采用分割算法的Bezier曲线的S幂基降多阶逼近

提出了一种结合分割算法的Bezier曲线一次降多阶逼近。利用Sechez—Reyes提出的基转换矩阵将Bezier曲线用S幂基函数表示，只要通过截断曲线中的高次项，就可以得到降多阶逼近曲线，但得到的降阶曲线通常误差很大。鉴于S幂基的保端点高阶插值的优良性质，结合分割算法考察了Bezier曲线的一次降多阶逼近，分割后的每段曲线均自动保端点高阶插值，无须添加额外的约束条件。该算法简单，有效，文末给出了数值实例、误差分析与比较。     

基于单位圆弧段逼近的Bezier曲线等距线生成算法

提出一种用四次Bezier曲线逼近单位圆弧段（Unit Circular Arcs）的方法及其详细误差函数分析。使用这种方法,给出一种使用同阶Bezier曲线逼近给定Bezier曲线等距线的算法。在Matlab7．0上实现了该算法,试验表明,新算法比Lee和Ahn所提出的算法有更高的精度和计算效率。由于B样条和NURBS曲线可以认为由多段Bezier曲线组成,因此,新算法为B样条和NURBS曲线等距线的求解提供了一种新的途径。     

基于一元对称幂基的等距曲面有理逼近算法

给出了基于一元对称幂基的等距曲面蒙面逼近新算法。利用一元对称幂基逼近张量积Bézier曲面u向曲线的等距曲线,得到一组等距逼近曲线,取固定的v值,得到一组数据点,用反算控制顶点的方法得到过这组数据点的v向曲线。对这两组曲线用蒙面算法得到逼近的有理等距曲面。该算法计算简单,将二元等距曲面有理逼近转化为一元曲线有理逼近,同时方便地解决了整体误差问题,随着对称幂基阶数的升高,可以得到较理想的逼近效果。     

基于散乱数据的B样条曲面重构与优化

利用B样条曲面表示初始逼近曲面，利用三次B样条曲线优化曲面，实现了散乱数据的曲面重构，算例表明，算法简单易行，逼近效果良好。     

基于三次PH曲线误差可控代数曲线等距线逼近算法

论文提出一种用三次PH曲线逼近代数曲线的方法及其误差分析。使用该方法,给出一种用PH曲线的等距线来逼近原来代数曲线等距线的算法。逼近曲线保持了原曲线的一些重要几何性质,如单调性、凹凸性、G1连续性等。数值实验表明,该算法提供了代数曲线近似参数化的一条有效途径。并在此基础上提出了一种计算代数曲线等距线的有理参数表示的新方法。     

采用分割算法的Bézier曲线的S幂基降多阶逼近

提出了一种结合分割算法的Bézier曲线一次降多阶逼近.利用Sánchez-Reyes提出的基转换矩阵将Bézier曲线用S幂基函数表示,只要通过截断曲线中的高次项,就可以得到降多阶逼近曲线,但得到的降阶曲线通常误差很大.鉴于S幂基的保端点高阶插值的优良性质,结合分割算法考察了Bézier曲线的一次降多阶逼近,分割后的每段曲线均自动保端点高阶插值,无须添加额外的约束条件.该算法简单,有效,文末给出了数值实例、误差分析与比较.     

基于单位圆弧段逼近的Bézier曲线等距线生成算法

提出一种用四次Bézier曲线逼近单位圆弧段(Unit Circular Arcs)的方法及其详细误差函数分析.使用这种方法,给出一种使用同阶Bézier曲线逼近给定Bézier曲线等距线的算法.在Matlab7.0上实现了该算法,试验表明,新算法比Lee和Ahn所提出的算法有更高的精度和计算效率.由于B样条和NURBS曲线可以认为由多段Bézier曲线组成,因此,新算法为B样条和NURBS曲线等距线的求解提供了一种新的途径.     

代数曲线的"种子点"有理Bézier插值

基于代数曲线的合理分割,提出了曲线段的"种子点"有理Bézier插值方法.详细地讨论了代数曲线的分段有理二次、三次Bézier插值算法,同时给出了任意次数的Bézier插值曲线的计算方案.定义了一种便于计算的新型误差,在新型误差概念之下,结合数值实验说明了插值算法的逼近精度高于已有的逼近算法.同时,插值曲线保持了原始曲线的凹凸性和G1连续性等重要几何性质.     

基于成长型神经网络以线段为基元的曲线重建

在逆向工程中,对基于散乱数据点的曲线重建研究有着重要的意义。曲线可用线段基元逼近。提出使用成长型神经网络以线段为基元的曲线重建新算法。给定某一曲线的散乱点集和一初始折线,新算法优化折线上的顶点位置,使折线更好地逼近散乱点;持续分裂折线上活动性强的顶点和删除活动性最弱的顶点,使折线上顶点的分布更符合散乱点数据的概率分布。实验结果表明,新算法能够取得良好的曲线重建效果。     

代数曲线的“种子点”有理Bézier插值

基于代数曲线的合理分割,提出了曲线段的“种子点”有理Bézier插值方法。详细地讨论了代数曲线的分段有理二次、三次Bézier插值算法,同时给出了任意次数的Bézier插值曲线的计算方案。定义了一种便于计算的新型误差,在新型误差概念之下,结合数值实验说明了插值算法的逼近精度高于已有的逼近算法。同时,插值曲线保持了原始曲线的凹凸性和G1连续性等重要几何性质。     

Development of Catalytic Converters Using Detonation Spraying

One of the trends in hydrogen power engineering is the development of devices for the preparation of synthesis gas by the catalytic reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock. Studies show the advantages of catalytic converters based on a modular catalyst support with a honeycomb-type structure produced from a metal foil, both sides of which are coated with highly porous oxide ceramics. The drawback of this design is a poor ability of the coating to withstand high-temperature operating conditions. The coating may detach from the substrate because of the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the metal foil and the ceramic coating. Besides, a corrosion of metal foil takes place. The result of the present study is the development and application of a two-step coating method, which allows significantly increasing the service life of the catalyst supports. At the first step, a low-porosity ceramic layer is deposited on a metal foil by detonation spraying. At the second step, a high-porosity layer of a ceramic catalyst is deposited from suspension. In this work, the peculiarities of the detonation spraying of the ceramic coating on a metal foil and the design of the obtained catalytic converter have been addressed.     

Effects of shapes of electrodes on freezing of supercooled water in electric freeze control

In order to clarify the effects of electric charge on freezing of supercooled water, experiments were carried out. Two kinds of shapes were used for tips of electrodes. One was the sharp end surface. The other was the flat end surface. Aluminum was selected as the material. Water sample was kept in a test tube and cooled down at a constant cooling rate. When the water sample was maintained under a supercooling state, an electric charge was applied to the water sample with a small electric current. The degree of supercooling and the electric current were measured, continuously. Then the degree of supercooling at freezing was determined. It was found that the effects of electric charge were distinct according to the shapes of electrodes. The degree of supercooling at freezing was the lower in the case of flat end surface of the anode than that in the case of sharp end surface of the anode.     

Effects of synthetic oil in a compression refrigeration system using R410A. Part II: quality of heat transfer and pressure losses within the heat exchangers

The consequences of the oil rejected by the compressor of a vapour-compression refrigeration system on the operation of the evaporator and condenser are analysed. The modelled prototype uses the mixture of HFC R410A and a synthetic polyolester (POE) oil. The rise of the amount of lubricant circulating in the system leads to a progressive change in the behaviour of the mixture of refrigerant and oil that, for the higher oil mass fraction, evolves like a zeotropic mixture. One also observes that the presence of lubricant is generally associated with a fall of the performances of the heat exchangers, except however in the evaporator where an optimum is observed when the quantity of oil is equal to 0.1% of the total mass of the mixture. Some conclusions are drawn about the choice of correlations for the calculation of the refrigerant side heat transfer coefficient in a plate evaporator.     

Experimental investigation and process optimization of the ultrasonic welding applied to papers

Ultrasonic welding is a serious candidate in the development of methods to assemble papers and paperboards without using additional substances. However, the ultrasonic welding of papers remains a technological challenge considering the low weldability of lignocellulosic materials. This study aims to investigate on the ultrasonic welding process applied to papers in order to identify the processing conditions which favor the formation of strong welded joints. To reach such purpose, an experimental strategy was developed by combining the characterization of welded materials and the monitoring of process parameters. Experimentations were performed using a reference paper displaying a good weldability to specifically highlight the contribution of process parameters. Results indicate that the process is highly sensitive to vibration amplitude, power supplied by the high frequency generator, and sample thickness. Power seems to be a reliable indicator of the severity of the process. A strong decrease in the strength of the welded joints is observed when working with low thicknesses. It seems that the layers coated on top of papers are the main part of the material contributing in the development of adhesion at the welding joint. Overall, instrumenting the device has led to a better understanding of the ultrasonic welding of papers.     

Fundamental study of adhesion of ice to cooling solid surface (Discussion on influence of copper oxide layer on ice adhesion force)

In many situations, ice often adheres to a cooling solid surface, frequently causing serious accidents. It is critical to clarify the mechanism of ice adhesion to the cooling surface in order to prevent ice adhesion. In a past study, the shearing stresses of two kinds of test plates with a copper surface having the higher thermal conductivity were measured. The shearing stress corresponds to ice adhesion force. Both shearing stresses were significantly different; however, the cause remains unclear.Therefore, the present study focuses on an oxide layer as the main factor causing the difference of both shearing stresses; the influence of the oxide layer formed on shearing stress was discussed. And in the removal and reformation processes of the oxide layer, the time variation of the shearing stress was clarified. Moreover, the relationship between the state of the copper surface and the shearing stress was also clarified by surface analysis.     

Life time prediction of old bridges

The prediction of a realistic lifetime and the prolongation of the service life of a structure is an important task to reduce costs of civil engineering structures. The usual theoretical predictions are not very reliable. The prediction model used consists of a load model, a system‐transfer model and a damage model. The results of these sequentially coupled models are usually unreliable, especially the influence of the uncertain load and damage models controls the reliability of the result. A method based on monitoring strategies is presented, which avoids these problems. Expected trends of future traffic are considered. If the remaining life time of existing structures should be assessed, information about the strain time history of the past is needed. It is shown how these data can be generated taking into account the estimated statistics of the load in the past, the dynamic behaviour and the bumpiness of the road. Synthetic time series of the local strains are generated which include the real statistics of the process and cluster effects induced by truck convoys.     

PET和PAN纤维的拉伸形变和断裂过程

在扫描电子显微镜样品室中拉伸PET和PAN纤维,动态观察了纤维的形变和断裂行为,用照片记录了裂缝发生、发展和纤维最终断裂的过程。剪切带的出现和由此引起微裂缝的发生是PET纤维拉伸形变的主要特征,而个别大分子束的断裂形成裂缝的广泛出现则是PAN纤维的主要特征。研究得出纤维的结晶状况是拉伸下纤维形变和断裂行为的决定性因素。     

金属价的确定方法

按照"键中取价"的思路,综述了金属中各种键价理论的本质和方法.Pauling金属价键理论从综合性能来定价,建立了共价电子与键长的关系式;Engel- Brewer金属价键理论从键合能来确定价态;Hume-Rothery电子浓度理论从化合物的构来定价;余瑞璜的固体与分子经验电子理论从键距差来定价电子结构;谢佑卿的单原子理论从"能"和"形"来定价电子结构.每种理论从不同方面阐述对金属价的理解.     

Effect of aging-deformation-treatment on the formation of intragranular ferrite in V-microalloyed steel

The influence of the aging-deformation-treatment on the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF) in a vanadium microalloyed medium carbon steel (Fe–0.34C–1.53Mn) was studied. Effects of aging time on the volume fraction of IGF and austenite grain size were also investigated. The effect of the aging-deformation recrystallisation process on the amount of ferrite and the mechanism of IGF formation was discussed. The results show that aging-deformation-treatment makes the precipitation position of the carbonitride transfer from austenite grain boundary to intragranular, and the precipitated intragranular carbonitrides become the nucleation cores of the IGF during the recrystallisation. The content of precipitated carbonitrides, and the volume fraction of ferrites and the grain size of austenites, increase with the increasing aging time.     

Fuzzy modelling of powder snow avalanches

This paper examines powder snow avalanches by introducing a predetermined degree of variation, or fuzziness, in model parameters. Given a value of vagueness in the parameters, fuzzy set theory makes it possible to evaluate the vagueness in the results. The use of a more complex stochastic analysis can be avoided. Six parameters of the model are taken to be affected by a certain amount of uncertainty; the response of the numerical model is calculated by solving the fuzzy equations. In this way, it is possible to evaluate how the results are affected by a given change in the model parameters.The paper first presents a well-known avalanche model and its solution considering the influence of friction. A brief introduction of the fuzzy set is given with regard to the avalanche model mentioned. Later, the fuzzy solution of the model in terms of velocity and average pressure is calculated for three different levels of imprecision in the data. At the end, the results are presented and commented.