Formation of amorphous electrodeposited Ni-W alloys and their nanocrystallization

Ni-W alloys containing about 5 to 30 at. % W were prepared by electrodeposition. The plating bath for the electrodeposition contained nickel sulfate, citric acid, sodium tungstate and ammonium chloride, and was operated at various bath concentrations and conditions of electrolysis. X-ray diffraction peaks of the deposited alloys broadened with increasing tungsten content and an amorphous pattern appeared at a tungsten content of about 20 at. %. Nanocrystallization behavior of the amorphous Ni-25.0 at. % W alloy has been studied by X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. The Hall-Petch strengthening mechanism was observed for the hardness extending to a finest grain size of about 10 nm. When the grain size was less than about 10 nm, decrease of the hardness was observed. This decrease may be due to the significant increase of the intercrystalline volume fraction, especially the fraction associated with the triple junction.     

Influence of crystallite size on the hardness and fatigue life of steel samples coated with electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys

The present work deals with the effect of crystallite size on the hardness and fatigue life of steel samples coated with electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys. The Ni-W alloys were electrodeposited on steel samples at four different current densities (0.05, 0.10. 0.15 and 0.20 A/cm²) and at a temperature of 75 °C. The crystallite size of the deposit reduced (from 40 to 13 nm) with an increase in current density (from 0.05 to 0.20 A/cm²) due to an increase in the tungsten content (from 0.72 to 9.33 at.%). Ni-W alloy containing 9.33 at.% W and having a crystallite size of 13 nm exhibited the maximum hardness of 638 HV. The alloys, with the crystallite size in the range 40-13 nm, followed the direct Hall-Petch relation, i.e. hardness increased with a reduction in the crystallite size. The coated samples exhibited inferior fatigue lives compared to uncoated samples. This may be attributed to the presence of tensile residual stresses and inherent microcracks in the coatings. Among the specimens coated with Ni-W alloys, as the crystallite size decreased, the fatigue life of the specimen increased owing to the increase in hardness values.     

Laser cladding nickel-titanium carbide composite coating on a 45 carbon steel: Preparation,microstructure and wear behavior

Almost fully dense nickel-titanium carbide composite coatings with varied titanium carbide content were deposited on 45 carbon steel by laser cladding. High content of titanium carbide particles up to 50 wt.% with bimodal microstructure could be homogeneously distributed in the nickel based matrix. Due to the presence of the harder nickel-titanium carbide composite coating on the 45 carbon steel, the surface hardness and wear properties were significantly improved. The Vickers hardness (HV 3) increased from about 260 HV 3 for the 45 carbon steel to 300 HV 3 – 360 HV 3 for nickel based composite coating containing 30 wt.% titanium carbide and 550 HV 3 – 680 HV 3 for nickel based composite coating containing 50 wt.% titanium carbide composite coating, respectively. The coefficient of friction and volume wear rate was reduced down to 0.41×10⁻⁶ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹ and 9.3×10⁻⁶ mm³ N⁻¹ ⋅ m⁻¹ when a nickel based composite coating containing 50 wt.% titanium carbide was coated on the 45 carbon steel, respectively. The enhanced wear performance of the composite coating was due to presence of harder nickel-titanium carbide composite coating and formation of varied soft and lubricant metal oxides consisting of mainly titanium oxides and minor iron and nickel oxides.     

Structure and Properties of Electroless Ni Deposits

The changes in structure and the hardness of two electroless deposited Ni-P alloy coatings (with P content of 1.5 and 9.5 wt pct) with heat treatment have been studied by XRD and TEM. The deposits containing 1.5 wt pct P can be represented as an fcc NiP supersaturated solid solution of 5~10 nm microcrystallites. whereas the deposits containing 9.5 wt pct P are amorphous. The heat treatment process induces crystallization of amorphous Ni to Ni phosphides and fcc Ni.Both of the deposits reach maximum hardness after annealing at 400℃ for 1 h. All coated steel specimens are inferior in fatigue strength to uncoated steel specimens mainly due to the poor fatigue resistance of the coating itself     

Electrodeposition and mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Ni-W/SiC nanocomposite coatings

Ni-W/SiC nanocomposite coatings with various contents of SiC nano-particulates were prepared by electrodeposition in Ni-W plating bath containing SiC particulates. The influences of the SiC nano-particulates concentration, current density and stirring rate of the plating bath on the composition of the nanocomposite coatings were investigated. The surface morphologies of the Ni-W alloy and Ni-W/SiC nanocomposite coating were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The morphology of Ni-W/SiC nanocomposite coating is smoother than that of Ni-W alloy coating. The microhardness of composite coatings increases with the increasing content of the SiC nano-particulates in the coatings. The corrosion behavior of Ni-W alloy and Ni-W/SiC nanocomposite coatings was evaluated by the anodic polarization curves in 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution at room temperature. It shows that Ni-W/SiC nanocomposite coating has better corrosion resistance than the Ni-W alloy coating.     

非晶态Ni－W合金镀层的高温氧化性能研究

研究了Ｎｉ－Ｗ合金镀层的抗高温氧化及镀层加热处理后的硬度。为了进一步提高非晶态合金（Ｎｉ－Ｗ）镀层的性能，往镀液中又加入了Ｐ、Ｍｏ、Ｃｅ、Ｂ元素。     

电镀非晶态镍钨合金工艺研究

研究了电镀非晶态镍钨合金工艺,采用EDS、XRD等手段检测了镍钨合金镀层,并将工艺条件如电流密度Jc、镀液pH值、镀液温度等对镀层的影响进行了比较,得出非晶态镍钨合金电镀的最佳工艺:[W]/([W] [Ni])为0.6～0.8,Jc=6.0～12.0 A/dm2,温度55～65℃,pH=6.5～7.5.结果表明,W含量质量分数高于44%的镍钨合金镀层结构为非晶态;且在此工艺下易得到钨含量在44%以上的非晶态钨合金镀层.     

石墨烯添加量对Ni基-石墨烯复合镀层性能的影响

为提高连铸结晶器的表面性能,以NiSO_4·6H_2O为主盐,用电镀的方法在炼钢连铸结晶器铜板上制备了Ni基-石墨烯复合镀层。利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等分析手段,研究了镀液中石墨烯浓度对复合镀层组织、成分、形貌、厚度、相结构、硬度及耐磨性的影响,分析了复合强化机理。结果表明:Ni基-石墨烯复合镀层中C含量随着石墨烯添加量的增加而增加,石墨烯在镀层表面及截面上的分布较均匀;镀层的平均摩擦系数随石墨烯添加量的增加而减小,显微硬度显著提高;当镀液中石墨烯浓度为120 mg/L时,镀层的平均显微硬度为1 142 HV_(1N),摩擦系数为0.548,耐磨性优于目前生产上的常规Ni-Co合金镀层,可以有效地保证铸坯质量和提高结晶器使用寿命。     

The heat treatment effect on the structure and mechanical properties of electrodeposited nano grain size Ni-W alloy coatings

The Ni-W alloy coatings with tungsten content from 32.5 to 61.2 wt.% were prepared in this study by electro-deposition. Experimental results show that the grain size of Ni-W coatings evaluated by XRD decreased with increasing tungsten content in coatings, however, the micro-hardness increased with increasing tungsten content. As-deposited Ni-61.2 wt.%W coating has amorphous-like structure and the grain size is around 1.5 nm, after annealing at 500 °C, the hardness of the coating is promoted to 1293 Hv owing to formation of Ni₄W and NW precipitates. In addition, the heat-treated Ni-W coatings show a better wear resistance than the as-plated Ni-W coatings.     

Pulse electrodeposition and corrosion properties of Ni–Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings

The development of modern technology requires metallic materials with better surface properties. In the present investigation; Si₃N₄-reinforced nickel nanocomposite coatings were deposited on a mild steel substrate using pulse current electrodeposition process employing a nickel acetate bath. Surface morphology, composition, microstructure and crystal orientation of Ni and Ni–Si₃N₄ nanocomposite coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, respectively. The effect of incorporation of Si₃N₄ particles in the Ni nanocomposite coating on the micro hardness, corrosion behaviour has been evaluated. Smooth composite deposits containing well-distributed silicon nitride particles were obtained and the crystal grains on the surface of Ni–Si₃N₄ composite coating are compact. The crystallite structure was face centred cubic (fcc) for electrodeposited nickel and Ni–Si₃N₄ nanocomposite coatings. The micro hardness of the composite coatings (720 HV) was higher than that of pure nickel (310 HV) due to dispersion-strengthening and matrix grain refining and increased with the increase of incorporated Si₃N₄ particle content. The corrosion potential (E _corr) in the case of Ni–Si₃N₄ nanocomposite had shown a negative shift, confirming the cathodic protective nature of the coating.     

纳米TiC颗粒对Ni-TiC复合镀层组织与性能的影响

采用双脉冲复合电镀技术,在瓦特型镀液中,制备含微-纳米TiC颗粒的Ni基复合镀层。研究镀液中纳米TiC添加量对复合镀层微观形貌、组织结构、硬度、摩擦和抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:镀液中添加纳米TiC后,Ni-TiC复合镀层表面出现团聚、致密度降低,复合镀层的组织为Ni和TiC;随镀液中纳米TiC添加量的增加,复合镀层的显微硬度呈先增后降的趋势,而摩擦因数则先降后升;当纳米TiC颗粒添加量为6.0g/L时,复合镀层显微硬度最大,为445HV,摩擦因数较小,为0.22,磨损机制以磨料磨损为主;在900℃,100h氧化条件下抗氧化性能最佳,氧化增重为6.828mg/cm~2,为微米复合镀层的0.5倍。     

非晶态Ni-W-WC复合镀层的制备及镀层性能研究

在非晶态Ni—W合金镀液中加入WC微粒，采用复合电沉积工艺制各非晶态Ni—W—WC复合镀层，井考察了复合镀层在碱性介质中的电催化析氢性能。结果表明，复合镀层中WC微粒的含量随镀液中WC微粒的浓度和电流密度的增加而增加；加入WC微粒后所获得的复合镀层仍然是非晶态结构；复合电板的电催化析氢性能明显优于Ni—W合金电板，性能的提高与其较高的比表面积和较低的析氢反应标准活化自由能有关。     

QPQ盐浴复合处理技术对3Cr2W8V钢组织和性能的影响

QPQ盐浴复合处理是一种新的金属盐浴表面强化改性技术,将QPQ技术应用干3Cr2W8V钢,利用OM、SEM、显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、高温摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站分别对QPQ渗层的显微组织、化学成分、显微硬度,物相,耐磨性和耐蚀性进行了分析研究.结果表明,QPQ渗层表面平整,当盐浴氮碳共渗时间一定时,随着氮碳共渗盐...     

Preparation and characterization of Ni-Cu-P/CNTs quaternary electroless composite coating

Ni-Cu-P/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) quaternary composite coatings were successfully obtained on low carbon steel matrix by electroless plating. The effects of CNTs concentration in the bath on the microstructure of the composite coatings, CNTs content in the composite coatings and the hardness of composite coatings before and after heat treatment at 400 °C have been studied. In addition, the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cu-P/CNTs composite coatings was evaluated by anodic polarization curves in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature. It was noted that the CNTs concentration remarkably influenced the surface morphology of the coatings. With increasing CNTs concentration, both the CNTs content in the composite coatings and the hardness of composite coatings increased at first and then decreased. And the composite coatings after heat treatment provided higher hardness than the as-deposited coatings. The corrosion resistance of Ni-Cu-P/CNTs composite coatings is excellent compared with that of Ni-Cu-P coatings.     

真空熔炼多组元Cu_xAlFeNiCrTi高熵合金的显微组织和性能

多组元高熵合金是一种具有五种以上组元的新型合金。通过真空电弧熔炼炉熔铸得到了不同铜含量的高熵合金Cu_xAlFeNiCrTi(x=1和0.5),再通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜以及显微硬度计分析了高熵合金的显微组织、结构、硬度和耐腐蚀性能等。结果表明:高熵合金具有简单的相结构,合金硬度在800 HV以上,耐碱腐蚀性能优于耐酸腐蚀性能;随着铜元素含量的减少,合金结构由体心立方+面心立方结构变为体心立方结构,合金硬度增加,耐腐蚀性能提高。     

Production and characterization of boride layers on AISI D2 tool steel

AISI D2 is the most commonly used cold-work tool steel of its grade. It offers high hardenability, low distortion after quenching, high resistance to softening and good wear resistance. The use of appropriate hard coatings on this steel can further improve its wear resistance. Boronizing is a surface treatment of Boron diffusion into the substrate. In this work boride layers were formed on AISI D2 steel using borax baths containing iron-titanium and aluminium, at 800 °C and 1000 °C during 4 h. The borided treated steel was characterized by optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS) to verify the effect of the bath compositions and treatment temperatures in the layer formation. Depending on the bath composition, Fe₂B or FeB was the predominant phase in the boride layers. The layers exhibited “saw-tooth” morphology at the substrate interface; layer thicknesses varied from 60 to 120 μm, and hardness in the range of 1596-1744 HV were obtained.     

Effect of processing routes on mechanical and thermal properties of copper–graphene composites

In this paper, copper–graphene composites were fabricated by using two different processing routes (ball milling (BM) and ultrasonication) followed by spark plasma sintering. Vickers hardness and anisotropic thermal conductivity of the composites were measured and observed that ultrasonicated fabricated composites gave better result compared with BM composite and even from pure copper. The hardness values obtained for ultrasonicated copper–graphene composite were 69?HV (57% higher) and thermal conductivity 387?W/m?K (13% higher) by using only 0.5?wt-% of graphene, while for pure copper the values were 44?HV and 341?W/m?K. The value of anisotropic thermal conductivity ultrasonicated composites was also 1.97 which is much higher than pure copper 0.94.     

超声电沉积法制备Ni-Y_2O_3纳米复合镀层的工艺

Y2O3-Ni复合电沉积层性能优异,用途颇多,但目前有关这方面的研究报道较少.采用超声波技术电沉积制备了Ni-Y2O3纳米复合镀层,考察了制备工艺参数对复合镀层中Y2O3含量和镀层硬度的影响,采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)对纳米复合镀层的表面形貌进行了分析.结果表明,Y2O3添加量20g/L、Jc 2 A/dm2、超声波功率300 W时,复合镀层的表面组织均匀致密、晶粒细小且显微硬度较高;超声波空化作用产生的微射流可以减少纳米颗粒团聚,提高镀层的性能.     

机器学习辅助的高通量实验加速硬质高熵合金CoxCryTizMouWv成分设计

针对目标性能的多元合金成分设计因具有巨大的成分参数空间而极具挑战,而且传统的试错实验由于效率低能探索的合金成分有限。提出利用高通量实验结合机器学习方法加速非等摩尔比的硬质高熵合金Co x Cr y Ti z Mo u W v的成分设计。首先通过自主研发的全流程高通量合金制备系统制备了138个不同成分的高熵合金铸态样品。然后根据测量的维氏硬度(HV)数据,使用随机森林法和支持向量机法进行机器学习建模,并预测了五元合金体系内潜在的3876个不同成分合金的硬度。随机森林机器学习模型的预测结果在高(HV>800 MPa)、中(600相似文献   

表面激光织构化复合盐浴渗氮改性304钢的摩擦学特性

为了较大程度上提高304钢在各工业领域的应用,采用M-DPSS-50半导体激光打标机在304钢基体表面刻蚀出直径及间距分别为269,131μm的点坑状织构,之后采用盐浴渗氮炉对织构化表面进行渗氮处理。分别采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜及显微硬度测试仪检测复合改性表面的化学成分、表面形貌及表面显微硬度;采用微机控制多功能摩擦磨损试验机测试复合改性表面的摩擦学性能。结果表明:织构化处理获取了规则的织构点坑表面,盐浴渗氮处理后表面的显微硬度达到574.27 HV1 N,大大高于304钢基体表面的222.58 HV1 N。渗氮光滑表面的抗磨减摩特性都显著优于304钢基体表面,而复合改性表面又都明显优于渗氮光滑表面,说明复合改性表面具有极为优异的抗磨减摩特性。