含油制冷剂在泡沫金属圆管内流动沸腾的换热特性

实验研究了填充泡沫金属的圆管内制冷剂与润滑油混合物流动沸腾换热特性。实验对象为两根分别填充5PPI、90%孔隙率与10PPI、90%孔隙率泡沫铜的圆管,以及相同管径的光管。实验工况为蒸发压力995kPa,质流密度为10~30 kg/(m2.s),热流密度为3.1~9.3kW/m2,入口干度0.175~0.775,油浓度为0~5%。实验结果表明:纯制冷剂工况下,泡沫金属的存在强化流动沸腾换热,换热系数最多提高185%;含油工况下,泡沫金属强化换热的效果弱化;相同工况下,更小的孔径可以提高流动沸腾换热系数,相比5PPI泡沫金属的实验数据,10PPI的泡沫金属可以使换热系数最多提高0.6倍。基于流型建立了填充泡沫金属的圆管内制冷剂与润滑油流动沸腾换热系数的预测模型,预测模型与98%的实验数据误差在±30%以内。     

5 mm小管径内R290流动沸腾换热特性

本文对R290在5mm小管径内的流动沸腾换热特性进行实验研究,重点研究热流密度、质量流率及饱和温度对沸腾换热表面传热系数的影响。实验工况为:热流密度10～60 k W/m2、饱和温度15～25℃、质量流率50～200 kg/(m2·s)、干度0. 1～0. 9。结果表明:增加热流密度可实现强化换热,提高表面传热系数,使干涸现象提前发生,并加剧干涸;质量流率在低干度区间对表面传热系数的影响较小,在中干度和高干度区间表面传热系数与质量流率分别呈正相关;当热流密度较低时,在中干度区间,增大饱和温度会使表面传热系数降低;而在较高的热流密度下,增大饱和温度明显引起表面传热系数的上升。     

微柱群通道内饱和沸腾换热特性实验研究

为实现微小空间高效散热,本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了工质流经高度和直径均为500μm的微圆柱组成的叉排微柱群通道时的饱和沸腾换热特性,并采用高速摄像机记录了通道内不同加热功率的气液两相流型,实验参数设定质量流速为341~598.3 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度为20~160 W/cm~2,蒸气干度为0~0.2。结果表明:随着热流密度增大,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数近似单调递减。在低干度区,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而增大,随着蒸气干度的增加而减小;受过冷沸腾气泡影响,工质进口温度越低,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数越大;随着热流密度增大,微柱群通道流动沸腾气泡流型依次为:泡状流、环状流,且泡状流区的局部沸腾换热表面传热系数明显高于环状流区。     

R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性

氨制冷剂存在可燃性和毒性,因此减少其在制冷系统中的充注量极为重要。小管径换热管通常可以提供更高的表面传热系数,这可以作为提升换热器紧凑性同时减少系统中充注量的有效方法。本文搭建了氨制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热及压降测试实验装置,测试了氨制冷剂在4 mm水平光管内的流动沸腾换热及压降,并分析了干度、质量流速及热流密度对换热及压降特性的影响。结果表明:流动沸腾换热表面传热系数随着干度的增加而增大,同时质量流速和热流密度越高,流动沸腾换热表面传热系数越大。此外,氨制冷剂在管内的两相摩擦压降也随着干度的增加而增大,在固定干度下,质量流速的升高导致压降增大。     

波纹翅片通道内液化天然气流动沸腾换热特性分析

波纹翅片广泛应用于液化天然气板翅式换热器中;为了对板翅式换热器进行优化设计,必须明确翅片通道内的流动沸腾机理。首先对波纹翅片流道中流体的流动和传热传质机理进行分析,建立了稳态工况下汽化相变模型。然后进行了不同质流密度、热流密度和干度工况下波纹翅片流道内流体流动换热过程的模拟,分析了质流密度、热流密度和干度对波纹翅片传热特性的影响,并与平直翅片进行了对比。结果显示:随着干度增大,波纹翅片换热系数呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且在0.5干度左右达到最大值;随着干度增加,质流密度的增大对换热性能的提升越来越明显,热流密度的增大对换热性能的提升越来越小;波纹翅片比平直翅片换热系数提高30%~150%,在低干度工况下波纹翅片强化传热效果更明显。     

R404A在小管径管内流动沸腾换热特性研究

R404A在小管径管内的流动沸腾换热过程是一个极其复杂的物理现象。目前对R404A换热特性的研究大多集中在大管径上,对小管径换热特性的研究较少,且对不同实验现象的机理分析也不尽相同。因此R404A在小管径管内换热特性的理论研究仍需要大量具体的实验数据来支撑。本文通过搭建小管径内螺纹铜管蒸发实验台,研究R404A在小管径管内流动沸腾换热过程中不同热流密度、不同蒸发干度、不同质流密度、不同饱和温度对表面传热系数的影响,研究表明:热流密度、干度、质流密度、饱和温度均对R404A在小管径管内换热特性的影响较大,干涸现象发生前后这些因素产生的影响也不同。此外,这些因素对管内干涸现象发生的起始干度、沸腾主要换热形式以及干涸现象是否发生具有直接影响。     

润湿异质性表面的过冷流动沸腾实验研究

非均匀润湿表面对流动沸腾过程中的流动模式和传热机制有重要影响。本文以去离子水为工质，实验研究了矩形微通道内硅表面和润湿异质性表面的过冷流动沸腾换热特性。通道横截面为0.5 mm×5 mm,过冷流动沸腾的质量通量分别为300、400 kg/(m²·s),热流密度在30～300 kW/m²的范围内。实验在大气压下进行，过冷度为10 K。对比了与流动方向垂直(HC)和平行(HP)的疏水图案，讨论了不同热流密度、质量通量等工况下的硅表面和润湿异质性表面垂直向上流动沸腾，分析了不同工况下过冷沸腾的沸腾曲线、平均传热系数和两相流流型。结果表明：润湿异质性表面的流动沸腾换热表面传热系数最大提高了39.55%,换热机制主要为核态沸腾。     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m~2·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m~2时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

泡沫金属结构对池沸腾换热特性的影响

本文实验研究了制冷剂在不同结构泡沫金属表面的池沸腾换热特性。测试样件为泡沫铜,样件结构涵盖不同的孔密度(5～40 PPI)、孔隙率(0. 90、0. 95)与厚度(4～8 mm)。实验结果表明,孔密度为40 PPI泡沫金属比5 PPI泡沫金属最大表面传热系数提升了26. 4%;随着厚度增大,泡沫金属池沸腾换热先增强后减弱;孔隙率为0. 90泡沫金属比0. 95泡沫金属最大表面传热系数高13. 2%。根据实验结果,开发了制冷剂在不同结构泡沫金属表面池沸腾传热关联式,关联式与95%实验数据的误差在±30%以内,平均误差为12. 2%。     

两种不同工质在微通道内沸腾换热特性的实验研究

为研究流体物性、流动和换热过程的状态参量对微通道内沸腾换热特性的影响规律,本文采用去离子水和无水乙醇在当量直径为0.293 mm的矩形微通道进行了不同质量流量和热流密度条件下的沸腾换热实验研究,通过对实验数据的计算和处理,分析总结了流体的热物性、质量流量、热流密度、干度和Bo数等参量对沸腾换热系数的影响规律。结果表明:沸腾换热系数随着热流密度、干度和Bo数的增大而降低,核态沸腾占主导地位;相同的质量流量和热流密度条件下,去离子水的沸腾换热系数明显高于无水乙醇的沸腾换热系数,并且前者的换热系数随质量流量的增大而增大,而后者变化不明显。根据考虑了通道尺寸效应及流体物性参量总结出的换热系数关联式进行了计算,计算结果对去离子水和无水乙醇的平均绝对误差分别为14.2%和16.6%,可认为该关联式适用于微通道内沸腾换热系数的预测。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Instructions & Forms for Authors

Journal of Materials Sciences ＆ Technology is a monthly journal for the rapid dissemination of new, impor- rant results in material and related fields. Submission Electronic files of MS Word and PDF are acceptable. Please visit http：//www.jmst.org and submit online.