基于序贯层次Kriging模型的微型飞行器机身结构设计优化

在基于仿真模型的工程设计优化中,采用高精度、高成本的分析模型会导致计算量大,采用低精度、低成本的分析模型会导致设计优化结果的可信度低,难以满足实际工程的要求。为了有效平衡高精度与低成本之间的矛盾关系,通过建立序贯层次Kriging模型融合高/低精度数据,采用大量低成本、低精度的样本点反映高精度分析模型的变化趋势,并采用少量高成本、高精度的样本点对低精度分析模型进行校正,以实现对优化目标的高精度预测。为了避免层次Kriging模型误差对优化结果的影响,将层次Kriging模型与遗传算法相结合,根据6σ设计准则计算每一代最优解的预测区间,具有较大预测区间的当前最优解即为新的高精度样本点。同时,在优化过程中序贯更新层次Kriging模型,提高最优解附近的层次Kriging模型的预测精度,从而保证设计结果的可靠性。将所提出的方法应用于微型飞行器机身结构的设计优化中,以验证该方法的有效性和优越性。采用具有不同单元数的网格模型分别作为低精度分析模型和高精度分析模型,利用最优拉丁超立方设计分别选取60个低精度样本点和20个高精度样本点建立初始层次Kriging模型,采用本文方法求解并与直接采用高精度仿真模型求解的结果进行比较。结果表明,所提出的方法能够有效利用高/低精度样本点处的信息,建立高精度的层次Kriging模型;本文方法仅需要少量的计算成本就能求得近似最优解,有效提高了设计效率,为类似的结构设计优化问题提供了参考。     

Ein Konzept zur Wirkungsgradoptimierung von Einzylinder-Dieselgeneratoren mittels Optimalsteuerung und Extremum-Seeking

In this contribution the problem of maximizing the efficiency of a hybrid power unit at a specified output power level by optimizing the generator current trajectory as well as the design variables that can be chosen during the machine design process is investigated. The concept is demonstrated based on a hybrid single-cylinder diesel engine that is coupled to an electric generator. By developing a model of the system and using open-loop optimal control the optimal operating strategy and the optimal machine design are determined. Besides that, the problems occurring in the application of this strategy to a test rig are discussed. For this purpose, a model-free real-time optimization concept based on extremum seeking control is presented. The effectiveness of both the model-based and the model-free concept are demonstrated by simulation and experimental results.     

Robust fixture layout design for multi-station sheet metal assembly processes using a genetic algorithm

The optimal fixture layout is crucial to product quality assurance in the multi-station sheet metal assembly processes. Poor fixture layout may lead to product variation during the assembly processes. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimisation approach has been presented for the robust fixture layout design in the multi-station assembly processes. The robust fixture layout is developed to minimise the sensitivity of product variation to fixture errors by selecting the appropriate coordinate locations of pins and slot orientations. In this paper, a modified state space model for variation propagation in the multi-station sheet metal assembly is developed for the first time, which is the mathematical foundation of optimal algorithm. An e-optimal is applied as the robust design criteria. Based on the state space model and design criteria, a genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal fixture layout design. The proposed method can greatly reduce the sensitivity level of product variation. A four-station assembly process of an inner-panel complete for a station wagon (estate car) is used to illustrate this method.     

Optimal design and optimal control of structures undergoing finite rotations and elastic deformations

In this work, we deal with the optimal design and optimal control of structures undergoing large rotations and large elastic deformations. In other words, we show how to find the corresponding initial configuration through optimal design or the corresponding set of multiple load parameters through optimal control, in order to recover a desired deformed configuration or some desirable features of the deformed configuration as specified more precisely by the objective or cost function. The model problem chosen to illustrate the proposed optimal design and optimal control methodologies is the one of geometrically exact beam. First, we present a non‐standard formulation of the optimal design and optimal control problems, relying on the method of Lagrange multipliers in order to make the mechanics state variables independent from either design or control variables and thus provide the most general basis for developing the best possible solution procedure. Two different solution procedures are then explored, one based on the diffuse approximation of response function and gradient method and the other one based on genetic algorithm. A number of numerical examples are given in order to illustrate both the advantages and potential drawbacks of each of the presented procedures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal design approach for eco-efficient machine tool bed

An optimal design approach of machine tool bed with the aim of obtaining an eco-efficient machine structure is studied. The suggested method includes three phases. The first is the layout design optimization of stiffener plates inside bed. In order to improve the design efficiency, a simplified design model called fiber model is suggested, and the layout of the stiffener plates inside bed is optimized by changing a 3-dimensional topology design optimization problem to a 2-dimensional problem. The second is the detailed sizing optimization of stiffener plates and supporting blocks under the structure based on the initial optimal model resulted from phase one. Finally, a topology design optimization process is implemented to obtain a reasonable distribution of manufacturing holes in bed structure. By considering the manufacturing requirement, an optimal bed structure is obtained. The validity of the suggested method is confirmed by a typical cylindrical grinding machine tool bed, and the result shows that the suggested method is effective, and the optimal structure has much better mechanical and economical performance by comparing with the original structures.     

Design of optimal process parameters for non-isothermal forging

This paper presents a state space model and an optimal design scheme for non-isothermal metal forming processes. By selecting nodal velocity and temperature as the state variables, a non-isothermal state equation with coupled deformation and thermal terms is established. Based on this state space model, a control design scheme is developed to obtain the optimal die velocity and initial die temperature which will ensure that the effective strain-rate and temperature satisfy the design requirements. A titanium alloy engine disk forging is used to demonstrate two design examples. The results show that the proposed model and design scheme behave well for different design requirements.     

基于响应面法的无轨伸缩式门式起重机轻量化设计

依赖于传统经验方法的无轨伸缩式门式起重机结构设计往往趋于保守,材料浪费严重,为了充分发挥材料的承载性能,有必要对它进行优化分析。对无轨伸缩式门式起重机结构进行优化设计时,针对非线性接触模型计算不收敛与计算效率低等问题,提出以节点耦合模型代替接触模型来构建响应面近似模型,并将近似模型与多岛遗传算法相结合对结构参数进行优化。以某无轨伸缩式门式起重机各构件截面尺寸为初始设计变量,以结构强度、刚度、自重为模型响应,通过调用Isight平台中最优拉丁超立方设计方法产生设计变量样本点,再由试验设计（design of experiment,DOE）模块调用有限元分析软件ANSYS完成样本点模型仿真以筛选出对响应影响较大的设计变量。利用优选后的设计变量构建响应面近似模型,以结构强度和刚度为约束条件,门式起重机结构质量最轻为优化目标,采用多岛遗传算法对响应面模型进行优化。结果表明：在保证结构性能的前提下,优化后门式起重机质量减轻23.4%,轻量化效果明显。所提出的优化策略可较快获得全局最优解,减少了计算量,为无轨伸缩式门式起重机结构改进提供了理论依据。     

Application of semi-definite programming to the design of multi-response experiments

The need to be able to design experiments with multiple responses is becoming apparent in many real-world applications. The generation of an optimal design to estimate the parameters of a multi-response model is a challenging problem. Currently available algorithms require the solution of many optimization problems in order to generate an optimal design. In this paper, the problem of multi-response D-optimal design is formulated as a semi-definite programming model and a relaxed form of it is solved using interior-point solvers. The main advantage of the proposed method lies in the amount of computation time taken to generate a D-optimal design for multi-response models. The proposed method is tested on several test problems and is shown to be very efficient with optimal designs being found very quickly in all cases. The robustness of the generated designs with respect to the variance-covariance matrix is also assessed for the test problems in order to show how a sensitivity analysis can be performed. The characteristics of the proposed method are also compared with those of other existing methods.     

浸没式中空纤维膜组件的优化和设计

综述了浸没式中空纤维膜反应器在组件设计和优化方面研究进展,包括优化函数和传质模型的建立,纤维尺寸、松弛度、填充密度、排布方式的选择、膜组件外形和曝气管路的优化设计等方面理论和试验的最新成果.在此基础上,对建立完善的膜组件优化设计体系提出今后的研究重点和方向.     

某载重卡车悬架参数优化及试验研究

为了研究多轴载重卡车悬架总成刚度、阻尼之间的匹配和优化问题,提出了一套基于ADAMS软件的适用于重型载货汽车悬架系统的优化设计方法。利用机械系统动力学仿真软件ADAMS/View建立了某8×4载货卡车频域仿真模型,对其满载时以B级随机路面谱作为激励的加速度响应特性进行了仿真分析,并根据所提出的优化方法对该车悬架系统参数进行了优化计算。最后,通过实车道路试验验证了所建模型的正确性和优化方法的可行性,为重型卡车底盘系统集成优化匹配设计提供重要参考价值。     

基于免疫遗传计算的零件多目标优化

由生物引发的信息处理系统可分为:人工神经网络、进化计算和人工免疫系统(AIS)。其中神经网络和进化计算已被广泛用于各领域,而AIS则由于其复杂性较少应用。笔者将免疫算法与遗传计算结合,研制了一个基于免疫遗传计算的优化设计系统(Immune ＆ Genetic Algorithm based Design SupportSystem-IGBODS)。IGBODS用于零件的优化设计,避免了遗传算法搜索效率低,过早收敛和不能很好保持个体的多样性等问题,具有很大的优越性。     

Maximizing customer satisfaction by optimal specification of engineering characteristics

The House of Quality has been widely discussed as a mechanism for converting customer attributes into engineering characteristics to ensure the design quality of new products and processes. In the past, this process has been subjective and heuristic. In this paper, we present a mathematical programming model for determining the optimal settings for engineering characteristics based on value functions constructed to capture customer preferences. The model can be used with either traditional subjective measures of customer preference or incorporate empirical models based on quantitative data. The robustness of the optimal solution to randomness in parameter estimates is investigated. An example is used to demonstrate the procedure.     

异方差随机系数回归模型的最优设计

最优设计方法在工程技术领域和工农业生产中具有广泛的应用．随机系数模型的最优设计研究中通常假定随机误差项具有相同的方差,实际中误差的产生往往与观测点有关,从而具有异方差性质．本文研究一般闭区间设计域上异方差随机系数回归模型的最优近似设计问题．我们获得了最优设计可以在设计域的两个端点处得到的一组充分条件,并进一步证明了当误差项方差具有对称结构且设计域是对称区间时,设计域两个对称端点处的等权重设计同时具有多重最优性质,这时最优设计不依赖于模型中随机误差项的方差结构及随机系数项的方差．     

A response surface methodology based on improved compactly supported radial basis function and its application to rapid optimizations of electromagnetic devices

The compactly supported radial basis function (CS-RBF) is improved and used to design a new response surface model. The model is incorporated into stochastic global optimal methods to develop a fast and efficient global optimal design strategy with the main target to reduce the number of function calls that involve computationally heavy procedures such as, for example, the repetitive usage of finite element analysis which is generally required in solving inverse problems. In order to employ a multistep method to automatically adjust the support of the CS-RBF to realize the "best" tradeoff between computational efficiency and accuracy, a cluster algorithm is proposed to decompose the sample points into a nested sequence of subsets. To validate the proposed algorithm, typical numerical results on two different examples are reported.     

弹性飞机的混合 最优PID控制器参数优化

基于弹性飞机的降阶模型设计控制器时需要考虑模型降阶带来的降阶误差,这就需要设计的控制器具有较强的鲁棒性。为此,以某弹性飞机12阶模型为例,研究了基于弹性飞机降阶模型的混合 最优PID控制器的参数优化。首先基于平衡截断法得到了6阶降阶模型。然后,根据全阶模型和降阶模型的频域降阶误差选取了合适的鲁棒加权函数。之后,给出了闭环系统跟踪误差 范数的一种简化计算方法用于 优化指标的计算。最后基于差分进化算法进行了混合 最优PID控制器的参数寻化。仿真结果表明,与 混合灵敏度控制器相比,优化得到的混合 最优PID控制器具有更强的鲁棒性,能同时镇定参数和非参数两种不确定性。对弹性形变模态也有较好的抑制作用,刚性模态也取得了很好的响应效果。     

基于遗传算法的高耸结构环形TLD满意优化设计

针对高耸结构环形TLD的多目标优化设计开展研究。首先,建立了高耸结构环形TLD控制的动力学模型,并编制了其求解程序。随后,提出了采用Sigmoid函数作为独立满意度函数,并通过线性加权建立了复合满意度函数。进而,基于遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA),选取环形TLD的几何参数作为设计变量,结构响应和阻尼器行程的复合满意度作为优化目标,建立了高耸结构环形TLD控制的满意优化设计方法。最后,针对某自立式钢烟囱,编制程序开展了其在风荷载作用下环形TLD减振的优化设计。研究表明,该方法能够快速有效地得到一组满足工程需要且较为经济的设计参数,同时该方法对权重系数的敏感度较低,降低了多目标优化设计时权重系数选择的难度。     

圆柱形三自由度超声电机定子的结构动力学优化设计

在已有研究的基础上,利用结构动力学方法,对圆柱形三自由度超声电机的定子进行了优化设计。首先根据该种电机的设计要求和先前的经验,确定了其定子的结构形式。然后应用精度较高的体积单元,建立了定子的结构动力学有限元模型。在灵敏度分析、确定设计变量的基础上,建立起定子的优化设计数学模型。最后,采用约束变尺度优化方法,在M ATLAB环境下编制了计算程序,得到了定子的优化设计方案,并制作了定子。实验表明:定子的工作模态满足预期的设计要求;实验结果与理论设计结果相符。同时,运用优化设计方法大大提高了设计效率。     

An approach to identify the optimal configurations and reconfiguration processes for design of reconfigurable machine tools

A reconfigurable machine tool (RMT) is a special machine that can deliver different machining functions through reconfiguration processes among its configurations during the machine utilisation stage. In this research, a new approach is developed to identify the optimal configurations and the reconfiguration processes for design of the RMTs. In this work, a generic design AND-OR tree is used to model different design solution candidates, their machine configurations and parameters of these configurations. A specific design solution is created from the generic design AND-OR tree through tree-based search and modelled by different machine configurations. For a reconfiguration process between two machine configurations, a generic process AND-OR graph is used to model reconfiguration operation candidates, sequential constraints among operations and operation parameters. A graph-based search is used to generate all feasible reconfiguration process candidates from the generic process AND-OR graph. The optimal design is identified by multi-level and multi-objective hybrid optimisation. A case study is developed to show how this new approach is used for the optimal design of a RMT.     

3-D shape optimal design and automatic finite element regridding

A unified method for continuum shape design sensitivity analysis and optimal design of mechanical components is developed. A domain method of shape design sensitivity analysis that uses the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics is employed. For numerical implementation of shape optimal design, parameterization of the boundary shape of mechanical components is defined and illustrated using a Bezier surface. In shape design problems, nodal points of the finite element model move as the shape changes. A method of automatic regridding to account for shape change has been developed using a design velocity field in the physical domain that obeys the governing equilibrium equations of the elastic solid. For numerical implementation of the continuum shape design sensitivity analysis and automatic regridding, an established finite element analysis code is used. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method developed, shape design optimization of a main engine bearing cap is carried out as an example.