PEG改性聚乳酸嵌段共聚物降解性能研究

辛酸亚锡催化下开环聚合制备聚乳酸(DL-PLA)-聚乙二醇(PEG)-聚乳酸三嵌段共聚物.用GPC、DSC、1 H-NMR、质量损失、静态接触角等方法在pH=7.4磷酸盐缓冲液中,37℃下研究了分子量Mn=400、1000和4000的PEG改性DL-PLA的降解行为.结果表明,PEG嵌段增强了共聚物的亲水性,降低了共聚物Tg,加速了共聚物降解,随着PEG分子量增加及两端DL-PLA链段增长,共聚物分子量下降速率加快.由研究结果得出,共聚物降解期间DL-PLA链段中的酯键随机断裂,PEG两端DL-PLA链段逐渐变短;降解后期DL-PLA链段进一步变短,并有短链DL-PLA均聚物产生,当PEG两端DL-PLA链段足够短时,共聚物在介质中溶解.     

聚乳酸自然降解性能

通过注射成型工艺制备聚乳酸(PLA)标准试件,研究了聚乳酸标准试件自然降解性能。结果表明,PLA试件埋于土壤中后逐步分层缓慢降解,复合材料质量逐渐减少;PLA分子链上酯基与水反应,分子链不断断裂,结晶度减小,平均分子量降低,分子量分布变窄,其拉伸强度和冲击强度逐渐下降。12个月后,PLA试件质量损失率仅达到0.23%,PLA重均分子量降低了15.3%,PLA试件的冲击强度和拉伸强度分别降低了17.4%和17.2%。总体而言,PLA在土壤中的自然降解效率较低。     

基于原子力显微镜的聚乳酸降解研究

目的 为了探究可降解聚乳酸在单分子层次的降解性能及其降解速率,使聚乳酸材料更好地应用于生物医学领域.方法 采用原子力显微镜在纳米层次上分别研究单个聚乳酸链在水以及酸、碱性溶液中的单分子力谱.结果 通过对其单链拉伸结果进行分析,发现单个聚乳酸分子链在纯水中短时间内发生水解断链的概率较小,可以保持其原有的长链和本征弹性,而在酸、碱性环境中则会在短时间内发生酸、碱微环境导致的加速水解行为,从而使长链聚乳酸分子较短时间内水解成为短链聚乳酸分子.通过对宏观颗粒状聚乳酸材料降解质量损失的分析,也说明酸、碱微环境会加速聚乳酸水解过程.结论 从单分子层次上进一步证明了水解过程中发生微环境的改变对聚乳酸降解速度的改变起着重要作用.     

乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物的制备及降解性能研究

以L-乳酸(L-LA)和乙醇酸(GA)为原料(L-LA和GA投料摩尔比为80∶20),二水合氯化亚锡和对甲苯磺酸(TSA)为复合催化剂,采用直接熔融缩聚法制OLGA预聚物,然后在扩链剂六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)存在下进行熔融扩链,最终得到较高分子量的乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA),其数均分子量和重均分子量分别为5.5×104和1.3×105。将溶液浇铸法制备的PLGA薄膜在37℃、pH=7.3～7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中进行降解实验,采用pH分析、失重率测量、GPC、SEM、FT-IR等方法研究了PLGA薄膜的降解行为,并对降解机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,随着降解的进行,PLGA薄膜的相对分子量和质量都会逐渐下降,在降解反应进行的前21天中,相对分子量的减小较明显,21天之后质量损失较明显。结合FT-IR谱图的研究,分析可知PLGA的降解主要是通过酯键的水解实现的。     

聚乳酸降解机理及其方法探讨

可降解材料聚乳酸是一种高分子聚酯树脂，在自然条件下可降解成二氧化碳和水，对环境十分友好。凡是能引起酯键断裂的因素都可以使聚乳酸发生降解，分析了聚乳酸间接降解的机理，归纳了引起聚乳酸降解的因素，并对聚乳酸的发展前景做了展望。     

聚乳酸的合成与性能研究

以乳酸单体为原料,采用直接缩聚法合成了具有较高粘均分子质量的聚乳酸,用红外光谱、H—NMR等方法初步表征了聚乳酸的结构。研究了聚乳酸的亲水性和降解性。结果表明,聚乳酸的水接触角和吸水率分别为79．30和2．8％,说明聚乳酸具有一定的亲水性。聚乳酸在降解过程中表现为体型降解特点。粘均分子量和降解温度对聚乳酸的降解规律影响不大,但低分子量聚乳酸及聚乳酸在较高降解温度下的降解程度和初期降解速率明显大于高分子量聚乳酸及较低降解温度。本文还研究了聚乳酸粘均分子量在降解过程中的变化情况。     

PLA的酸性降解及其机理分析

目的研究PLA在酸性条件下降解及其机理。方法通过在酸性水溶液中降解不同时间,得到一系列不同相对分子质量的PLA,利用黏度法、凝胶色谱以及红外光谱对PLA的降解机理进行研究。结果 PLA的数均分子量随降解时间的增加逐渐减小,失重率和降解率逐渐升高,在降解23 d后,产物的数均分子量从4050降至2490,失重率从9.9%升至75.1%,降解率从98.3%提高至99.0%。降解过程中,PLA的相对分子质量分布系数基本保持不变,一直维持在1.25左右。结论在降解过程中,酯键的断裂是PLA初步降解的主要方式,H+浓度的升高有利于催化酯键的断裂,加剧PLA降解。     

聚乳酸多孔支架的变温降解研究

考察了聚乳酸多孔支架不同温度下的降解行为,提出了一种降解速率的快速外推方法.以DL型丙交酯合成无定型聚乳酸,采用溶剂浇铸-粒子溶出的方法制备高孔隙率的多孔支架,考察了PBS缓冲液中、不同温度下聚乳酸多孔支架的降解行为,测定了特性黏数、质量损失和模量随时间的变化.根据聚乳酸多孔支架降解半衰期随温度的变化曲线,验证了分子量的变化满足Arrhenius方程,计算得到降解的活化能,表明聚乳酸类材料的降解可以采用升温外推的方法来缩短降解实验时间.     

聚L-乳酸的制备与性能及在茶碱药物缓释中的应用

以L-乳酸为原料,通过L-丙交酯(LLA)开环聚合制备了聚L-乳酸(PLLA)。采用FT-IR、1 H-NMR对丙交酯及聚乳酸的结构进行了表征。考察了聚合时间对聚乳酸相对分子量的影响,通过TGA、拉力试验机和失重率对聚乳酸薄膜的性能进行了表征,并研究了聚乳酸薄膜在茶碱为模型药物中的控制释放性能。结果表明,当m(LLA)/m(辛酸亚锡)=10000、聚合温度为l40℃,常压聚合20h可制得粘均分子量为8.14×l04的聚乳酸,其薄膜具有较好的热稳定性和力学性能。聚乳酸薄膜在人工胃液中的降解速率随着分子量的增加而降低。茶碱在聚乳酸薄膜中缓释机理为第二类输送机理(近似零级释放机理)。     

竹纤维/聚乳酸可生物降解复合材料自然降解性能

通过注射成型工艺制备竹纤维/聚乳酸（BF/PLA）可生物降解复合材料。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、三维视频显微镜及扫描电镜（SEM）等分析手段研究了BF/PLA复合材料自然降解性能。研究结果表明：BF/PLA复合材料自然降解过程中BF首先降解,PLA逐步分层缓慢降解,复合材料质量逐渐减少;PLA分子链上酯基与水反应,分子链不断断裂,结晶度减小,平均分子量降低,分子量分布变窄;复合材料颜色变深,表面变得粗糙不平,部分裸露的BF清晰可见,其拉伸强度和冲击强度逐渐下降。12个月后,BF/PLA复合材料质量损失率达到8.87%,PLA重均分子量降低了25.9%,复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度分别降低了44.0%和43.8%。BF/PLA可生物降解复合材料在土壤中的自然降解效率较低。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。