真空度对纳米碳管场发射性能的影响

研究了单壁纳米碳管(SWNTs)、双壁纳米碳管(DWNTs)和多壁纳米碳管(MWNTs)在不同真空度下的场发射性能。在超高真空条件下(2.0×10-7Pa),以上三种材料均表现出良好的稳定性;而在高真空条件下(1.0×10-4Pa),三种材料的场发射稳定性有不同程度的下降。通过控制系统真空度在2.0×10-7Pa～1.3×10-3Pa范围内逐渐变化,考察了真空度对纳米碳管场发射性能的影响及其机制,提出适合于SWNTs、DWNTs和MWNTs场发射性能测试和应用的真空度下限分别为6.0×10-5Pa、1.0×10-4Pa和5.7×10-4Pa。     

多功能真空校准装置

为满足航天器热试验常用真空计及标准漏孔的校准需要,研制了多功能真空校准装置。该装置可用于进行热偶真空计、压阻规、电容薄膜真空规、潘宁规、热阴极电离规等真空测量传感器的校准,同时也可以用于渗透型真空漏孔的校准。装置选用静态比对法、动态比对法、质谱比对法设计建成,真空校准范围为1.33×10~5Pa~1×10~(-4)Pa,真空漏孔校准范围为5×10~(-5)~5×10~(-9)Pa·m~3/s,装置智能化水平高,操作简便,适合真空规管的批量校准。     

大口径低温管道变工况漏热特性分析与优化

建立了一个包含辐射漏热、固体导热和残余气体导热分析的复合热力学模型,对高真空绝热低温管道在热边界温度(环境温度)变化、冷边界温度变化(压力变化或者改变流体)和真空度变化等变工况的漏热特性开展了研究。结果表明,热边界温度(环境温度)对漏热量的影响显著高于冷边界温度改变(流体种类改变或者管道内压力变化)导致的影响;当真空度为10—10~(-2) Pa区间,随着真空的改善,漏热量明显变小,不过当真空度优于10~(-3) Pa时,真空的进一步改善对漏热量的影响不再显著。     

离子阱低温超高真空系统的研制

离子阱是一种常用于光谱研究的装置,低温超高真空环境是其工作的基本条件.介绍了一套由真空腔体、真空抽气系统、温度监测及控制系统、脉管制冷机等组成的离子阱低温超高真空系统.在三种不同条件下对真空腔体进行抽真空对比试验,分析了影响真空系统极限真空的关键因素.采用超高真空获得方法与工艺,真空系统在常温和低温状态下分别获得了1.9×10-8Pa和5.0×10-10pa的真空度,在高真空绝热条件下,离子阱最低温度达到3.9K.文章最后对该系统的研制过程以及结果进行总结,提出了适用于同类低温超高真空系统设计与研制的相关结论.     

采用环形感压薄膜的MEMS电容薄膜真空规设计

感压薄膜的结构改良能有效改善MEMS电容薄膜真空规的压力-电容输出特性。为解决MEMS电容薄膜真空规宽量程与高灵敏度相矛盾的问题,设计一种环形结构的感压薄膜,利用有限元的方法分析对比5种环形结构的感压薄膜在不同压力下的变形与应力分布情况。分析认为,同心圆结构的感压薄膜具有最优异的性能,同等感测面积情况下真空规的压力-电容线性输出测量上限能从圆片结构的1.1×103 Pa延伸到同心圆结构的1.2×104 Pa,圆片结构感压薄膜的真空规在1～800 Pa区间内的压力-电容输出非线性度为3.9%,灵敏度为10.1 fF·Pa–1;同心圆结构感压薄膜的真空规结构在1～8 000 Pa区间内的非线性度为3.6%,灵敏度为1.3 fF·Pa–1。     

高气密性多芯光纤穿舱连接器的设计与实验验证

针对光纤传感技术在空间环境模拟设备内部高真空热环境下应用难题,提出了一种高气密性多芯光纤穿舱连接器。设计了基于硅胶密封技术的光纤直通穿舱连接器结构,并进行了漏率检测实验与插入损耗实验验证。实验表明,该光纤穿舱连接器的漏率小于1.0×10~(-7)Pa·L/s,最低漏率可达1.0×10~(-10)Pa·L/s,1550 nm波段下插入损耗为±0.07 dB,小于±0.1dB,满足设计要求,解决了光纤连接器的高气密性密封连接技术难题,实现了光信号无损传输的同时保持空间环境模拟设备内部的高真空度(压力1.0×10~(-4)Pa),可以用于开展型号真空热试验。     

电离规的长期工作特性

由实验得出三极管型和B—A型两种电离规反复测量的灵敏度与其工作小时数的关系。测量是在5×10-3Pa的氮气中完成的。一般情况下,规管工作1000小时,测量多达100次。测量结果表明,三极管型规的变化速率是每工作100小时为±0.45%。B-A规保持在真空条件下,变化速率是每工作100小时为-1.4%;但是,同样的规在暴露大气的条件下,灵敏度却急剧变化到25%。还列举出可能引起这些变化的机理。 一、引言 用热灯丝电离规来测量高真空至少已有64年了,现在广泛使用的B-A规第一次出现也是在30年前的事了。在论述这些规的第一批文章之后,特别是在60年代,发表…     

深空探测器真空热环境模拟试验系统

空间环境模拟试验主要用于模拟太空的冷黑环境、真空环境及太阳辐射环境,通过热试验验证航天器温控、结构设计的合理性。深空探测器真空热环境模拟系统有效空间为Φ3.35m×5m,设备主要包括真空容器、热沉、氮系统、真空抽气系统、外热流系统、环境监控系统、测控系统等,试验极限真空度3.2×10~(-5)Pa,热沉平均温度≤85K,温度均匀性可达3.5K。系统已完成多次整星试验,系统各项指标均优于设计指标要求。     

超导波荡器热负荷测试装置超高真空系统

介绍了超导波荡器热负荷测试装置超高真空系统的设计、调试。通过离子泵、吸气剂泵以及系统低温冷凝面的联合抽气作用,使系统在常温下获得7.8×10-8Pa的真空度,在低温下能够获得1.7×10-8Pa的真空度,满足光源储存环真空系统1.3×10-7Pa的真空度要求。     

高轨卫星大型光学载荷真空热试验设备研制

为满足某高轨卫星大型光学载荷真空热试验需求,研制了一套大型真空热试验设备,代号Y1H。该设备为卧式组合体结构,配备我国目前空间环境下最大的准直型太阳模拟器,有效光束直径为2 m,有效试验尺寸为φ6 m×6.5 m,极限真空度优于3×10~(-5)Pa,热沉温度低于100 K。概要介绍了该试验设备的研制方案及特点。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.