续降低;时效后期(1000 h),HR3C钢组织结构渐趋稳定,其强度和塑性变化不大。随时效时间延长,HR3C钢高温拉伸断裂机制由正断向剪切断转变。     

HR3C钢管高温服役脆化行为特征及预防泄漏措施

HR3C钢管因具有优良的抗蒸汽氧化性能广泛应用于566、600及620 ℃等级超/超超临界机组,但是其在高温时效过程中表现出明显的脆化现象,严重影响机组安全稳定运行。结合脆化失效案例的典型特征对HR3C钢管在高温时效和服役态下的脆化现象、脆化机理、脆化防治进行了系统的分析,提出了针对脆化HR3C钢管泄漏的预防性措施。最后指出了HR3C钢的应用困境和面临的挑战。     

HR3C/T92异种钢焊接接头650℃时效后的组织和韧性

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪,并通过冲击试验研究了HR3C/T92异质接头650℃时效后微观组织和冲击韧性的变化.结果表明,在650℃时效500 h后焊缝和近HR3C钢一侧的热影响区为单一奥氏体,近T92钢一侧粗晶区由于发生回复,马氏体板条碎化;随着时效时间的延长,接头组织中析出相数量逐渐增多,时效500 h后焊缝中的析出相类型为M23 C6和Nb(C,N).650℃时效后焊缝仍具有较高的韧性,而近T92钢一侧的热影响区冲击功呈现缓慢下降趋势.     

高温时效T92/HR3C焊接接头的组织和力学性能

对ERNiCrMo-3镍基焊丝钨极氩弧焊（GTAW）焊接的T92/HR3C异种钢管接头,进行650℃直至1143.5 h的高温时效处理,研究时效过程中接头显微组织结构和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明：时效后接头的室温拉伸断口都位于T92母材。随时效时间的延长,接头各区域的冲击韧性单调降低,但接头强度、T92侧热影响区（HAZ）及母材的硬度先降后升,时效501.1 h后趋于稳定,这归因于不同时效时间下T92侧HAZ及母材中碳化物的形态及聚集状态的差异。HR3C侧HAZ产生时效脆化,其冲击断口呈沿晶断裂的断口特征。     

SuPer304H钢焊接接头时效脆化机理

采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、透射电镜、X射线衍射分析等方法并通过冲击试验,研究了Super304H钢接头在650℃时效后的脆化现象.试验发现,接头的组织为γ+析出相,造成接头650℃时效脆化的根本原因是焊缝金属中大量Cr<,23>C<,6>沿晶析出,而且析出量是决定因素.经650℃时效后,组织中均明显析出Nb(C,N)和Cr...     

650℃时效条件下HR3C钢焊缝金属组织与韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射分析等方法并通过冲击试验,研究了650℃时效条件下HR3C钢焊缝金属的组织和冲击韧性变化.结果表明:焊缝金属组织为γ+析出相,其主要析出相种类均为Nb(C,N)、M<,23>C<,6>和富Cu相;随时效时间延长,析出相数量不断增加,其中M<,23>C<,6>析出对析出相数量变化起主要作用;时效后焊缝金属的冲击功出现了急剧降低,200 h即达到显著的脆化状态,造成时效脆化的主要原因是时效过程中M<,23>C<,6>析出量的变化.     

S30432钢不同焊材焊接接头组织性能

研究了超超临界锅炉用S30432钢采用不同焊材焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,S30432钢分别采用YT-304H、ERNiCrMo-3、ERNiCrCoMo-1焊材焊接接头经650℃×7000 h时效后,仍可保持较高的室温强度,焊缝金属均具有一定的时效脆化倾向,ERNiCrMo-3焊缝时效后的韧性最低;3种焊材焊接接头都具有优异的高温持久性能。显微组织分析认为,YT-304H焊缝强度的保持主要源于细小富Cu相和MX相的弥散分布,ERNiCrCoMo-1、ERNiCrMo-3焊缝时效后的主要强化相分别为γ’和γ″,ERNiCrMo-3焊缝晶界附近针状δ相和σ相的密集分布,导致了该焊材焊缝金属时效后冲击性能恶化。     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.