基于原型测量的极地航行船舶船体冰载荷分析

船体与海冰碰撞引起的冰载荷一直是破冰船领域研究的重点。根据S.A.AgulhasⅡ号极地科考补给船在南极海域的原型测量数据,利用影响系数矩阵法和反演法对船体艉肩部的冰载荷进行分析。通过肋骨上不同应变传感器测得的剪应变,在MATLAB中利用系数矩阵转换,得到了不同肋骨上的冰载荷。通过建立艉肩部有限元模型,采用两种不同的离散方式对载荷区域进行离散,并利用Tikhonov正则化求解反演方程,得到外板的冰载荷分布。克服了数据处理过程中解的不适定性,使得两种方法得到的计算结果也极为相近。     

船-冰碰撞载荷时间历程的模型试验研究

船-冰碰撞载荷是极地船舶船体外板结构强度的设计载荷,但目前的极地船级规范中尚未涉及船-冰碰撞载荷的时变特征。以我国新一代极地科考船为原型开展室内冰水池物理模型试验,对船首与浮冰的碰撞过程进行模拟;试验测试以主拖车拖曳船模撞击浮冰的方式进行,碰撞过程中船体所受冰载荷由布置在船首表面的触觉传感器测得。试验发现:船-冰碰撞过程中的整体冰载荷沿船体外板的作用呈现出近抛物线的轨迹,同时,载荷经历了先上升、后下降的完整过程,最大载荷作用时刻出现在冰体最大下压弯曲变形时刻;此外,最大载荷出现的水平位置集中在1/4船宽附近,相应局部碰撞载荷的时程曲线特征以‘单峰’型形态为主。     

面向船体结构动冰载荷监测的线性形函数识别方法研究EI北大核心CSCD

船体结构冰载荷监测系统中的载荷识别算法是对船舶在冰区安全运行进行实时评估的关键环节,而常用的影响系数矩阵法尚未考虑冰载荷的动力效应。在时域内将动冰载荷离散为诸多时间元,在每个时间元内利用线性形函数的组合形式逼近构造动冰载荷;通过结构的动力响应分析得到形函数的响应矩阵,并以此建立船体结构冰载荷识别的正问题。利用共轭梯度最小二乘迭代型正则化算法和终止迭代准则对冰载荷识别问题中的不适定性进行控制。该数值算例和试验验证均表明,该冰载荷识别模型具有良好的识别精度、求解速度及稳定性。     

冰区航行船舶冰阻力及六自由度运动响应的离散元分析EI北大核心CSCD

冰阻力是冰区船舶航行过程中的重要影响因素,对船舶航行性能及航行安全带来严峻挑战。该文采用扩展多面体离散元方法建立冰船动力作用过程的三维离散元方法,基于船舶推进功率与推进力间近似关系,将螺旋桨推力、冰载荷、舵力及水动力等载荷分开考虑,开展恒功率破冰船六自由度非线性操纵直航冰阻力及运动响应计算。为验证该离散元方法的可靠性,对比了碎冰区DUBROVIN及平整冰区LINDQVIST冰阻力公式计算结果。基于船舶在不同主机推进功率及复杂冰况下的直航冰阻力计算结果,展开对船舶破冰航速的影响因素分析。在此基础上,给出了船舶垂荡、横摇、纵摇等冰区船舶运动响应模拟结果和极地船舶运动响应预报结果,最后对碎冰及平整冰区船舶冰阻力及运动响应展开了对比分析。该方法可有效计算船舶冰阻力,其模拟结果可为冰区船舶运动响应及航行安全预警提供重要参考。     

船体开孔薄板面内剪切屈曲特性研究

船体板材不可避免地存在不同形式的开孔,开孔破坏了结构的连续性,对结构的强度、稳定性具有重要影响,因此研究船体板开孔结构的屈曲特性对保证船舶安全十分重要。在面内载荷作用下,通过画框型剪切夹具、3D全场变形测量-分析系统等对两种不同形式的船体开孔薄板进行剪切屈曲试验,获得了圆形开孔板和方形开孔板的临界屈曲载荷、全场位移/应变信息和拉力-伸长率曲线等;考虑试验夹具的影响,基于Abaqus对不同形式的开孔板进行数值仿真,通过对开孔板进行特征值屈曲分析和非线性屈曲分析,获得了两种不同形式船用开孔薄板的屈曲、后屈曲力学响应信息。通过数值仿真与试验结果的对比研究,验证了数值仿真方法的有效性、准确性。在此基础上,重点剖析载荷-伸长率关系、典型时刻板面全场位移、临界屈曲载荷以及开孔边缘的应力分布响应特征,明确了面积等效情况下圆孔和倒圆角方孔对方形薄板剪切稳定性的影响。为船用薄板面内剪切稳定性的试验和仿真研究以及大型船体结构的设计优化、力学性能评估等提供有益参考。     

基于ALE算法的船体板架射流载荷下毁伤模式分析

研究表明,近边界气泡在坍塌阶段产生的高速射流将对船用板架结构造成严重的损伤。本文利用LS-DYNA中的ALE算法对船体板架结构在射流冲击载荷作用下的破坏情况进行了模拟。首先分析简单平板在不同作用位置、速度和形状的射流载荷作用下的动态响应。在此基础上对射流冲击下加筋板结构的毁伤特性进行了研究,重点分析了结构的强弱对板架毁伤模式的影响。计算结果表明:气泡射流载荷对于船体结构的破坏具有明显的局部效应,其破坏程度非常严重,射流对加筋板的毁伤效果因冲击位置不同而有所区别。因此,在舰船结构抗爆抗冲击性能研究中,气泡载荷不容忽视。     

船舶加筋板结构撞击试验的相似性分析

实尺寸船舶碰撞试验难以开展,一般通过缩尺试验获取结构的碰撞载荷响应,再由相似定律将其转化为实尺寸碰撞响应结果。但是,由于相似定律受诸多因素影响,因此需要深入开展相关研究。本研究开展了两种缩尺模型和实尺寸加筋板结构的低速撞击试验,获取了不同比例试验的撞击载荷响应,考虑板材参数(板厚、材料强度和应变率)和撞击参数(撞击体质量、撞击速度)对缩尺定律的影响,进行了撞击载荷响应的相似性分析。分析结果表明:低速撞击下,应变率和撞击参数对相似定律影响不大;材料板厚和材料强度影响缩尺定律,基于已有撞击力解析公式,对缩尺定律进行修正,可将缩尺模型试验结果转化为实尺寸试验结果。研究成果对实尺寸船体结构的耐撞性评估有一定指导作用。      

预测船舶碰撞与搁浅结构动力响应的程序实现

该文介绍一个综合性解析计算程序,可用于预测船舶在碰撞和搁浅场景下的强非线性结构动力响应,包括结构变形阻力及能量耗散。解析计算方法具有使用方便,计算速度快,计算结果相对可靠的优点,易于工程应用。预测船舶碰撞与搁浅结构动力响应的程序包含两个模块,分别是船舶碰撞场景模块和船舶搁浅场景模块。船舶在碰撞和搁浅场景中,船体外板和内板等构件在外载荷作用下会出现弯曲、膜拉伸和撕裂的变形模式;船体桁材构件在外载荷作用下会出现弯曲和褶皱压溃变形模式。船体构件损伤失效所产生的结构变形阻力和能量耗散以解析的方式表达。此外,采用LS_DYNA程序开展数值仿真,验证解析计算程序的准确性和合理性。综合解析计算程序在结构设计阶段,对船体结构的耐撞性和船舶风险评估,都具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于损伤因子的板架结构损伤识别方法研究

用基于损伤因子的损伤识别方法对板架结构损伤进行识别。先将板架结构简化为多个板的组合;基于损伤前后模态振型从应变能角度推导损伤因子的表达式,用通用有限元软件ANSYS计算两种损伤工况下损伤前后的模态振型,再用B样条法拟合损伤因子曲面从而对损伤的位置进行识别。最后用实验验证了该方法。该方法对于识别板架结构的单个损伤具有较好的可靠性,并可以为识别多损伤位置提供较好的方法指导。     

基于时域响应灵敏度分析的板结构损伤识别

提出了一种基于响应灵敏度分析的有限元模型修正法,对平板结构的局部损伤进行识别。在正问题研究中,将结构的局部损伤模拟为板结构单元杨氏模量的减少,建立了板结构的有限元动力学方程,利用直接积分法获得了结构强迫振动响应。在损伤识别反问题中,基于响应灵敏度分析,直接利用结构的动态响应进行有限元模型修正和损伤识别。算例表明,本文方法能有效识别板类结构的局部损伤,具有需要测点数目少,损伤识别精度高,对模拟的测量噪声不大敏感的优点。     

Numerical simulations of a tanker collision with a bergy bit incorporating hydrodynamics,a validated ice model and damage to the vessel

Numerical simulations of a collision between a loaded tanker and a bergy bit have been conducted using LS-Dyna™ software. The simulations incorporated hydrodynamics, via LS-Dyna's ALE formulation, and a validated crushable foam ice model. The major portion of the vessel was treated as a rigid body and a section of the hull, located on the starboard side of the forward bow where the ice contact occurred, was modeled as typical ship grillage that could deform and sustain damage as a result of the collision. Strategies for dealing with the highly varying mesh densities needed for the simulations are discussed as well as load and pressure distribution on the grillage throughout the course of the collision. Realistic movement of the bergy bit due to the vessel's bow wave prior to contact with the ice was observed and the damage to the grillage resembled published results from actual grillage damage tests in the lab. A load measurement from the lab tests compared reasonably well with a rough estimate from the simulation. The collision eventually ruptured the hull in a ripping fashion resembling documented incidents of vessel impacts with ice masses.     

Experiments on level ice loading on an icebreaking tanker with different ice drift angles

A series of tests was performed with a laboratory-scale model ship to simulate the effects of ice load parameters on an icebreaking tanker. A model of the icebreaking tanker Uikku was mounted on a rigid carriage and towed through an unbroken ice sheet in the ice tank of the Marine Technology Group at Aalto University. Two ice sheets and 11 different experimental configurations were used. The carriage speed, heading angle of the model ship, and ice thickness were varied, and the forces, accelerations, ice cusp sizes, carriage positions, and ice pile dimensions under the intact ice sheets were measured.This paper includes results for the measurements of ice rubble loads against the model hull in the horizontal plane. Phenomena such as ice failure modes and ice rubble accumulation on the upstream side of the hull beneath the ice sheet were observed in some tests. The icebreaking lengths and dimensions of ice rubble were analyzed for some tests. The effects of towing speed, heading angle under the intact ice sheet in front of the hull, and the accompanying ice loads on the formation and build-up of ice rubble were analyzed. In addition, the evolution of ice rubble geometry, in cross sections and the horizontal plane, was investigated. There was good agreement over several orders of magnitude between the measured and calculated values of the lateral ice forces. These results are relevant to the modeling of ice loading on hulls and the design of moored or dynamic positioned structures for operation in ice-covered waters. Some parameters obtained from these tests can be used as input for future numerical simulations.     

考虑材料动态非线性影响的VLCC搁浅性能研究

对船舶搁浅相关冲击问题进行数值仿真计算时,合理可靠的材料输入是保证仿真结果准确性的基础。开展了船用低碳钢材料的准静态拉伸和高速拉伸试验,以试验结果为基础,通过相关计算及校准研究,考虑材料硬化、失效应变以及应变率敏感性,得到满足材料动态非线性要求的仿真材料输入方法及参数。在此基础上,利用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS对VLCC舱段结构搁浅触礁事故进行仿真计算,从损伤变形、搁浅载荷以及搁浅过程中的能量吸收情况等方面分析船体结构的搁浅性能。该研究成果可为大型结构冲击问题数值仿真中的材料非线性输入提供参考和依据。     

智能CFRP 加固RC 梁荷载效应的实时模拟与测评

制备了4 根炭纤维复合材料(CFRP) 加固钢筋混凝土(RC) 实验梁, 并在梁内钢筋、混凝土及加固CFRP中预置了布拉格光栅光纤传感器(FBG) 和电阻应变片两种传感器。根据钢筋混凝土理论和ANSYS 有限元软件编制了实验梁受弯荷载效应模拟计算程序。实验表明, 实验梁在受弯承载过程中, 布拉格光栅光纤传感器与传统应变片有完全一致的线性关系; 模拟计算出的实验梁受拉钢筋、压区混凝土应变值及挠度与荷载的关系与CFRP 中FBG的实测值吻合较好。由于对既成RC 结构不能在内部装置传感器(会破坏结构降低抗力) , 采用智能CFRP 加固RC 结构可实现加固和实时健康测评双重功能。      

A numerical model for real-time simulation of ship-ice interaction

A ship advancing in level ice will introduce several failure processes to the ice sheet, such as localised crushing and breaking due to bending stresses. The resulting ice fragments will interact with each other, with water and with the hull of the ship. They may rotate, collide, or slide along ship's hull, and eventually they will be cleared away. The situation is different in a broken ice field, i.e., large ice floes may behave similar to level ice while smaller floes will mostly be pushed aside, rotated or submerged. Modelling of such a complex system is very demanding and often computationally expensive which would typically hinder the chances for real-time simulations. This kind of simulations can be very useful for training personnel for Arctic offshore operations and procedures, for analysing the efficiency of various ice management concepts and as a part of the onboard support systems for station keeping. The challenge of meeting the real-time criterion is overcome in the present paper. The paper describes a numerical model to simulate the process of ship-ice interaction in real-time. New analytical closed form solutions are established and used to represent the ice breaking process. PhysX is used for the first time to solve the equations of rigid body motions in 6 degrees of freedom for all ice floes in the calculation domain. The results of the simulator are validated against experimental data from model-scale and full-scale tests. The validation tests exhibited a satisfactory agreement between the model calculations and experimental measurements.     

Effect of a large asymmetrical wheel burden on flexural response and failure of railway concrete sleepers in track systems

In many railway networks, the dynamic loads on the track can be detected and they are highly diverse. In most cases, the dynamic wheel load could be treated as a quasi-static load whereas it is later employed in flexural response and failure analysis of railway structures, according to the current design standard: AS1085. This paper presents the effect of a large asymmetrical wheel load on the flexural response and failure criteria of the concrete sleepers in railway track systems. The finite element model updating of the concrete sleeper was earlier established and verified against experimental dynamic characteristics by the authors. Using a finite element package STRAND7, the nonlinear finite element model is capable of simulating the tensionless ballast support whereas the supporting boundary condition provides resistance to only compression. The numerical investigations are carried out to provide guiding criteria to railway track engineers for crack and failure analysis of the railway concrete sleeper subjected to a large quasi-static asymmetrical wheel burden. The normalized quasi-static responses are demonstrated in order to illustrate the critical effect of the large wheel unbalance on the flexural responses of the concrete sleeper in railway track system.     

Steel truss/composite skin hybrid ship hull. Part I: Design and analysis

A hybrid ship hull made of a steel truss and composite sandwich skins was investigated. The steel truss was designed to carry the bending loads, whereas the composite skins were designed to carry shear and water pressure loads. A 142 m ship hull, similar to a destroyer in terms of size, weight and speed, was designed, finite element analyzed and optimized. Loads were essentially based on the regulations of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). A small scale model will be developed and tested in the next stage to verify the design.     

应变速率型RC梁柱显式分析单元及其在ABAQUS软件中的实现

为准确、高效地分析钢筋混凝土(RC)梁柱结构在强动载作用下的损伤破坏甚至倒塌,建立了能够描述大变形、大应变的空间纤维Timoshenko梁单元,并将其与考虑率相关效应的钢筋、混凝土材料模型相结合,通过用户显式单元子程序在ABAQUS中实现。基于所建立的应变速率型3D纤维梁显式单元,借助ABAQUS的前后处理及求解功能,对爆炸荷载作用下的RC梁柱构件的动态响应和破坏模式及RC框架结构的连续性倒塌进行分析。结果表明:建立的应变速率型3D纤维梁柱单元能够合理描述RC构件的变形特性及钢筋、混凝土的应变速率效应;可以模拟爆炸作用下RC构件的弯曲、弯剪及直剪破坏模式,以及RC框架的连续倒塌过程;将纤维梁柱单元与率相关模型相结合于ABAQUS软件提供了一种强动载作用下高效、精确的RC结构非线性分析方法。     

结构损伤与荷载共同识别的研究

针对结构中同时存在未知损伤和荷载的情况,基于虚拟变形法(VDM)发展一种两者共同识别的时域方法。VDM方法利用虚拟变形模拟结构损伤,可快速计算模型改变后的响应。该文首先结合有限元理论把VDM方法拓展到具有多个单元变形的结构中;然后考虑结构存在未知荷载时,利用未损伤理论模型同时识别荷载和虚拟变形,继而由虚拟变形和单元实际变形的关系来识别判断损伤类型和识别损伤大小;最后通过一个悬臂梁的试验进行方法验证,试验中未知荷载和损伤(包括其类型和大小)均能够被有效识别,并利用提出的移动时间窗和荷载形函数方法实现损伤与荷载的在线识别。