微柱群通道内饱和沸腾换热特性实验研究

为实现微小空间高效散热,本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了工质流经高度和直径均为500μm的微圆柱组成的叉排微柱群通道时的饱和沸腾换热特性,并采用高速摄像机记录了通道内不同加热功率的气液两相流型,实验参数设定质量流速为341~598.3 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度为20~160 W/cm~2,蒸气干度为0~0.2。结果表明:随着热流密度增大,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数近似单调递减。在低干度区,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而增大,随着蒸气干度的增加而减小;受过冷沸腾气泡影响,工质进口温度越低,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数越大;随着热流密度增大,微柱群通道流动沸腾气泡流型依次为:泡状流、环状流,且泡状流区的局部沸腾换热表面传热系数明显高于环状流区。     

R32在水平管内流动沸腾换热特性的试验研究

对R32在水平光滑管和微肋管(外径均为7mm)内的沸腾换热特性展开试验研究,测试的制冷剂质量流速为100~250 kg/(m~2·s),饱和蒸发温度为7~11℃,热流密度为3~8 kW/m~2,测试管内制冷工质平均干度值为0~0.7。试验结果表明:热流密度是影响R32沸腾换热系数的主导因素之一,质量流速的增大、饱和蒸发温度的升高、热流密度的增大均有利于提高R32的沸腾换热系数;微肋管有强化传热的效果,其平均沸腾换热系数比光管增大11.8%~33.2%;干度对R32沸腾换热系数的影响比较复杂,R32的沸腾换热系数随干度的增加先增大后减小,这是由于出现了干涸值,本文试验测得的干涸值范围为0.41~0.57,制冷剂质量流速的降低和热流密度的增大均有利于干涸值的增大。     

R32在小管径水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性试验研究

对R32在?5 mm的水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性进行试验研究和理论分析。试验的蒸发温度为5℃,质量流量范围为100~500 kg/(m2·s),热流密度为8~24 kW/m2。结果表明,沸腾换热系数在1~8 kW/(m2·K)之间,压降在1~4 kPa/m之间。沸腾换热系数随着干度增大而增大,质量流量的增大和热流密度的增大都有利于换热系数的增加。质量流量的变化对压降的影响比较明显。与R32在?7 mm管内流动传热性能相比,换热系数提高了30%左右。将得到的沸腾换热系数和压降试验数据与多个模型的预测结果进行比较,发现多数换热经验关联式的预测误差较大,仅有Fuji-Nagata关联式的预测值与试验值较为接近;压降的预测误差相对较小。     

微肋管内制冷剂流动沸腾换热研究进展

内微肋管是增强管内凝结与沸腾换热的重要技术之一,在制冷空调领域有着广泛的应用。本文基于对近年文献回顾,从实验和计算关联式两方面综述了微肋管中沸腾换热的研究现状,总结了质量流速、热流密度、干度、管道结构、润滑油等对换热系数和压降的影响,讨论了现有的沸腾换热关联式的适用性和准确性,并指出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

波纹翅片通道内液化天然气流动沸腾换热特性分析

波纹翅片广泛应用于液化天然气板翅式换热器中;为了对板翅式换热器进行优化设计,必须明确翅片通道内的流动沸腾机理。首先对波纹翅片流道中流体的流动和传热传质机理进行分析,建立了稳态工况下汽化相变模型。然后进行了不同质流密度、热流密度和干度工况下波纹翅片流道内流体流动换热过程的模拟,分析了质流密度、热流密度和干度对波纹翅片传热特性的影响,并与平直翅片进行了对比。结果显示:随着干度增大,波纹翅片换热系数呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且在0.5干度左右达到最大值;随着干度增加,质流密度的增大对换热性能的提升越来越明显,热流密度的增大对换热性能的提升越来越小;波纹翅片比平直翅片换热系数提高30%~150%,在低干度工况下波纹翅片强化传热效果更明显。     

低流量下阵列式微通道对流沸腾特性实验研究

设计了阵列式微通道热沉结构,进行了并R134a的沸腾流动换热实验。结果证明,在低干度区域由泡状流/弹状流/半环状流主导,主导换热机理为对流沸腾和蒸发,热交换系数随热流密度显著增加,随质量流量增大而略有增加。在高干度区域搅拌流/束状流主导沸腾流动,对流蒸发为主导换热机理,换热系数随流量增大而增大。该结构可以在低流量下提前紊流转捩;有效抑制压力波动,减小进出口压力差。实验观察发现搅拌流/束状流型,气液界面波失稳导致液膜破碎和卷携。液滴沉积会润湿局部蒸干壁面。当热流持续增大,液膜破碎并大量被卷携入气核后,壁面附着气膜且无法被润湿,形成反束状流型时,触发CHF。     

NH_3-LiNO_3与NH_3-NaSCN在水平管内沸腾换热特性的试验对比分析

通过试验对比分析氨盐工质对在水平管内的沸腾换热特性,分析热流密度、质量流量及出口干度对沸腾换热系数的影响。试验结果表明,热流密度对于氨盐在水平管内的沸腾换热系数有主要作用,核态沸腾机制占主导地位;在相同工况下,NH_3-NaSCN溶液的沸腾换热系数比NH_3-LiNO_3溶液的沸腾换热系数略大,主要原因是前者黏度相对较小。Jiang J.等拟合的NH_3-LiNO_3工质对在水平管内的沸腾换热系数的关联式能够准确预测NH_3-NaSCN的沸腾换热系数。试验结果对于氨盐溶液在余热废热驱动的吸收式空调中的应用有着积极的促进作用。     

竖直矩形可视化流动沸腾换热实验台的设计及初步研究

为了了解矩形窄通道内流动沸腾及传热现象的机理,建立了单面加热竖直矩形窄通道可视化流动沸腾换热实验台进行了实验。实验结果表明:矩形窄通道流动沸腾过程的换热系数存在最大值;随着干度的增加(即热流密度的增加)其换热系数逐渐降低,转为以液膜蒸发为主的流动沸腾换热,此时需控制热流密度,避免干涸现象的发生。     

R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性

氨制冷剂存在可燃性和毒性,因此减少其在制冷系统中的充注量极为重要。小管径换热管通常可以提供更高的表面传热系数,这可以作为提升换热器紧凑性同时减少系统中充注量的有效方法。本文搭建了氨制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热及压降测试实验装置,测试了氨制冷剂在4 mm水平光管内的流动沸腾换热及压降,并分析了干度、质量流速及热流密度对换热及压降特性的影响。结果表明:流动沸腾换热表面传热系数随着干度的增加而增大,同时质量流速和热流密度越高,流动沸腾换热表面传热系数越大。此外,氨制冷剂在管内的两相摩擦压降也随着干度的增加而增大,在固定干度下,质量流速的升高导致压降增大。     

R410A微通道内沸腾换热实验研究

在内径为2 mm的水平不锈钢微通道内对R410A的沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究。质量流率为200~600 kg/(m2·s),热流密度的范围为5~15 k W/m2,干度的范围为0.1~0.8,饱和温度为0℃和5℃。结果显示,当干度大于0.5时,随着热流密度的上升,沸腾换热系数显著上升,其平均增幅分别达到了4.6%和7.7%。当干度小于0.5时,热流密度对换热系数的影响十分微弱。随着质量流率的上升,换热系数均出现了小幅上升,其平均增幅也分别达到了1.1%和2%。而饱和温度对换热系数则几乎没有影响。随后,对可能的机理进行了讨论。实验结果又与Choi K I等以及Ebisu T等在内径分别为1.5 mm,3 mm和6.4mm管道内的研究结果进行了比较。结果显示,在相似工况下,随着管径的下降,当干度小于0.5时,换热系数呈现出上升的趋势,其平均增幅分别达到了18.4%,23.6%和19.5%。     

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Micro Channel Heat Sink at Low Water Mass Flux

Boiling heat transfer at water flow with low mass flux in heat sink which contained rectangular microchannels was studied. The stainless steel heat sink contained ten parallel microchannels with a size of 640 × 2050 μm in cross-section with typical wall roughness of 10–15 μm. The local flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured at mass velocity of 17 and 51 kg/m²s, heat flux on 30 to 150 kW/m² and vapor quality of up to 0.8 at pressure in the channels closed to atmospheric one. It was observed that Kandlikar nucleate boiling correlation is in good agreement with the experimental data at mass flow velocity of 85 kg/m²s. At smaller mass flux the Kandlikar model and Zhang, Hibiki and Mishima model demonstrate incorrect trend of heat transfer coefficients variation with vapor quality.     

New experimental data of CO2 flow boiling in mini tube with micro fins of zero helix angle

Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of CO₂ flow boiling in mini tube with micro fins of zero helix angle were experimentally investigated. The working conditions cover mass flux from 100 to 600 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, heat flux from 1.67 to 8.33 kW m⁻², vapor quality from 0 to 0.9 and saturation temperature from 1 to 15 °C. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing vapor quality, but sharply decreases at vapor quality around 0.2~0.4 under most conditions, and the dryout vapor quality decreases with the increasing heat flux and saturation temperature. Pressure drop increases with increasing mass flux and heat flux, or decreasing saturation temperature, and mass flux is the major influence factors. The enhancement ratio of heat transfer coefficient is higher than that of pressure drop, which shows potentials of using such kind tubes to enhance the overall heat transfer performance. A heat transfer coefficient correlation and a pressure drop correlation for 0° helix angle micro-fin tube were developed, and they agree well with the experimental data.     

矩形微通道内制冷剂流动沸腾传热特性及可视化研究

为了探究微通道内流动沸腾及传热现象的机理,以制冷剂R22为工质在矩形微通道内进行了流动沸腾及可视化实验。结果表明,在核态沸腾下传热系数受质量流率的影响较小,却随着热流密度的增加而快速增加;微通道的尺寸越小,传热效果越好,水力直径为0.92 mm和1.33 mm微通道内的传热系数比2 mm微通道内的传热系数分别提高约25%、12%;根据实验值与预测值的对比情况,在Oh H K等[15]和Yun R等[7]模型基础上拟合得到新的传热系数预测关联式,平均绝对误差降至8.8%;通过可视化实验发现,在临界热流密度下微通道内出现波浪式气体层的现象。     

含油制冷剂在泡沫金属圆管内流动沸腾的换热特性

实验研究了填充泡沫金属的圆管内制冷剂与润滑油混合物流动沸腾换热特性。实验对象为两根分别填充5PPI、90%孔隙率与10PPI、90%孔隙率泡沫铜的圆管,以及相同管径的光管。实验工况为蒸发压力995kPa,质流密度为10~30 kg/(m2.s),热流密度为3.1~9.3kW/m2,入口干度0.175~0.775,油浓度为0~5%。实验结果表明:纯制冷剂工况下,泡沫金属的存在强化流动沸腾换热,换热系数最多提高185%;含油工况下,泡沫金属强化换热的效果弱化;相同工况下,更小的孔径可以提高流动沸腾换热系数,相比5PPI泡沫金属的实验数据,10PPI的泡沫金属可以使换热系数最多提高0.6倍。基于流型建立了填充泡沫金属的圆管内制冷剂与润滑油流动沸腾换热系数的预测模型,预测模型与98%的实验数据误差在±30%以内。     

Two-phase flow boiling in small channels: A brief review

Boiling flows are encountered in a wide range of industrial applications such as boilers, core and steam generators in nuclear reactors, petroleum transportation, electronic cooling and various types of chemical reactors. Many of these applications involve boiling flows in conventional channels (channel size ≥ 3 mm). The key design issues in two phase flow boiling are variation in flow regimes, occurrence of dry out condition, flow instabilities, and understanding of heat transfer coefficient and vapor quality. This paper briefly reviews published experimental and modeling work in these areas. An attempt is made to provide a perspective and to present available information on boiling in small channels in terms of channel size, flow regimes, heat transfer correlations, pressure drop, critical heat flux and film thickness. An attempt is also made to identify strengths and weaknesses of published approaches and computational models of boiling in small channels. The presented discussion and results will provide an update on the state-of-the-art and will be useful to identify and plan further research in this important area.     

Experimental investigation on downward flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of propane in shell side of LNG spiral wound heat exchanger

For designing LNG spiral wound heat exchangers (SWHE), the boiling heat transfer mechanism of two-phase hydrocarbon refrigerant flowing downward in shell side should be known. In this study, an explosion-proof experimental rig was established for measuring heat transfer coefficients (HTC) and observing flow patterns. The test section contains three-layer tube bundles to emulate the actual structure and flow conditions of an SWHE. Propane as one main component of shell-side refrigerant is used as the tested fluid. The experimental conditions cover heat fluxes of 4~10 kW⋅m⁻², mass fluxes of 40~80 kg (m²⋅s)⁻¹ and vapor qualities of 0.2~1.0. The results indicate that HTC initially increases and then decreases with the increment of vapor quality, representing a maximum at a vapor quality of 0.8~0.9; the effect of heat flux on HTC increases with the increment of heat flux. A correlation of HTC was developed covering 98% of the experimental data within a deviation of ±20%.     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m~2·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m~2时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

5 mm微肋管内R404A沸腾换热模型的适配性

本文针对5 mm微肋管内R404A流动沸腾换热进行实验研究,并将研究结果与筛选出的一批换热模型进行适配性验证。实验工况:热流密度5~25 kW/m^2、饱和温度0℃、质量流率200~500 kg/(m^2·s)、干度为0.1~0.9。结果表明:Zhang Xiaoyan等的模型由于工质热物性差异较大,过高的预测了部分数据;Liu Zhongliang等的模型低估了热流密度对传热系数的影响,过低的预测了实验数据;S. M. Kim等的模型不能体现高干度区域传热系数的衰减,整体预测精度不高;K. E. Gungor等的模型能够很好的解释管内传热的过程,同时预测精度较高,平均绝对偏差仅27.46%。乘以修正系数1.372后的模型平均绝对偏差仅为8. 95%,落在30%偏差带上的数据多达98.18%。     

Flow boiling of R32 inside a brazed plate heat exchanger

This paper presents measurements of heat transfer coefficient obtained during flow boiling of R32 inside a brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE). Although R32 is known as a very interesting refrigerant for its thermodynamic and thermophysical properties, very limited flow boiling data are published in the open literature for R32 working in brazed plate heat exchangers.The present experimental data are measured to investigate the effect of refrigerant heat flux, mass velocity, inlet vapor quality and superheating at the outlet. The saturation temperature is kept constant at around 5 °C, which is a usual temperature level for evaporation in liquid coolers. As a significant result, differently from other studies on flow boiling with HFC refrigerants, mass flux is found to be very important, meaning a high contribution of the convective term on the heat transfer coefficient.The present data are also analyzed to assess available correlations for flow boiling inside BPHEs, in order to provide useful information on the accuracy of predicting methods that can be used for evaporators with R32.