不同环境温度和火灾强度对自然通风竖井型隧道火灾烟气浓度场的影响分析

运用FDS(Fire Dynamic Simulation)火灾模拟软件对三种不同环境温度和火灾强度(共九种工况)条件下的某竖井型自然通风隧道火灾进行了数值模拟,并对模拟的结果进行了对比和分析,得到了隧道环境温度和火灾强度对隧道火灾时烟气浓度分布的影响规律。     

纵向通风水平隧道火灾烟气流动特性研究

地铁隧道火灾烟气控制是城市公共安全的一个重要组成部分。在分析地铁隧道火灾烟气流动主要影响因素的基础上，将地铁隧道通风和排烟系统作为一个整体考虑，引入地铁隧道火灾烟气的浮力效应和热阻效应，建立了隧道通风网络火灾模拟的数学模型，分析了地铁隧道火灾烟气逆流的临界条件、临界流速、隧道风流及烟流流速与火灾强度的变化关系，为地铁隧道火灾烟气控制和事故应急处理提供科学依据。     

连续隧道洞口间烟气扩散特性研究

当上下游隧道的洞口间距较短时,上游隧道的火灾烟气可能扩散至下游隧道,对下游隧道造成影响。采用CFD数值模拟方法建立连续隧道模型,对不同纵向风速、不同火源位置、不同热释放率、不同洞口间距以及不同横向风速下的烟气窜流情况进行模拟分析。结果表明：（1）上游隧道纵向风速的增大将导致烟气往下游隧道方向水平扩散的距离增大,因此,烟气的窜流量增大;（2）火源距离上游隧道出口越远,热释放率越小,上游隧道出口处烟气温度就越低,烟气的水平惯性力上升,更容易窜流至下游隧道;（3）烟气窜流随着洞口间距的增大而不断减弱,当洞口间距足够大时,不会出现烟气窜流的现象;（4）当存在横向风时,洞口间烟气的流动轨迹会发生偏移,并且烟气窜流会随横向风速的增大而减弱。     

某过江隧道变截面段火灾烟气流动及逃生分析

针对某城市过江隧道中出现的多匝道变截面段,首先利用FDS大涡模拟方法,对上行及下行线在不同工况下的烟气羽流进行模拟;然后结合经验公式计算的主隧道段临界风速,分析了3m/s纵向通风风速下烟气羽流随时间变化情况,以及不同的坡度、纵向通风风速下,隧道变截面段的火灾烟气回流长度变化;最后,结合理论计算的逃生时间,对隧道变截面段火灾控制风速进行了分析。得到了在纵向应急通风时,控制变截面段烟气回流及保证逃生安全所需的主隧道临界风速比用修正的Heselden﹠Kennedy公式计算所得值大,需要对变截面段火灾通风系统进行特定模拟分析,以满足其烟气控制要求,研究结果对各种隧道变截面段的火灾烟气和逃生分析有一定的参考价值。     

公路隧道火灾三维数值模拟

建立了一种描述公路隧道发生火灾时的烟气流动和传热过程的场模型,借助SIMPLE算法进行数值计算,并运用该法模拟了某试验隧道内进行的不同通风风速下的火灾试验,在其计算结果的基础上,分析了速度场、温度场,总结出隧道火灾的发展状况及分布特点.     

自然通风城市隧道火灾温度分布试验研究

设定了两种火灾规模,以1：10模型比例对南京市某自然通风城市隧道进行了火灾时隧道内温度场的分布规律的模拟试验。试验结果表明,在大火灾强度下,温度场纵向影响范围相应增加;在隧道两口部存在温差的情况下,隧道内烟气主要向口部温度较高一侧的通风口扩散;在烟气经过通风竖井之后,烟气的温度有显著降低,证明自然通风竖井能够排出大量的烟气,并带走大部分热量,烟气会因热动力不足而发生沉降现象。     

环境温度和火灾强度对自然通风隧道火灾温度场的影响

为了掌握环境温度和火灾强度对自然通风城市隧道温度场的影响,运用火灾模拟软件FDS,对在不同环境温度和火灾强度下自然通风隧道火灾进行模拟,得到各种火灾工况下的模拟结果,并对各种工况下的温度场进行对比分析。     

不同壁面边界条件下隧道火灾模拟研究

根据火灾模拟程序FDS,分别建立了不同壁面边界条件的物理模型,模拟出各种模型下的隧道火灾结果,并将这些结果进行对比,其中重点分析了火灾场景中烟流温度、烟流状态等参数的不同。通过对研究结果进行分析,给出了不同的壁面条件下的简化模型比较适宜模拟的火灾场景,探讨的不同壁面条件对隧道火灾、隧道通风的影响结果能为以后的隧道火灾模拟工作提供依据,而且也可为长大隧道火灾安全工程设计提供参考。     

地铁轨行区双向排烟方式数值模拟研究

针对轨行区列车火灾的烟气控制问题,提出了一种利用隧道风机进行双向排烟的方式。根据典型屏蔽门制式地铁车站结构建立无轨顶风道的车站三维模型,采用数值模拟方法对该排烟方式下的烟气扩散规律进行研究,分析了不同排烟量下站台人员高度处烟气温度、CO浓度以及能见度的分布情况,给出了不同车站隧道横截面积下满足人员安全疏散条件时的隧道口最小排烟量。     

近间距双洞单向隧道洞口火灾烟气流动分析

对洞口间距小,双洞单向公路隧道火灾排烟工况进行研究,通过对不同工况火灾隧道排烟风速及运营隧道通风速度下的火灾烟气流动利用计算流体动力学进行模拟分析,得出了双洞单向隧道排烟风速与通风风速之间的影响关系,并利用该关系对排烟及通风设计进行了优化,有效地减少了非着火隧道的吸入烟气量,确保了运营隧道的空气品质。结果对该类型公路隧道工程排烟通风设计具有一定参考价值。     

Diesel oil pool fire characteristic under natural ventilation conditions in tunnels with roof openings

In order to research the fire characteristic under natural ventilation conditions in tunnels with roof openings, full-scale experiment of tunnel fire is designed and conducted. All the experimental data presented in this paper can be further applied for validation of numerical simulation models and reduced-scale experimental results. The physical model of tunnel with roof openings and the mathematical model of tunnel fire are presented in this paper. The tunnel fire under the same conditions as experiment is simulated using CFD software. From the results, it can be seen that most smoke is discharged directly off the tunnel through roof openings, so roof openings are favorable for exhausting smoke. But along with the decrease of smoke temperatures, some smoke may backflow and mix with the smoke-free layer below, which leads to fall in visibility and is unfavorable for personnel evacuation. So it is necessary to research more efficient ways for improving the smoke removal efficiency, such as early fire detection systems, adequate warning signs and setting tunnel cap.     

Large hydrocarbon fuel pool fires: physical characteristics and thermal emission variations with height

In a recent paper [P.K. Raj, Large LNG fire thermal radiation-modeling issues and hazard criteria revisited, Process Safety Progr., 24 (3) (2005)] it was shown that large, turbulent fires on hydrocarbon liquid pools display several characteristics including, pulsating burning, production of smoke, and reduced thermal radiation, with increasing size. In this paper, a semi-empirical mathematical model is proposed which considers several of these important fire characteristics. Also included in this paper are the experimental results for the variation of the fire radiance from bottom to top of the fire (and their statistical distribution) from the largest land spill LNG pool fire test conducted to date. The purpose of the model described in this paper is to predict the variation of thermal radiation output along the fire plume and to estimate the overall thermal emission from the fire as a function its size taking into consideration the smoke effects. The model utilizes experimentally measured data for different parameters and uses correlations developed from laboratory and field tests with different fuels. The fire dynamics and combustion of the fuel are modeled using known entrainment and combustion efficiency parameter values. The mean emissive power data from field tests are compared with model predictions. Model results for the average emissive powers of large, hypothetical LNG fires are indicated.     

地铁车站出入口火灾烟气特性的模拟研究

利用木垛火模拟地铁火灾的演化过程，在地铁车站出入口的缩尺度模型中进行模拟实验。采用温度相对值，分析地铁火灾沿车站出入口烟气温度下降的规律及其影响因素。通过实验图像，对烟气分层所需条件以及区域模拟方法在地铁火灾烟气特性研究中的适用性进行了讨论。气体成分测量结果表明，出口处烟气中CO的质量分数存在阶梯状变化的规律。     

Predicting the emissive power of hydrocarbon pool fires

The emissive power (E) of a flame depends on the size of the fire and the type of fuel. In fact, it changes significantly over the flame surface: the zones of luminous flame have high emittance, while those covered by smoke have low E values. The emissive power of each zone (that is, the luminous or clear flame and the non-luminous or smoky flame) and the portion of total flame area they occupy must be assessed when a two-zone model is used. In this study, data obtained from an experimental set-up were used to estimate the emissive power of fires and its behaviour as a function of pool size. The experiments were performed using gasoline and diesel oil as fuel. Five concentric circular pools (1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6m in diameter) were used. Appropriate instruments were employed to determine the main features of the fires. By superimposing IR and VHS images it was possible to accurately identify the luminous and non-luminous zones of the fire. Mathematical expressions were obtained that give a more accurate prediction of E(lum), E(soot) and the average emissive power of a fire as a function of its luminous and smoky zones. These expressions can be used in a two-zone model to obtain a better prediction of the thermal radiation. The value of the radiative fraction was determined from the thermal flux measured with radiometers. An expression is also proposed for estimating the radiative fraction.     

Critical wind velocity for arresting upwind gas and smoke dispersion induced by near-wall fire in a road tunnel

In case of a tunnel fire, toxic gas and smoke particles released are the most fatal contaminations. It is important to supply fresh air from the upwind side to provide a clean and safe environment upstream from the fire source for people evacuation. Thus, the critical longitudinal wind velocity for arresting fire induced upwind gas and smoke dispersion is a key criteria for tunnel safety design. Former studies and thus, the models built for estimating the critical wind velocity are all arbitrarily assuming that the fire takes place at the centre of the tunnel. However, in many real cases in road tunnels, the fire originates near the sidewall. The critical velocity of a near-wall fire should be different with that of a free-standing central fire due to their different plume entrainment process. Theoretical analysis and CFD simulation were performed in this paper to estimate the critical velocity for the fire near the sidewall. Results showed that when fire originates near the sidewall, it needs larger critical velocity to arrest the upwind gas and smoke dispersion than when fire at the centre. The ratio of critical velocity of a near-wall fire to that of a central fire was ideally estimated to be 1.26 by theoretical analysis. Results by CFD modelling showed that the ratio decreased with the increase of the fire size till near to unity. The ratio by CFD modelling was about 1.18 for a 500kW small fire, being near to and a bit lower than the theoretically estimated value of 1.26. However, the former models, including those of Thomas (1958, 1968), Dangizer and Kenndey (1982), Oka and Atkinson (1995), Wu and Barker (2000) and Kunsch (1999, 2002), underestimated the critical velocity needed for a fire near the tunnel sidewall.     

Packaging materials as smoke barriers during fire

During fires in warehouses and shops, the fire smoke and fire-extinguishing agents often cause great damage to both packaged and non-packaged goods. Even products that are stored at a great distance from the fire are often contaminated by the smoke. The decision as to whether such products, after re-packing, are still in perfect condition or not must often be made quickly and it can be especially difficult to judge foodstuffs in this respect. Depending on time aspects and ignorance of the protective functions of a packaging material, the wrong decisions are often made, which results in unnecessary rejections. Generally, it can be said that fire smoke immediately penetrates thin films of, for example, polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), uncoated cardboard and paper, as well as PE-coated cardboard. Packaging materials such as rigid PVC rapidly degrade due to the chemical substances in fire smoke. Evaluation of the barrier properties of packaging materials against model fire smoke shows great differences in breakthrough times between laminates with three or more layers and packaging materials with only one or two layers.