洞径对地下洞室的动力应力集中系数和振动加速度影响研究

参考模型试验,利用波的函数展开法推导了平面P波作用下不规则洞室的应力和位移表达式,并以一深埋直墙圆拱形洞室为例得到：除了背爆侧局部范围之外,洞室的洞径越大,动应力集中系数越小;当入射角为270°时,在迎爆侧,洞室洞径越大,径向振动加速度和切向加速度越大,在背爆侧,洞室洞径越大,径向振动加速度和切向加速度越小。并且洞径对应力集中系数的影响程度比对振动加速度的影响程度大。     

爆破振动作用下大型地下洞室群围岩动力响应及合理间距分析

大型地下水封石油洞库由多个地下洞室构成,洞室通常不设衬砌结构,在洞库设计时,洞室之间的间距是需要重点考虑的一个因素。依托某地下水封石油洞库工程,采用现场监测与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析了爆破振动作用下,地下洞室群围岩的动态响应及振动衰减规律。地下洞室掌子面爆破引起的围岩振速在横断面方向随远离爆心呈指数衰减;当在爆破洞室附近存在已开挖洞室时,已开挖洞室迎爆侧边墙处质点振动存在放大效应,峰值振速会放大2.2倍~2.5倍,而在背爆侧围岩峰值振速明显减小,减小幅度为25%~50%。考虑相邻洞室安全间距时,以相邻已开挖洞室迎爆侧边墙处峰值振速为判断指标,表明在地下洞室爆破施工影响下,其相邻已开挖洞室迎爆侧边墙处峰值振速随洞室净间距呈指数衰减;根据《爆破安全规程》相关规定,建议论文依托的地下洞库工程相邻洞室之间的净间距不宜小于30 m。     

爆破地震波作用下圆形洞室围岩振动速度分布规律

为了探究岩石开挖爆破地震波作用下邻近圆形洞室的动力响应规律,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件研究爆破地震波作用下不同埋深圆形隧道洞壁和地表振动速度的缩放规律,以及对不同频率平面简谐P波入射时,隧道洞壁及地表振动速度的分布规律进行研究,并通过理论计算结果的对比分析,检验了数值模拟的可靠性。研究结果表明:隧道埋深会引起隧道洞壁及地表振动速度产生缩放效应:隧道埋深较浅时,隧道洞壁上半部分缩放效应大于下半部分,振动速度放大系数随埋深增加而减小;埋深较深时时,隧道洞壁各位置质点振动速度放大效应随埋深的增加呈现递增规律;地表振动速度放大系数峰值随隧道埋深的增加向背爆侧偏移;迎爆侧洞壁振动速度随入射波频率增加呈增大趋势;地表振动速度放大系数峰值随入射波频率增加向爆源方向偏移。     

小净距隧道后行洞爆破对先行洞的振动影响分析

为分析后行洞爆破施工时对先行洞造成的影响,依托蒙古道隧道工程并以大断面小净距隧道为研究对象,进行有限元数值模拟。结合现场测试对现场爆破后振动测试信号进行HHT分析,确定了爆破振动影响信号的时频特征。研究表明：当后行洞在进行爆破施工时,先行洞初期支护的垂直振动速度和切向振动速度都明显的小于径向振动速度;后行洞迎爆侧的径向振动速度明显大于背爆侧,后行洞爆破的最大振动速度相对应的频率主要集中在20～80 Hz之间。受后行洞爆破影响,小净距隧道的先行洞迎爆一侧的拱脚处出现拉应力易导致隧道衬砌出现拉伸破坏,建议在该部位进行喷射钢纤维混凝土等措施进行加强。     

中深部大型地下洞室高边墙爆破振动高程效应研究

为了研究地下洞室高边墙上质点爆破振动规律并指导地下洞室开挖,以白鹤滩水电站地下洞室群开挖为背景,在右岸主变洞内进行爆破振动试验,然后利用LS-DYNA三维动力有限元软件对开挖过程进行数值模拟,分析了地下洞室高边墙上质点爆破振动速度随高程变化规律。结果表明:当地下洞室边墙高度为16.8 m时,在距离爆源区约70 m范围内,高边墙上质点与墙脚处相比,振动速度存在不同程度的放大效应,且放大效应出现分区。当爆心距R30 m,放大作用随高差增大先增后减;当爆心距R在30～70 m范围内且为某一定值时,放大作用随高差的增大而增大;当爆心距R70 m时,高差对洞室边墙上质点的影响不再明显。另外,萨道夫斯基公式在地下洞室高边墙上仍然适用,但是利用萨道夫斯基公式预测质点振动速度时,应当将测线布置在相应预测点的同一高程上。     

在动载作用下衬砌洞室抗爆加固效果数值分析

利用数值分析软件LS-DYNA3D程序,研究了在爆炸荷载作用下衬砌加固洞室的抗爆加固效果以及衬砌参数对抗爆加固效果的影响规律。通过分析毛洞和衬砌洞室拱顶同一位置的压力曲线,得出压应力波形及传播规律合理;经过衬砌加固的洞室拱顶峰值位移明显减少,抗爆加固效果显著;当弹性模量不大时,随着弹性模量的增大,抗爆加固效果有所提高,但当弹性模量增大到一定值时,再增加衬砌的弹性模量,其抗爆加固效果反而不佳;衬砌的厚度对洞室的抗爆加固效果有一定的影响,但当衬砌的厚度增加到一定值时,再增加其厚度并不能明显提高衬砌洞室的抗爆加固效果。     

减震沟对爆炸塔内空爆振动减震效果试验研究

为研究减震沟对爆炸塔内炸药空爆振动的减震效果,设计不同药量和药包悬置高度的3组、7次爆炸振动试验。结果表明:无减震沟时,地表振动速度表现为垂向径向切向,地表振动频率符合振动在岩土介质的传播规律;减震沟对水平方向的减震效果约为垂直方向的2倍;在减震沟附近存在振动分区和垂向振动滞后现象,在振速增大的区域内存在有减震沟时振速大于无减震沟时,振动频率随距离的增加先增大后减小。减震沟的减震效果受药量影响大于药包悬置高度的影响(药量越大减震效果越明显);对振速进行回归拟合时,有减震沟时地表振动衰减系数K和衰减指数α约为无减震沟时的1/10和1/2,减震沟外侧拟合优度约为0.65,表明萨道夫斯基公式回归拟合仅适用无减震沟侧,不适合有减震沟侧。     

高层建筑在爆破地震波作用下振动传播规律

为了解决爆破地震波对高层建筑影响的问题,基于爆破地震波的特征及相关因素,以贵阳市观山湖区某一道路爆破工程为例,通过爆破振动现场测试,分析了爆破地震波作用下高层建筑结构振动传播规律。结果表明:爆破地震波作用下测点的垂向振动速度恒大于切向和径向振动速度;随着距爆源高差的增加,爆破振动速度逐渐增大;随着距爆源水平距离的增加,爆破振动速度逐渐减小。通过拟合分析,得出衰减系数α随着高差的降低也逐渐减小;高程影响系数在测点和爆源最大高差时最大。     

下穿地铁隧道爆破作用下人防隧道的动力效应

隧道爆破作用下邻近既有隧道的安全性是爆破施工中的重点关注内容,以武汉地铁8号线洪山路站至小洪山站区间隧道爆破开挖为例,研究下穿地铁隧道爆破作用下上方既有人防隧道的动力效应.使用LS-DYNA建立了隧道爆破有限元数值模型,并结合现场振动监测数据验证数值模型的可靠性,对人防隧道的动力响应特征进行研究.现场测试和数值模拟研究表明:随着爆心距的增加人防隧道衬砌结构质点峰值振速(PPV)逐渐减小,PPV最大值出现在爆源正上方;人防隧道衬砌结构稳定性受拉应力控制,隧道底板和拱顶主控拉应力为隧道环向,边墙主控拉应力为垂直方向;衬砌结构最危险截面位于爆源上方,此截面最可能破坏的位置是迎爆侧拱脚,破坏方式为从内至外的拉破坏.基于极限抗拉强度计算分析得到的隧道衬砌结构振速安全阈值为14.9 cm/s.     

高层建筑在爆破地震波作用下振动传播规律

为了解决爆破地震波对高层建筑影响的问题,基于爆破地震波的特征及相关因素,以贵阳市观山湖区某一道路爆破工程为例,通过爆破振动现场测试,分析了爆破地震波作用下高层建筑结构振动传播规律。结果表明:爆破地震波作用下测点的垂向振动速度恒大于切向和径向振动速度;随着距爆源高差的增加,爆破振动速度逐渐增大;随着距爆源水平距离的增加,爆破振动速度逐渐减小。通过拟合分析,得出衰减系数α随着高差的降低也逐渐减小;高程影响系数在测点和爆源最大高差时最大。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。