离子液体中电沉积的研究进展

离子液体作为绿色溶剂和可设计性溶剂越来越受到重视.对电沉积来说,离子液体融合了高温熔盐和水溶液的优点.分别综述了AlCl3型离子液体、非AlCl3型离子液体和其他新型离子液体3类离子液体中电沉积的研究现状,在此基础上指出了目前尚存在的问题及今后的研究方向.采用离子液体进行电沉积能克服传统水溶液电沉积时存在的缺点,为电沉积领域找到了新的突破点,是一种很有应用前景的方法.     

离子液体在电化学沉积中的研究进展

室温离子液体是由有机阳离子和有机或无机阴离子组成的一类新型液体,利用离子液体电沉积金属、半导体金属等有着重大意义.介绍了离子液体的性能,综述了离子液体在单质金属、合金、半导体电化学沉积中的应用.并展望了离子液体用于金属沉积的发展前景.     

烧结NdFeB磁体MnCl2-AlCl3-BMIC离子液体电沉积Al-Mn合金层的防腐蚀性能

对烧结NdFeB磁体作Al-Mn合金镀可以提高其耐腐蚀性能,但这只能在无水体系中进行.以MnCl2-AlCl3-BMIC(氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑)为离子液体(AlCl3与BMIC的摩尔比为2∶1),对NdFeB磁体电沉积Al-Mn合金.采用SEM扫描电镜观察了Al-Mn镀层的形貌,采用X射线衍射分析了相结构,采用3.5％NaCl溶液测试了耐腐蚀性能;探讨了离子液体中MnCl2浓度对Al-Mn合金镀层结构及性能的影响.结果表明:NdFeB磁体表面电沉积Al-Mn合金,当离子液体中MnCl2浓度为0.05～0.25 mol/L时,Al-Mn合金镀层的结构由晶态逐渐转变为非晶态,耐腐蚀性能显著提高,且优于铝镀层.     

AlCl_3-EMIC室温离子液体制备Al-Al_2O_3复合涂层

首次在室温下用含10g/L Al2O3颗粒的AlCl3-EMIC室温离子液体电沉积制备出Al-Al2O3复合镀层。沉降试验表明,Al2O3颗粒在酸性AlCl3-EMIC室温离子液体中能形成稳定的悬浮液。通过SEM观察镀层表面和断面形貌,发现Al2O3颗粒均匀地分布在镀层中。显微努氏硬度检测结果表明,Al-Al2O3复合镀层的硬度高于纯Al镀层,其中Al镀层的硬度随着电流密度的增大而增高,而Al-Al2O3复合镀层的硬度却随着电流密度的增大而呈降低的趋势。本文还讨论了Al2O3颗粒在离子液体中的分散机制,以及和颗粒共沉积的过程。     

NdFeB磁体表面离子液体电沉积Al层的组织结构及耐蚀性能

NdFeB磁体表面电沉积铝可提高其耐蚀性,但无法在水溶液中进行。为此,在BMIC（1-丁基-3-甲基氯化咪唑）-AlCl3型离子液体中添加甲苯添加剂对NdFeB磁体恒流电沉积Al层。探讨了甲苯含量对电沉积Al层显微形貌及表面粗糙度的影响,研究了最佳甲苯含量离子液体电沉积Al层的耐蚀性。结果表明：在BMIC-AlCl3离子液体中添加20％甲苯,Al沉积层致密、平整,结合良好,甲苯的加入使Al沉积层的晶粒取向产生了变化,细化了晶粒,整平了沉积层;相对于纯离子液体电沉积灿层,添加20％甲苯所得Al沉积层的耐蚀性明显提高。     

BMIC-AlCl3离子液体的电化学性能

研究了酸性BMIC-xAlCl3(氯化-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑-AlCl3)离子液体的电化学性能。结果表明,x(AlCl3)(AlCl3的摩尔分数)对离子液体的电化学性能有着较大的影响。当0.50.667时,随着x(AlCl3)进一步增大,电导率开始下降,阴极电流密度减小,阴极电流效率减小。沉积层随着x(AlCl3)的增大变得平整致密。此外,红外光谱研究发现,随着x(AlCl3)的增大,AlCl4-的吸收峰逐渐减弱,Al2Cl-7的吸收峰增强,但当x(AlCl3)>0.667时,Al2Cl-7的吸收峰又稍有减弱。     

离子液体中电沉积半金属及半导体材料的研究进展

离子液体作为一种新型的环境友好的绿色溶剂,具有温度范围大、电化学窗口宽等优点。综述了近年来离子液体在半金属和半导体电沉积中的应用研究状况,并展望了离子液体在电沉积领域的发展趋势。     

ChCl-urea-NiCl_2-FeCl_3离子液体电沉积Ni-Fe合金

以ChCl-urea-NiCl2-FeCl3离子液体为电解质在Fe基体上电沉积得到了Ni-Fe合金镀层。循环伏安测试表明电沉积过程中由于金属Ni的生成诱导金属Fe发生欠电位沉积,从而实现了Ni-Fe合金的共沉积。同时研究了电流密度对镀层成分、形貌和耐蚀性能的影响,结果表明:电流密度由2mA/cm2增加到5mA/cm2时,合金镀层中Fe含量从10.74at%升高到39.21at%。当Fe含量为24.89at%时,镀层最为平整致密,耐蚀性能最好。此外,镀层的组成主要为FeNi3固溶体和Ni,还存在FeNi和Fe0.64Ni0.36合金相。     

氯化胆碱-乙二醇低共熔离子镀锡镍合金的研究

为了研究锡採离子在低共熔离子液体体系中的氧化还原行为及镀层的相组成,以氯化胆碱-乙二醇(ChCl-EG)低共熔离子液体体系为基础液进行锡镰合金电沉积行为的研究。使用循环伏安测试法对锡辣离子在该体系中的阴极还原行为进行研究,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对Sn-Ni沉积层的相组成进行分析;采用极化曲线对沉积层耐蚀性等进行了研究。结果表明:锡辣2种离子共存于该离子液体时只显示出1个阴极沉积峰,峰值电位-0.65V;沉积1h所得锡標合金沉积层为Ni3Sn2相,腐蚀电流密度为1.619×10^-6A/cm^2.     

离子液体添加剂对电沉积氢氧化镁薄膜形貌的影响

以离子液体[MEIM]+[ES]-为晶体生长调控剂,采用简便的电化学方法合成了特定形貌的氢氧化镁纳米结构薄膜.对影响电沉积氢氧化镁薄膜的合成参数(如离子液体的含量、沉积电位和沉积时间)进行了研究,并分别用电镜、X射线衍射和热分析技术对所得氢氧化镁薄膜的形貌和热稳定性进行了表征.此外,该电化学过程可望推广到制备其它形貌独特和性能奇特的纳米/介观结构.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。