氮气钻井过程中的耐冲蚀涂层

将多功能四通制造材料30CrMo钢作为基体材料,使用氩弧焊制备钴基合金HS113,625,Co-112堆焊层,采用喷焊方法制备Ni60涂层,使用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)方法制备WC-12Co涂层。对该5种涂层的冲蚀行为使用自制的冲蚀试验机进行了研究,分析了显微组织与显微硬度对冲蚀性能的影响及涂层冲蚀后的表面形貌。结果表明:涂层的冲蚀失重与减薄均随冲蚀时间线性增加,HS113涂层的耐冲蚀性要优于其他4种涂层的耐冲蚀性;显微组织、硬度等均会影响涂层的耐冲蚀性能。     

盲通管与直弯管的内壁液固双相流冲蚀数值模拟初探

针对管道在流体流向急剧改变处受到的冲刷腐蚀问题,采用离散相DPM(Discrete Phase Model)模型,利用FLUENT软件对盲通管和直弯管进行分析仿真。通过改变入口速度、质量流量、固体颗粒大小、直弯管弯曲半径及盲通管的不同堵头长度和管径来探究每个因素对冲蚀速率的影响。结果表明:在其他条件相同情况下,盲通管和直弯管的最大冲蚀率随入口速度的增长呈现指数上升的趋势;随着固相颗粒直径增加,直弯管的最大冲蚀率呈线性增加,盲通管最大冲蚀率在颗粒直径为250～400μm呈平缓趋势,在小于250μm和大于400μm的范围内线性增长;随着直弯管弯曲半径的增大,直弯管的最大冲蚀率线性减小;通过改变盲通管的堵头长度发现盲通管堵头的长度变化不会对冲蚀率的大小产生明显影响,但盲通管的冲蚀速率会随着盲通管管径变大而减小,冲蚀区域随着管径的变大而减小且位置逐渐向管道上端移动。数值模拟的研究结果可为优化管道铺设提供相应的理论依据。     

收缩-扩张喷管内气固两相流运动规律研究

航空飞行器在简易跑道起飞或降落时,砂尘颗粒不可避免被发动机吸入,并与高速旋转的发动机叶片发生冲撞,导致叶片冲蚀损伤,显著降低发动机使用寿命,严重威胁飞行器的安全。试验中一般采用气动喷砂的方法将砂尘粒子加速至一定速度,并冲击试验件,以模拟发动机叶片的实际冲蚀过程。喷管是实现粒子加速的关键部件,该文通过试验和数值模拟对不同入口总压条件下收缩-扩张喷管加速砂尘颗粒的情况进行研究。实验中,通过压力传感器和双盘测速分别测量了喷管内壁静压和喷管出口处的颗粒速度;数值模拟中,采用实验入口总压条件,模拟了稀疏砂尘颗粒在喷管中的气固两相流运动,并详细分析了气流运动和颗粒的受力及加速情况。研究表明:数值模拟的气流压力分布及颗粒速度均与实验结果吻合;喷嘴出口处粒子速度随入口总压的增大而增大,且总压为0.23 MPa~0.4 MPa范围时的增长速率较大,而总压为0.4 MPa~0.56 MPa范围时的增长速率较小;粒子的加速主要发生在喷管的扩张段。     

制冷用大容量交叉式电磁四通换向阀设计改进

制冷用大容量交叉式电磁四通换向阀作为大型风冷热泵、热泵热水机组的核心部件，采用大流道活塞、交叉式结构，摆杆阀片控制方式，耐磨金属材料，可拆式螺纹联接及法兰密封等设计，使制冷剂流经阀体的流程短、阻力小、动作可靠、使用寿命长和维修保养方便。采用改进的信号管位置结构、单向阀座、活塞端面气室与接管封帽等后，更有力地提高了产品的可靠性。     

钻井四通开裂原因分析

对某在用钻井四通开裂事故进行了调查,采用力学试验、化学分析、金相、扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段并结合钻井四通的设计等方面寻找原因.结果表明,该四通开裂处存在大量缩孔等铸造缺陷,且该处加工制造时呈直角而造成应力集中.因此,一旦在铸造缺陷处形成裂纹就发生快速脆性断裂,最终导致该钻井四通失效.     

电子束物理气相沉积热障涂层抗冲蚀性能研究

本文采用真空电弧镀技术(AIP)在DZ408高温合金基体上沉积HY3(NiCrAlYSi)金属粘结层,采用电子束物理气相沉积技术(EB-PVD)在HY3粘结层上沉积YSZ陶瓷面层,研究了热障涂层的抗冲蚀性能。对于沉积热障涂层的试样进行了抗冲蚀试验,来评价其抗冲蚀性能,通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析冲蚀前后的试样显微形貌,用X-射线衍射仪分析涂层的相结构,通过质量冲蚀率对涂层抗冲蚀性能进行表征。试验结果表明在相同冲蚀条件下,TBC涂层冲蚀率随冲蚀时间的增加而增加;涂层经光饰处理后降低了TBC的表面粗糙度,提高了TBC的抗冲蚀能力。     

钻井四通开裂原因分析

对某在用钻井四通开裂事故进行了调查,采用力学试验、化学分析、金相、扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段并结合钻井四通的设计等方面寻找原因。结果表明,该四通开裂处存在大量缩孔等铸造缺陷,且该处加工制造时呈直角而造成应力集中。因此,一旦在铸造缺陷处形成裂纹就发生快速脆性断裂,最终导致该钻井四通失效。     

温湿交变和风沙作用下钢化玻璃的损伤形貌分析

目前对温湿交变后玻璃的风沙冲蚀磨损行为研究未见报道。通过高低温交变试验箱和模拟风沙环境侵蚀试验系统模拟内蒙古地区的严酷气候环境,采用L18(61×33)田口方法对试验进行设计,利用直观分析和方差分析研究温湿交变次数、冲蚀角度、冲蚀速度和沙流量对钢化玻璃冲蚀性能的影响程度及贡献率。结果表明:冲蚀角度是影响冲蚀率的最主要因素,其次是沙流量和冲蚀速度,温湿交变次数对冲蚀率的影响最小。方差分析表明冲蚀角度对材料的冲蚀磨损贡献率高度显著,高达89.48%。结合扫描电镜(SEM)和激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)观测的冲蚀形貌,分析了温湿交变前后引起冲蚀差异的原因及机理。     

基于数值模拟的输气弯管抗冲蚀结构优化

从气井中开采出来的天然气不可避免地会携带固体杂质.这些固体杂质会对集气管线产生冲蚀损伤,弯管处尤甚.在现有弯管冲蚀规律基础上,为了更直观地找出冲蚀形貌,有针对性地提高弯管抗冲蚀性能,对常规输气弯管进行冲蚀规律的数值模拟研究,采用离散相(DPM)模拟离散颗粒的运动并选用Tulsa大学(E/CRC)提出的冲蚀磨损预测模型,通过试验对比验证了模型的可靠性.根据冲蚀磨损主要发生在弯管45°～55°处的特征,设计了3种优化弯管结构(渐扩弯管、突扩弯管、加导流片弯管)来减缓弯管处的冲蚀磨损.结果 表明:与等直径弯管相比,在相同运行工况下,渐扩弯管和加导流片弯管的最大冲蚀率分别减少了64％和34％,而使用突扩弯管反而会加剧弯管处的冲蚀.该结论可为弯管的抗冲蚀结构优化提供理论依据.     

运行状态下风力机叶片涂层沙蚀磨损研究

通过对运行状态下的1.5 MW风力机叶片缩微模型进行冲蚀磨损试验,模拟真实运行状态下风力机叶片涂层的冲蚀磨损过程,研究不同叶轮转速、叶片分区、沙粒粒径对叶片涂层冲蚀磨损量的影响,分析叶尖前缘和近后缘处表面磨损的微观形貌,明确了运行状态下风力机叶片与沙粒之间的相互作用方式及冲蚀磨损机理.运行状态下,风力机叶片涂层冲蚀磨损进程特征依次为麻面、冲蚀坑、冲蚀坑合并、涂层小块剥落和涂层大面积剥落.不同叶轮转速下叶片涂层的冲蚀磨损量虽存在差异,但冲蚀磨损进程有着较高的相似性,可将整个过程分为磨损孕育期、快速磨损期和缓慢磨损期.随着冲蚀区域与叶根距离的增大,叶片涂层的冲蚀磨损量不断增大.不同粒径沙粒冲击叶片涂层,冲蚀磨损进程总体趋势相似,但粒径越小,冲蚀磨损进程的发展越缓慢.沙粒冲蚀前缘处的相对运动可近似为垂直冲击,冲蚀磨损特征主要为近圆形冲蚀坑及横向裂纹扩展下的涂层脱落;冲击近后缘处时,冲蚀磨损程度明显低于前缘处,冲蚀磨损形式主要为凹形压痕及鳞片状薄片脱落.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.