超声功率对多场耦合作用下脉冲电沉积Ni-ZrO_2纳米复合镀层性能的影响

超声作为解决纳米粒子团聚的有效方法之一,将其引入到磁场-脉冲电沉积中,在磁场-超声耦合作用下脉冲电沉积成功制得了Ni-ZrO_2纳米复合镀层。本工作系统地研究了超声功率对Ni-ZrO_2纳米复合镀层表面形貌、ZrO_2含量、组织结构、显微硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,未施加超声时,镀层中ZrO_2含量为6.43%(质量分数),显微硬度为384HV。超声功率从0 W增大到320 W时,复合镀层的性能呈先上升后下降的趋势。当超声功率为240 W时,Ni-ZrO_2纳米复合镀层表面平整致密,晶粒细化,镀层中ZrO_2含量为15.2%(质量分数),显微硬度为494HV,磨损后的表面较光滑,并具有良好的耐蚀性。     

高性能微细电铸的实验研究

将纳米稀土La2O3作为添加剂,研究其在微细电铸镍工艺过程中的影响.采用SEM等现代分析手段对微细铸层微观结构和性能进行了测试.结果表明:纳米La2O3能够在阴极沉积表面发生特性吸附,具有增大阴极极化,细化微细电铸层晶粒,获得的微细铸层的显微硬度和耐磨性等力学性能比普通电铸层有大幅度的提高.     

超细晶镍钴合金的电铸工艺

为了进一步提高金属的硬度和强度,采用电铸工艺通过添加剂TN2提高阴极过电位,抑制晶粒生长,制备了超细晶镍钴合金层,研究了电流密度和添加剂TN2对铸层晶粒大小的影响.结果表明:提高电流密度可以细化晶粒,当电流密度从5 A/dm~2 增加到15 A/dm~2 时,晶粒大小从5μm 细化到500 nm;添加0.15 g/L TN2 时,铸层表面半光亮,晶粒进一步细化(小于500 nm),硬度高达60 HRC.     

多场耦合参数对电沉积Ni-TiN纳米镀层性能的影响

利用多场耦合电沉积技术制备Ni-TiN纳米镀层,获得良好的高硬度、耐磨性好的复合镀层材料。研究多场耦合沉积的主要参数阴极电流密度、超声波功率和磁场强度对显微硬度、耐磨性的影响。结果表明,随镀液中磁场强度、阴极电流密度和超声波功率的增加,Ni-TiN纳米镀层中的显微硬度呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,而镀层的磨损量与之相反。多场耦合电沉积的最优工艺参数组合为阴极电流密度1.5 A/dm~2、超声波功率200 W、磁场强度0.6 T。在最佳工艺参数下制备的Ni-TiN纳米镀层表面粗糙程度较小,晶粒较细致,组织均匀度较好。     

喷射电沉积Cu-Al2O3复合电铸层性能研究

利用喷射电沉积工艺制备了Cu-A l2O3纳米复合铸层,分析了纳米A l2O3颗粒添加量,阴极电流密度以及电铸液喷射速度对复合电铸层中纳米颗粒复合量的影响,采用扫描电镜(SEM)及其附带的能谱仪(EDS)对复合电铸层的微观形貌和铸层成分进行了分析,研究了复合电铸层中纳米颗粒复合量对其显微硬度的影响。结果表明,铜沉积层具有纳米晶微观结构,平均晶粒尺寸约为50 nm;纳米A l2O3颗粒在沉积层中的复合量可达14.43(at%);纳米复合铸层的显微硬度有明显提高,约为普通粗铜的10.5倍.     

超声作用下的电铸铜微观结构与机械性能

为了改善电铸微细部件的机械性能,通过改变电铸工艺参数以及在电铸铜过程中引入超声场,得到具有不同微观结构特征的电铸铜材料.采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察电铸铜层微观形貌,用X射线衍射分析铸层晶面择优取向,并用维氏硬度计和拉伸试验机分别测试电铸铜层机械性能.实验结果表明,超声作用下电铸和普通电铸得到的铜层表面均为(220)晶面择优取向,并且超声电铸铜层的择优取向程度更强.超声电铸铜层晶粒为细小柱状晶结构,与普通电铸铜相比,其抗拉强度和显微硬度均提高约30%.在电铸溶液中氯离子(Cl-)质量浓度为60mg/L时,铸铜层晶粒比其他Cl-质量浓度时晶粒更细小,抗拉强度和塑性也更高.在电铸过程中引入超声场能改善电铸铜层的微观结构,并提高电铸铜的机械性能.     

超声-射流电沉积Ni/Co-TiN纳米镀层的工艺参数优化及性能研究

为提升40Cr钢的力学性能,采用超声-射流电沉积法在其表面制得Ni/Co-TiN纳米镀层。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）测试镀层的表面形貌、元素组成及相结构,并采用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站对镀层显微硬度、耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能进行测试。随着镀液中TiN纳米粒子浓度、射流速度或超声波功率的增大,Ni/Co-TiN纳米镀层的显微硬度均呈现先提高后降低的变化趋势。由正交试验结果可知,镀层制备的最优工艺参数组合为：射流速度4 m/s,超声波功率120 W,TiN纳米粒子浓度10 g/L。该工艺参数组合下制备的Ni/Co-TiN纳米镀层的表面形貌平整致密,Ni/Co晶粒尺寸得到明显细化,TiN粒子弥散分布其中;镀层的显微硬度高达689.82 HV,其摩擦系数较小且磨损失重较少,镀层自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流密度分别为-0.338 V和2.13×10^-6 A/cm²。     

铝合金阳极氧化对氧化膜显微硬度和粘接性能的影响

为了获得膜层显微硬度和粘接强度都较高的铝合金阳极氧化工艺,通过阳极氧化在2024铝合金表面制备氧化膜,根据正交试验来确定氧化工艺参数对铝合金阳极氧化膜显微硬度和粘接性能的影响,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析氧化膜的相组成、化学组成和表面形貌,并研究电流密度对氧化膜厚度的影响以及氧化膜厚度对膜层显微硬度和粘接强度的影响。结果表明:氧化工艺参数对氧化膜显微硬度的影响程度为电流密度电解液中H_2SO_4浓度氧化时间;采用2种胶粘剂粘接后,氧化工艺参数对氧化膜粘接强度的影响程度有所不同,然而电流密度均为最主要的影响因素;经过阳极氧化处理,铝合金表面的显微硬度和粘接强度均有很大提高,快固结构胶的粘接强度比改性丙烯酸酯胶的高;铝阳极氧化膜的厚度随电流密度增加而增大,在适宜的电流密度范围内氧化膜厚度的增加会导致膜层显微硬度和粘接强度的增大;氧化膜的相组成为非晶结构,主要元素为Al和O,均不因电流密度的变化而变化;铝合金阳极氧化膜表面形貌的优劣、孔隙率与氧化膜显微硬度及粘接强度的大小密切相关。     

喷嘴口径对喷射电铸快速成形规律的影响(英文)

针对目前金属型快速成形工艺的主要缺点,提出了金属型快速成形的新方法—喷射电铸。介绍了喷射电铸的基本原理,研制了试验装置,采用优化的工艺参数制备了具有简单形状金属铜样件,运用扫描电子显微镜和X-ray衍射仪等现代分析手段对纳米晶微观结构进行分析。讨论了喷嘴口径对电铸速度、成形精度、扫描间隔等参数的影响。结果表明,喷嘴口径同电铸速度基本上呈线性关系,喷嘴口径大时,相应地增大了电铸面积,提高了电铸的速度;喷嘴口径与定域性有密切关系,喷嘴口径小,则定域性好,尺寸精度好。喷射电铸能显著提高极限电流密度,细化晶粒,改善铸层质量。铜沉积层具有纳米晶微观结构,平均晶粒尺寸约为40nm。     

Ni-α-Al2O3纳米复合电镀工艺的优选及镀层的硬度和耐蚀性

为了提高Ni-Al2O3纳米复合电镀层的硬度和耐蚀性,以正交试验对镀液温度、电流密度、α-Al2O3纳米粒子质量浓度等因素进行了优选,采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、硬度仪及电化学工作站分别研究了镀层的微观形貌、能谱、硬度和耐蚀性。获得了最优工艺条件:镀液温度65℃,阴极电流密度2 A/dm2,Al2O3加入量为10g/L;在此工艺条件下所得Ni-α-Al2O3纳米复合镀层晶粒细小、表面平整、光滑,显微组织致密、均匀,镀层的硬度及耐蚀性比纯镍镀层均有显著提高。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。