黏结剂相对分子质量对浇注PBX固化应力的影响?

采用自行研制的固化应力测试装置,测量了端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)基浇注高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)固化过程的应力变化,计算出固化应力数据,分析了黏结剂相对分子质量对热固性浇注PBX固化应力的影响,并对其在不同固化温度下的黏结强度进行了测试。结果表明:同一固化温度时,随着HTPB相对分子质量的逐渐增大,浇注PBX在固化阶段的最大热应力及收缩应力都逐渐减小。固化温度为100℃时,相对分子质量为1 500、2 800、4 000的HTPB基固化物因固化反应所产生的最大热应力分别为2.14、1.12、1.01 MPa,最大收缩应力分别为0.29、0.22、0.15 MPa。在固化降温阶段,HTPB相对分子质量越大,浇注PBX的收缩应力也越大。HTPB相对分子质量相同时,固化物的黏结强度随着固化温度的升高而降低;而固化温度一定时,HTPB相对分子质量对浇注PBX的黏结强度影响不大。     

低分子量HTPB聚氨酯弹性体的制备及其性能

为改善高固含量高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)和丁羟推进剂的工艺性能,以低分子量的端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)为主要原料,选用一缩二乙二醇(DEG)为扩链剂,采用二步法制备了聚氨酯弹性体。研究了催化剂用量对浆料黏度的影响,固化参数R及扩链剂用量对HTPB聚氨酯弹性体力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,当催化剂质量分数为0.004%时,适用期可达5 h;R值为1.1,DEG羟基含量占反应总羟基量的60%时,聚氨酯弹性体力学性能较好,拉伸强度达7.60 MPa,断裂伸长率达540.21%。动态力学分析(DMA)测试结果显示,低分子量HTPB聚氨酯弹性体有两个明显的玻璃化转变温度,说明样品存在明显的微相分离结构。     

利用分离式Hopkinson压杆技术研究浇注 PBX炸药的老化性能

利用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）技术研究了HTPB/AP基浇注PBX炸药70 ℃下的老化性能和在不同应变率、不同老化时间、不同温度下的动态力学性能;同时,运用扫描电子显微镜分析了炸药在高应变力下的微观损伤结构。结果表明,高应变率下的应力应变大于低应变率下,应力应变具有应变率效应;随着老化时间的增加,高温试验条件下,浇注PBX炸药的失效应变从0.364减小到0.343,失效应变逐渐减小;低温试验条件下,浇注PBX炸药的失效应变在0到56 d时从0.32增加到0.34,之后基本保持不变。同时,微观、宏观损伤模式表明,界面脱黏和晶粒破碎两种损伤模式并存,应变率越高,晶粒的破碎作用越明显。     

小组分对热固性浇注 PBX 性能的影响?

通过对比热固性浇注PBX的渗油性、力学强度,探讨了配方中增塑剂、固化剂、键合剂等小组分对热固性浇注PBX炸药性能的影响。试验结果表明:增塑比增加,渗油率增加,试样力学强度降低;固化参数减小,力学强度降低,在固化参数小于0.8时渗油率明显增加;外加0.3%(质量分数)的键合剂可改善试样渗油率,并可明显增加试样力学强度,减少颗粒脱黏。     

浇注 PBX 固化温度场的数值模拟

为了使浇注塑料黏结炸药(PBX)具有均匀的固化温度场,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件和Fourier数学模型,分别模拟研究了模具尺寸、烘箱与PBX间的温差、PBX固化速率等因素对PBX温度场分布的影响。结果表明:药浆温度低于烘箱温度时,浇注PBX内的温度场呈现由外向里递减的趋势。60 mm×240 mm、100 mm×240 mm、200 mm×240 mm和200 mm×1 000 mm,壁厚都为5 mm的模具,从25℃升至60℃的过程中,模具边缘和中心点的最大温差可分别达到3.22、6.66、10.49℃和13.08℃。200 mm×1 000 mm,壁厚为5 mm的模具分别从0、25、40、50℃升至60℃时,模具边缘和中心点的最大温差可分别达到17.56、13.08、7.02℃和3.36℃。药浆温度与烘箱温度相同时,模具边缘温度最小,中心温度最高,此时影响温度场梯度的主要因素为药浆固化速率的大小。当药浆和烘箱间存在温差,可通过减小模具尺寸、降低浇注PBX内的温度梯度,且浇注PBX的固化尽量采取药浆与烘箱温度一致的固化工艺,此时选择固化速率较小的药浆可实现PBX内的温度基本一致。     

固化温度及固化剂种类对模拟PBX浇注炸药力学性能的影响

测试了端羟基聚丁二烯-异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯-三苯基铋（HTPB-IPDI-TPB）和端羟基聚丁二烯-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯三聚体-亚乙基二胺（HTPB-HDI-trimer-DABCO）两种黏结剂在不同固化温度下对模拟PBX浇注炸药的力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着固化温度的升高,HTPB-IPDI-TPB和HTPB-HDI-trimer-DABCO制备的模拟PBX浇注炸药药柱的力学性能增强。固化剂IPDI和HDI-trimer对药柱的机械性能有较大影响,与含IPDI炸药相比,含HDI-trimer的炸药药柱的剪切强度在35 ℃增大50.27%,45 ℃增大34.30%,55 ℃增大44.83%;抗拉强度在35 ℃降低82.66%,45 ℃降低78.73%,55 ℃降低82.22%;抗压强度在35 ℃增大54.85%,45 ℃增大45.25%,55 ℃增大53.38%。HDI-trimer形成三维网状结构降低了药柱的抗拉强度。     

液化改性MDI与丁羟胶合成聚氨酯弹性体研究

叙述用端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB），液化改性MDI为主要原料，用或不同丁二醇（BDL）为扩链剂制备聚丁二烯型聚氨酯（HTPB-PU）弹性体方法。研究了弹性体的结构。弹性性能以及应力应变关系。同时用扫描电镜（SEM）研究弹性体应力断裂的断口形态。结果表明，随扩链系数的增加。硬段含量与结晶度上升，同时拉伸强度（τ)与硬度（A）也随之上升，但断裂伸长率（ε）则下降，固定配方，改变固化温度时，对HTPB-PU的τ，A与ε无多大影响。同时可知，当固化温度为80℃时，弹性体的综合性能较好。     

X80管线钢埋弧焊接头冲击韧性及其断口形貌分析

对X80管线钢埋弧焊焊接接头进行了-80～20℃温度范围的夏比冲击实验。测试了其冲击吸收功和脆性断面率,用扫描电镜观察了其断口形貌,分析了焊接接头断裂形式和断口形貌,讨论了焊接接头的韧脆转变温度和冲击断裂的力学行为。结果表明,室温时断口为韧窝状分布,焊接接头的韧脆转变温度为-28℃;断口形貌由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变,断口主要表现为解理断裂。     

典型浇注PBX炸药的准静态压缩力学行为

采用定应变压缩试验研究了准静态压缩条件下浇注PBX炸药(浇注型高聚物黏结炸药)的力学行为,测试了典型浇注炸药PBX-1在损伤前、后的性能,获得了炸药的真应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明,浇注PBX炸药在准静态压缩条件下的力学行为分为接触压缩、弹性变形、损伤破坏和应变软化4个阶段。在压缩应变不超过损伤应变时,PBX-1炸药主要以弹性变形为主,屈服强度和屈服应变没有发生明显改变;在压缩应变超过损伤应变后,炸药中黏结剂断裂,颗粒脱黏,发生塑性变形。压缩应变增加至8%后,PBX-1炸药密度降低,残余应变增大;PBX-1炸药的屈服强度为0.6 MPa,屈服应变为10.6%,损伤应变为8%,炸药的损伤应变可以作为强度校核的依据。     

超声波法在线监测端羟基聚丁二烯/甲苯二异氰酸酯体系的固化过程

采用超声波纵波透射法在线监测了端羟基聚丁二烯/甲苯二异氰酸酯（HTPB/TDI）体系在不同温度下的固化过程,测定了固化过程中超声波的声速与衰减,计算了体系的纵向储能模量和固化度,由此确定了体系的凝胶化、硬化以及固化终点时间。与红外光谱法相比,超声波法通过表征固化体系模量的变化更合理地揭示了体系物理交联和化学交联两方面协同作用的固化机理,对HTPB/TDI体系硬化后的固化过程监测更为灵敏。     

Fracture Behaviour Investigation into a Polymer‐Bonded Explosive

Abstract: Polymer‐bonded explosive (PBX) is used widely in weapon systems. Failure of PBX caused by mechanical damage is one of the sources of accidental ignitions. A brittle crack of PBX produces local heating, creating a ‘hot spot’ finally. Investigation into the tensile fracture behaviour of PBX is one of the main works to determine the failure mechanism. Although many researchers have carried out the quasi‐static Brazilian test to understand the damage evolution of PBX, the fracture feature of PBX under dynamic impact is rarely reported. In this article, dynamic Brazilian tests were conducted. A single‐pulse loading apparatus was used to ensure that specimen was loaded only once during a dynamic Brazilian test. High‐speed camera, digital image correlation and micro‐observation techniques were adopted for strain measurement and microfracture observation. All the dynamic tensile crack exhibits transgranular fracture, which indicates more heat would released by the propagation of crack and more friction between fractured crystal surfaces. On the basis of the theories of interface debonding and transgranular fracture, larger crystals are more prone to crack, whereas smaller crystals simply debond with neighbouring binders. Discrete element method simulation results show that specimen with interface debonding microcracks was able to sustain additional load until transgranular fracture begins.     

热固性粘结炸药固化特性测试方法的研究

为了准确表征固化后期热固性粘结炸药(PBX)的固化特性,以确定PBX的固化终点时间。采用力学实验机测试获得PBX在不同固化时间的力-位移曲线,确定50N加载力为其最大载荷加载。结果表明:固化测试头的直径为10mm,加载速率为1mm/min时,测试获得的力-位移曲线较为平直,测试后样品结构完整,可进行下一次测试。力-位移测试方法获得的固化特性数据偏差远远小于硬度计法,可作为热固性PBX固化特性准确的测试研究方法。     

用示波落锤试验法评价14Mn VTiRe钢的韧脆断裂行为

采用示波落锤试验法对 5mm热连轧 1 4MnVTiRe钢的韧脆断裂行为进行了研究并对落锤撕裂试样的动态断裂特征进行了评价。结果表明 ,当裂纹扩展功远大于裂纹萌生功时 ,试样处于韧性断裂状态 ;当裂纹扩展功小于裂纹萌生功时 ,试样处于脆性断裂状态 ;当裂纹扩展功与裂纹萌生功相当时 ,试样处于混合断裂状态。该结果与按标准测定的剪切面积百分数有良好的对应关系 ,说明示波落锤试验法可作为一种评定材料韧脆断裂特征的实用方法     

A thermovisco-hyperelastic constitutive model of HTPB propellant with damage at intermediate strain rates

The uniaxial compressive tests at different temperatures (223–298 K) and strain rates (\(0.40\mbox{--}63~\mbox{s}^{-1}\)) are reported to study the properties of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant at intermediate strain rates, using a new INSTRON testing machine. The experimental results indicate that the compressive properties (mechanical properties and damage) of HTPB propellant are remarkably affected by temperature and strain rate and display significant nonlinear material behaviors at large strains under all the test conditions. Continuously decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate, the characteristics of stress-strain curves and damage for HTPB propellant are more complex and are significantly different from that at room temperature or at lower strain rates. A new constitutive model was developed to describe the compressive behaviors of HTPB propellant at room temperature and intermediate strain rates by simply coupling the effect of strain rate into the conventional hyperelastic model. Based on the compressive behaviors of HTPB propellant and the nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive theories, a new thermovisco-hyperelastic constitutive model with damage was proposed to predict the stress responses of the propellant at low temperatures and intermediate strain rates. In this new model, the damage is related to the viscoelastic properties of the propellant. Meanwhile, the effect of temperature on the hyperelastic properties, viscoelastic properties and damage are all considered by the macroscopical method. The constitutive parameters in the proposed constitutive models were identified by the genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization method. By comparing the predicted and experimental results, it can be found that the developed constitutive models can correctly describe the uniaxial compressive behaviors of HTPB propellant at intermediate strain rates and different temperatures.     

Experimental study on mechanical properties and fracture toughness of structural thick plate and its butt weld along thickness and at low temperatures

The thick plate induces the variation of mechanical properties and fracture toughness, especially in cold regions. At the low temperature, the brittle behaviour of steel becomes worse. A series of tests (such as uniaxial tensile test and three‐point bending test) were carried out at low temperature to investigate the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of structural steel plates of Q345B with thickness of 60 to 150 mm, as well as the fracture toughness of 150 mm thick butt welded plate. The test specimens are all manufactured from plates along thickness with small size, and the tensile test specimens included through‐thickness specimens additionally. The ductility index (percentage reduction of area) and the fracture toughness index (critical CTOD values) all decrease with the temperature decreases and the distance from plate surface increases. The results obtained in this paper provide technical basis for preventing brittle fracture of thick plate steel structures in cold regions.     

Effect of thermal treatments on the fracture behaviour of notched polyethylene terephthalate ribbons

The application of different thermal treatment procedures to thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets yields to microstructures of different molecular weight/ degree of crystallinity combination. As a consequence, variations in the mechanical properties, especially the fracture properties and the particular fracture mechanisms occur. This is demonstrated in this paper by measurements of elastic modulus, maximum stress, failure initiation energy, and total work to fracture of notched PET-ribbons. Failure mechanisms analysed by the use of optical and scanning electron microscopy vary between highly ductile via semi-brittle after crazing, to absolute brittle at very low stresses. The results are summarized in terms of a three-dimensional failure energy map divided into regions of particular failure behaviour for particular molecular weight/ degree of crystallinity combination. In addition, the typical values of material strength, defined as the product of resistance to damage initiation (maximum stress) and crack propagation (total work to failure) are given for each region. The optimum fracture resistance was achieved for PET material with moderately low molecular weight and moderately high degree of crystallinity.     

The effect of polymerization conditions and crystallinity on the mechanical properties and fracture of spherulitic nylon 6

The molecular and structural parameters controlling the mechanical properties, deformation and fracture of spherulitic nylon 6 have been investigated. The nylon was prepared by the anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam and the polymerization conditions were varied to give samples having a range of spherulite diameter, molecular weight and degree of crystallinity. The tensile properties and fracture mode of the nylon varied considerably with degree of crystallinity and polymerization temperature. High crystallinity and low polymerization temperatures below 423 K gave a brittle material. Polymerization above 423 K resulted in a ductile material which showed a yield drop. In this material final fracture was preceded by the formation of inter and trans spherulitic cracks which coalesced to form a large cavity that led to final failure. In nylon having a low degree of crystallinity, fracture was fibrillar in nature and occurred by the ductile drawing of the material to strains greater than 250%.