溶藻弧菌脂多糖单克隆抗体的制备、鉴定及初步应用

用细菌颗粒性抗原多次免疫Balb/c小鼠，首次制备了一株鱼类病原溶藻弧菌VAF01的LPS的单克隆抗体4D5。4D5识别VAF01和VAF02（另一株病原溶藻弧菌）的LPS的核心多糖抗原。除了与测试的溶藻弧菌发生免疫识别外，4D5还与解蛋白弧菌，哈维氏弧菌，灿烂弧菌和海藻施万氏菌发生免疫交叉反应，但不与副溶血弧菌，鳗弧菌，嗜水气单菌等发生交叉反应。用温和高碘酸氧化法对LPS处理后，VAF01和LPS不再与4D5识别，VAF02上的LPS与4D5的反应部分减弱，推测VAF01及VAF02的LPS有不同的组分和结构。用抑制ELISA法半定量检测溶藻弧菌培养上清的LPS，测得培养48小时LPS释放量不超过57μg/ml，大大低于使鱼类致死所需的LPS的剂量。     

阿拉尔市枸杞干果的污染菌相调查与防控措施

目的 对阿拉尔市枸杞干果的污染微生物进行调查和分析,以期为新疆枸杞干果的产品质量评价标准提供参考。方法 按照GB 4789—2016《食品卫生微生物学检验标准》中的方法对其进行调查,并进行初步杀菌的应用研究。结果 在供试散装枸杞干果中的污染微生物中,霉菌和酵母菌的菌落总数为8.9×105 CFU/g,细菌的菌落总数为3.5×105 CFU/g,大肠菌群的最可能数（MPN值）为1100;在供试袋装枸杞干果的污染微生物中,霉菌和酵母菌的菌落总数为520 CFU/g,细菌的菌落总数为11000 CFU/g,大肠菌群的MPN值为150,主要污染霉菌为黑曲霉和青霉属。结论 紫外辐照10 min后,霉菌和酵母菌的抑菌率达到32.44%,细菌的抑菌率达到74.69%;超声波处理5 min后,对菌落总数的抑菌效果极为显著,抑菌率达到98.21%。通过紫外辐照和超声波处理均可杀灭枸杞干果表面的微生物,其杀菌效果良好。     

牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗诱导抗病性的研究

利用浓度为1．0mg／ml、3．0mg／ml、5．0mg／ml、8．0mg／ml和10．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗离体诱导3d，并用5．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗离体诱导1～6d后，测定与抗病相关的防御酶活性；利用5．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖诱导黄瓜幼苗第1真叶3d后接种白粉病菌，调查黄瓜植株的病情指数。结果表明，与对照组相比，不同浓度的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗均有诱导作用，能显著提高被处理叶片PAL、POD、PPO、SOD、CAT和壳多糖酶的活性，不同的酶活性达到最高水平时的诱导浓度略有差异。几种酶活性随诱导的时间进程呈现不同水平的动态变化趋势，其中POD活性的提高幅度最大，且一直呈上升趋势。第1真叶的处理组较对照组病情指数降低11．91％，同株未诱导的第2真叶处理组较对照组降低27．42％，说明牛蒡寡糖诱导了黄瓜幼苗对白粉病的系统抗性。     

β-葡聚糖在中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)育苗中的应用

分别用 5种不同浓度 (0 ,0 .1,0 .3,0 .5 ,1mg/ml)的 β 葡聚糖溶液对中国对虾蚤状、糠虾幼体进行 3h浸浴 ,4 8h后用浓度为 5 .9× 10 6 cfu/ml的副溶血弧菌 (Vibriopara haemolyticus)进行攻毒。攻毒后再养殖 4 8h。结果显示 ,0 .1、0 .3和 0 .5mg/ml处理组均显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 )蚤状和糠虾幼体攻毒后的存活率 ,其中 ,0 .3和 0 .5mg/ml的处理组还显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 )蚤状幼体的变态率和生长 ,但对糠虾幼体生长的影响不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。本研究结果表明 ,β 葡聚糖可以作为免疫增强剂在中国对虾育苗阶段使用 ,建议浸浴使用的浓度为 0 .3～ 0 .5mg/ml。     

食品中志贺氏菌快速检测免疫磁分离样品前处理技术研究

采用Protein A磁珠与志贺氏菌混合血清制备抗志贺氏菌多靶标免疫磁珠，建立了25 mL志贺氏菌免疫磁分离体系，并通过测定代表性食品(牛奶、水果、面包)中志贺氏菌生长曲线，设计食品样品前处理可行性技术方案，与环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测技术整合进行了食品中痕量志贺氏菌快速检测验证。结果显示：多靶标免疫磁珠能同时捕获福氏、宋内氏、鲍氏、痢疾氏等4种志贺氏菌，捕获效率为35%～94%,非特异性小于1%(金黄色葡萄球菌10%除外),1～2×10¹ CFU志贺氏菌在25 mL纯牛奶、25 g梨/面包+25 mL志贺氏菌增菌肉汤基础中，通过6 h培养+免疫磁分离的策略可获得10² CFU/mL以上的志贺氏菌，将志贺氏菌检测样品前处理时间由48 h缩短至8 h内，并能够满足后续检测技术检出限的需求，实现了食品中志贺氏菌的快速检测。     

鲜切蔬菜杀菌工艺及其对预制沙拉品质的影响

目的 为保证预制沙拉的贮藏品质和食用安全,延长其保质期.方法 分别采用质量浓度为200 mg/L的次氯酸钠和50 mg/L微酸性电解水,对鲜切果蔬进行一次和二次杀菌,在10万级洁净车间制备预制蔬菜沙拉和鸡肉沙拉,采用国标法检测预制沙拉在4℃条件下贮藏过程中品质的变化情况.结果 鲜切果蔬经杀菌处理后,其中的菌落总数由5.21 lg CFU/g降低至2.40 lg CFU/g;制备的预制蔬菜沙拉和鸡肉沙拉的贮藏保鲜期分别达6 d和5 d,贮藏期终点菌落总数分别为4.07,4.86 lg CFU/g.结论 采用微酸性电解水与次氯酸钠结合进行鲜切果蔬杀菌,可有效杀灭致病菌,控制微生物数量,保持预制蔬菜沙拉和鸡肉沙拉贮藏期间的品质.     

紫茎泽兰灭蚜活性物质的分离、纯化及其对棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）氯仿萃取物所含组分Ⅷ对棉蚜（Aphis gossypii）具有较强的毒杀作用且得率较高，从中分离得到的紫茎泽兰素A对棉蚜无翅成蚜的致死中浓度（LC50，浸渍法）为362．8mg/L。紫茎泽兰素A对棉蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶酶活性有一定的抑制作用。棉蚜经2.00mg/ml紫茎泽兰素A溶液处理12h后，其体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性仅为对照组棉蚜酶活性的30．3％。     

等离子水处理对马铃薯杀菌保鲜效果的影响

目的 为了解决马铃薯容易感染微生物等问题,开展基于等离子水处理的马铃薯杀菌研究。方法 以马铃薯为原料,以马铃薯表面菌落总数为指标,研究室温（25 ℃）条件下,不同电流、水量、制备时间、处理马铃薯时间条件下制备成的等离子水对马铃薯的杀菌效果。结果 在水量为15L,制备等离子水时间为1 h,清洗马铃薯时间为10 min,电流为6 A条件下制备成的等离子水杀菌效果最好,马铃薯表面的菌落总数（2.15 lg CFU/g）明显少于对照组（5.24 lg CFU/g）和水处理组（4.22 lg CFU/g）,且采用等离子水处理不会改变马铃薯的颜色和硬度。电镜结果表明,等离子水可使马铃薯表面微生物的细胞破裂,使其灭活,但对马铃薯表皮结构没有影响。结论 研究表明采用等离子水处理方法可以有效降低马铃薯表面的微生物含量,为马铃薯保鲜提供了一种新的物理绿色杀菌方式,对产业应用具有一定的参考和指导作用。     

鸡肉中非典型沙门氏菌标准物质的研制及其在能力验证中的应用

针对目前沙门氏菌标准物质种类缺乏、研制水平有待提高的问题，选取非典型沙门氏菌NIM JZ048作为目标菌，产气肠杆菌CICC 10293作为干扰菌，研制鸡肉中非典型沙门氏菌标准物质。结果表明，该标准物质的沙门氏菌定量标准值为(1.8±0.4)×10³ CFU/g,菌落总数定量标准值为(5.5±0.9)×10³ CFU/g,定性标准值为沙门氏菌阳性。均匀性和稳定性良好，可以在-20℃下稳定保存6个月。此外，将该标准物质作为考核样品用于21家食品承检机构的沙门氏菌定性检测能力验证，其中15家结果合格，其余6家机构因非典型沙门氏菌漏检，结果不合格。制备的鸡肉中非典型沙门氏菌标准物质可以有效用于食品承检机构的沙门氏菌检测能力评价。     

香港巨牡蛎北方人工育苗技术的研

为使在南方进行适于在高温、低盐海区生长的香港巨牡蛎的育苗摆脱受气候影响和技术、设施条件限制造成出苗量极低的困境,研究并推出了在北方夏季进行香港巨牡蛎人工育苗技术。该技术通过强化亲贝营养和25℃以上高温促熟培育,来满足在北方进行香港巨牡蛎人工育苗的条件,并在不同盐度（15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰）和温度（18～21℃、25～28℃）下观察香港巨牡蛎性腺发育;通过合理控制幼虫密度（前期8～10个/ml,后期4～5个/ml）,严把饵料质量关（投喂新鲜无污染的单胞藻）,科学换水与充气,及时分级筛选幼虫等,克服了香港巨牡蛎南方育苗成功率低的技术难题,使育苗生产顺利进行。开展了牡蛎壳和栉孔扇贝壳两种附着基的采苗试验,选出了比较理想的采苗方法——牡蛎壳采苗,该方法提高了稚贝的附着变态率,其附着变态率达50%以上,促进了稚贝的生长和成活。育出了5mm以上的稚贝,单位水体出苗量在15×104粒/m3以上。     

Development and evaluation of an edible antimicrobial film based on yam starch and chitosan

Edible antimicrobial films are an innovation within the biodegradable active packaging concept. They have been developed in order to reduce and/or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the surface of foods. This study developed an edible antimicrobial film based on yam starch (Dioscorea alata) and chitosan and investigated its antimicrobial efficiency on Salmonella enteritidis. A solution of yam starch (4%) and glycerol (2%) was gelatinized in a viscoamilograph and chitosan added at concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5%. Films with and without chitosan were produced by the cast method. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the films, two suspensions of S. enteritidis were used in BHI medium, corresponding to counts of 2 × 10⁸ and 1.1 × 10⁶ CFU/ml. The suspensions (50 ml) were poured into flasks. The films were cut into 5 × 5 and 5 × 10 cm rectangles to be used at ratios of 1 : 1 (1 cm²/ml microorganism suspension) and 2 : 1 (2 cm²/ml). The film 30 µm thick on average. As a control, pure chitosan at an amount corresponding to that contained in the 3% and 5% films (5 × 10 cm) was added to flasks containing the microorganism suspension. Also, flasks containing only a suspension of S. enteritidis were used as control. The suspensions, in flasks, were kept at 37°C in a waterbath with agitation. Suspension aliquots were removed every hour for reading the optic density (OD₅₉₅) and plating onto PCA medium. The results showed that chitosan has a bactericidal effect upon S. enteritidis. Films treated with chitosan at different concentrations showed similar antimicrobial efficiency, in addition to being dependent on diffusion. The chitosan‐treated films caused a reduction of one to two log cycles in the number of microorganisms, whereas the pure chitosan presented a reduction of four to six log cycles compared with the control and starch film. The films showed good flexibility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人肝癌细胞Hep-G2的冷冻干燥保存初探

冷冻干燥是长期有效保存细胞的手段之一。本文以肝癌细胞Hep-G2为研究对象,选取了不同体积分数的Me2SO、丙三醇及不同质量浓度的PVP、复方保护剂进行冷冻干燥保存,筛选出最佳保护剂配方。此外,将细胞在不同摩尔浓度的海藻糖溶液中孵育,通过检测细胞回收率、存活率和24 h贴壁率,探究胞内海藻糖对细胞冷冻干燥的影响。结果表明:添加40%PVP(w/v)+10%甘油(v/v)+15%FBS(v/v)+20%海藻糖(w/v)保护剂的细胞,在复水后回收率、存活率和24 h贴壁率分别为29.58%、42.18%和18.71%,与对照组相比三项指标均得到有效提高,该种保护剂的效果最佳;当胞外海藻糖摩尔浓度为800 mmol/L时,冻干效果最好,肝癌细胞Hep-G2在复水后回收率、存活率和24 h贴壁率分别为27.81%,66.65%和33.68%,存活率和贴壁率显著高于其他组。     

Assessing the antifungal activity of a new oral lipid-based amphotericin B formulation following administration to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus

The purpose of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of a new oral amphotericin B (AmpB) lipid-based formulation following administration to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus fumigatus inoculum (2.1-2.5 × 10⁷ colony forming units [CFU]) were injected via the jugular vein; 48h later male albino Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) were administered either a single oral dose of AmpB incorporated into Peceol (50 mg AmpB/kg), physiologic saline (nontreated controls) or Peceol alone (vehicle control) once daily for 4 days. To assess antifungal activity Brain, Lung, Heart, Liver, Spleen and Kidney sections were homogenized with normal saline (1 mL/g of tissue) and a 0.1-mL aliquot was spread plated onto a Sabourand dextrose agar plate. The plates were incubated for 48 hr at 37°C, at which time the number of fungal CFU were determined and corrected for tissue weight. In addition, plasma galactomannan antigen concentrations were determined. Data was reported as mean ± standard error of the mean. The AmpB-Peceol oral formulation significantly decreased total fungal CFU concentrations recovered in all the organs added together, brain CFU concentrations, spleen CFU concentrations and plasma galactomannan antigen concentrations compared to baseline. No significant differences in lung, heart, liver and kidney CFU concentrations between treatment and control groups were observed. Peceol vehicle control did not exhibit any antifungal activity. These findings suggest that a new oral lipid-based formulation of AmpB incorporated into Peceol can significantly decrease brain and spleen CFU concentrations and plasma galactomannan antigen concentrations compared to non-treated controls.     

不同饲料配方对茭白二化螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

筛选出适合茭白二化螟[Chilo suppressalis walker(Lepidoptera:Pyralididae)]最佳人工饲料配方,以期改进二化螟的室内饲养技术,为进一步研究二化螟人工繁殖技术提供依据.方法:以二化螟初孵幼虫为供试虫源,设计了4种人工饲料配方饲养二化螟,研究4种人工饲料配方对二化螟生长发育、存活、繁殖和种群增长的影响.结果表明,4种人工饲料饲养的二化螟幼虫的发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、产卵量及卵孵化率等与天然饲料饲养的基本接近,幼虫存活率和蛹重明显高于天然饲料.     

Detection of 10 nM ammonium ions in 35 per thousand NaCl solution by carbon nanotube based sensors

We fabricated carbon nanotube (CNT) based chemical sensors for marine applications by photolithography process, where the electrodes were insulated by photoresist exposing only the carbon nanotube sensing section (2 microm gap width) for detection of ammonium ions (NH4+) in 35 per thousand NaCI solution used as artificial seawater environment. The I-V curve of the CNT sensor was measured by sweeping the source-drain voltage from -3 to 3 V and the on/off ratio of the CNT sensor was measured to be 20 when the gate voltage was swept from -5 to 5 V and from these results the CNTs were found to appear as a p-type semiconductor. All of the cocktail solutions prepared for experiment were measured to have -pH 6 which implied 99.9% of NH4+ remained ionized. We successfully detected 10, 100, 1000 nM (0.18, 1.8, 18 ppb) concentration of NH4+ in 35 per thousand NaCI solutions by using the CNT sensor.     

Assessing the Antifungal Activity of a New Oral Lipid-Based Amphotericin B Formulation Following Administration to Rats Infected with Aspergillus Fumigatus

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of a new oral amphotericin B (AmpB) lipid-based formulation following administration to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus fumigatus inoculum (2.1–2.5 × 10⁷ colony forming units [CFU]) were injected via the jugular vein; 48h later male albino Sprague-Dawley rats (350–400 g) were administered either a single oral dose of AmpB incorporated into Peceol (50 mg AmpB/kg), physiologic saline (nontreated controls) or Peceol alone (vehicle control) once daily for 4 days. To assess antifungal activity Brain, Lung, Heart, Liver, Spleen and Kidney sections were homogenized with normal saline (1 mL/g of tissue) and a 0.1-mL aliquot was spread plated onto a Sabourand dextrose agar plate. The plates were incubated for 48 hr at 37°C, at which time the number of fungal CFU were determined and corrected for tissue weight. In addition, plasma galactomannan antigen concentrations were determined. Data was reported as mean ± standard error of the mean. The AmpB-Peceol oral formulation significantly decreased total fungal CFU concentrations recovered in all the organs added together, brain CFU concentrations, spleen CFU concentrations and plasma galactomannan antigen concentrations compared to baseline. No significant differences in lung, heart, liver and kidney CFU concentrations between treatment and control groups were observed. Peceol vehicle control did not exhibit any antifungal activity. These findings suggest that a new oral lipid-based formulation of AmpB incorporated into Peceol can significantly decrease brain and spleen CFU concentrations and plasma galactomannan antigen concentrations compared to non-treated controls.     

碳钢用绿色复配气相缓蚀剂的制备

目的 制备一种绿色高效复配气相缓蚀剂,用于金属的防锈包装.方法 选用苯甲酸钠(C7H5CO2Na)、葡萄糖酸钠(C6H11O7Na)、植酸(C6H18O24P6)和柠檬酸钠(C6H5Na3O7)为复配药品,以A3钢和45#钢为实验对象.通过密闭挥发减量实验、气相快速甄别实验电化学实验和湿热实验筛选出缓蚀率最高的复配气相缓蚀剂配方.将确定的最高缓蚀率气相缓蚀剂制成气相防锈纸,与防锈原纸、市售气相防锈纸进行防锈效果对照,对照实验采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和接触角仪测试.结果 筛选出四元复配组11 g/L苯甲酸钠+11 g/L葡萄糖酸钠+15 g/L植酸+5 g/L柠檬酸钠的缓蚀率最高,对A3钢的缓蚀率达到了94.36％,对45#钢的缓蚀率达到了94.47％.经该防锈纸防护的A3钢和45#钢表面光滑,无锈蚀出现,氧元素含量低,且接触角大于90°,呈现明显疏水性.结论 经过4种缓蚀剂药品的复配筛选,最终确定出了缓蚀率最高的气相缓蚀剂配方为11 g/L苯甲酸钠+11 g/L葡萄糖酸钠+15 g/L植酸+5 g/L柠檬酸钠,且制成的复配气相防锈纸防锈效果优于空白组的防锈原纸以及市售气相防锈纸.     

Protection by Chinese herbs against Doxorubicin-induced focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Chinese herbs on Doxorubicin-induced focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in rats. Twenty age-matched male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group A (n = 10) given only water ad libitum served as the control group and group B (n = 10) was given Chinese herbs (40 ml/kg with drug concentration 1.75 g/ml) beginning at day zero. All rats were administered doxorubicin (7 mg/kg) intravenously. All the rats were placed in metabolic cages at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, and daily proteinuria was measured. At day 28, the animals were killed by cervical dislocation, followed by immediate organ collection for histologic analysis of kidneys; blood was collected by tail vein and cardiac puncture (at day 28) for the measurement of serum albumin. Body weight (BW) and food intake were recorded. The rats in groups A and B demonstrated severe susceptibility to doxorubicin injection with the onset of proteinuria (80-100 mg/24h) at day 7. The rats in group B were partly resistant to doxorubicin nephropathy with decreasing proteinuria and increasing serum albumin compared with group A (p < 0.05). All 10 rats in group A developed at least 5% glomerulosclerosis with tubular casts at day 28. In contrast, the rats in group B developed less severe histologic renal disease. The difference in histologic scores between the two groups were significant at day 28 (12 in group B vs. 20 in group A, p = 0.002). Food intake of Group B animals progressively increased to reach 67-73% of those observed before the doxorubicin administration with 28-43% in Group A. After the 4-wk experimental period, BW in Group A decreased more significantly than that in Group B (-20 +/- 3 and -16 +/- 1%, respectively, p = 0.035, paired T test). Chinese herbs seem to reduce proteinuria and attenuate renal histologic severity in rats with doxorubicin-induced FSGS and may offer an alternative to the treatment of FSGS.     

Inactivation of Chironomid larvae with chlorine dioxide

In this paper, comparative experiments on the inactivation of Chironomid larvae by chlorine dioxide and chlorine were conducted. In addition, batch experiments were performed in order to analyze the influence of pH value, organic precursor concentration and temperature on the inactivation efficiency of Chironomid larvae with chlorine dioxide. Based on it, removal effect of different pre-oxidation followed by coagulation process on Chironomid larvae in raw water was evaluated. The results showed that chlorine dioxide possessed better inactivation performance than chlorine, and complete inactivation of Chironomid larvae was obtained at CT value of 37.5 mg min/L (dose of 1.5mg/L and exposure time of 25 min). The pH in the range of 6-8 did not affect the inactivation efficiency of chlorine dioxide, whereas pH 10 resulted in around 10% decrease in inactivation rate. Meanwhile, the organic precursor had negative effects on inactivation, indicated by the decreased inactivation rate from 100% at TOC concentration of 0mg/L to 62.2% at 8 mg/L when the CT value was 45 mg min/L. With regard to the temperature, the inactivation efficiency of Chironomid larvae was significantly improved with the temperature increasing within the range investigated of 10-25 degrees C. The inactivation rate was reduced by 68.9% when temperature reduced from 25 degrees C to 10 degrees C. The coagulation jar test showed that Chironomid larvae in the raw water could be completely removed by chlorine dioxide pre-oxidation in combination with the coagulation process at CT value of 24.8 mg min/L.     

6061-T6 铝合金激光焊接接头腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展

目的研究6061-T6铝合金激光焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性,并分析裂纹扩展的影响因素。方法利用光纤激光器,焊接尺寸为150 mm×100 mm×4 mm(焊接方向、横向、熔深方向)的6061-T6铝合金,采用SE(B)三点弯曲疲劳裂纹扩展试验并利用连续降K法,分别在空气和人工海水中进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过使用金相显微镜(OE)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对金相结构进行观测分析。结果同样工艺参数的焊接接头,在海水中疲劳裂纹门槛值(4.063 016 MPa·m~(0.5))大于空气中的门槛值(3.479 166 MPa·m~(0.5));在疲劳裂纹扩展中速区(da/dN10~(-5) mm/cycle)时,海水焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于空气中的,低速区(da/d N10~(-5) mm/cycle)则小于在空气中的。结论成形良好的焊缝、晶粒细小的焊缝组织有助于接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能的提高;中速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏大,主要是由腐蚀条件下焊缝裂纹尖端阳极溶解和交变载荷共同作用导致;低速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏小,主要原因是腐蚀产物堆积于疲劳裂纹扩展尖端,产生较强裂纹闭合效应。