用于FRP固化在线监测的光纤微弯压力传感器

无论在军事还是航空航天领域,光纤传感器都是一种极具应用前景的智能化监测手段。目前,将光纤传感器用于纤维增强树脂基复合材料固化过程的监测的研究是一个热点。但由于大多数光纤传感器监测固化过程成本较高,所以还没有被广泛的应用于实际生产当中。开发了一种新型的低成本、高灵敏度、易操作的光纤传感器用于纤维增强树脂基复合材料固化过程的在线监测。光纤传感器的设计基于光纤微弯损耗原理,其监测的直接目标参量为增强纤维所构成的网络所承担的压力变化,可以进而通过Gutowski的树脂流动/纤维变形理论间接得出对于固化过程中的几个关键参量。给出了这种压力传感器的设计制作方法,测定该种传感器在静态和动态下的压力-光损耗响应曲线,分析了该传感器对环境温度与折射率变化的响应。完成了利用微弯压力传感器进行纤维增强复合材料在热压釜中固化成型过程的在线监测实验,获得了良好的结果。     

基于FBG应变监测的环氧树脂固化收缩及工艺参数优化

采用布拉格光纤光栅（FBG）传感器,对一种典型液态成型环氧树脂在不同固化工艺以及后固化过程中的温度及应变进行了实时在线监测。通过将树脂内部应变变化转化为树脂线性体积变化,得到不同工艺过程中树脂的固化收缩规律,以此作为依据对树脂的经验固化及后固化工艺参数进行验证和优化。结果表明:所选液态成型树脂在80℃下固化,其固化度和玻璃化转变温度分别为90%和85℃,高于75℃固化树脂,但其总固化体积收缩只比75℃固化时略为增加了约5%;树脂在120℃下进行后固化处理时,恒温180 min后FBG传感器监测到的树脂内部应变已不再变化,此时树脂已基本完全固化,无需再延长后固化时间。      

树脂传递模塑成型注模过程的光纤光栅监测

有效监测树脂传递模塑成型(RTM)的树脂注模过程对于生产大型共固化复合材料结构十分必要.本文重点讨论利用光栅传感器监测注模过程的树脂流动问题.本文在复合材料层的不同位置布置了1个温度传感器用来监测温度,2个应变传感器用来监测树脂流动前沿到达时间,试验结果表明50 min和115 min时树脂流动前沿分别到达No.1和No.2应变传感器,166 min时完成注模,此时监测温度为最低的24.59℃.光栅传感器完全可实现树脂传递模塑注模过程的监测.     

光纤布拉格光栅传感器监测环氧树脂固化收缩研究

采用光纤布拉格光栅传感器对处于自由状态的热固性树脂在固化工艺过程中的温度和应变进行了实时在线监测,并且利用传感器的测量数据得到了固化后树脂在冷却阶段的热膨胀系数。结果表明:应用光纤布拉格光栅传感器能够实现从树脂凝胶点开始对固化过程中由于体积变化导致的树脂内部应变变化实时在线监测;传感器测得的固化后树脂在冷却阶段的热膨胀系数结果与热膨胀仪的测量结果相当;利用光纤布拉格光栅传感器测量热固性树脂的固化收缩具有较高的灵敏度和可靠性。     

单根光纤光栅监测复合材料固化工艺过程多目标参量技术的研究

采用单根布拉格光纤光栅传感器实现了对复合材料工艺过程不同阶段、不同目标的监测。在成型阶段监测树脂的温度(粘度)发展历程；在施加成型压力时监测树脂内部压力的变化；在固化与降温阶段监测复合材料层板内部的应力变化。试验结果表明，利用-根布拉格光纤光栅传感器同时实现对复合材料固化工艺全过程的主要控制参量的监测是完全可行的。     

用光纤进行树脂基复合材料的成型过程监测

研究了用光纤对碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料成型监测的方法和系统。通过测量复合材料成型过程中树脂折射率的变化来反映树脂的粘度变化和固化过程。     

光纤布拉格光栅监测CF3052/5224复合材料成型过程研究

温度与应变是监测复合材料热压罐固化成型工艺两个最重要的表征参数,利用光纤布拉格光栅传感原理,采用毛细钢管封装的方法,制备了完全屏蔽应变信号的温度传感器,将温度传感器和应变传感器同时埋植在复合材料内部,实现了对热压罐成型全过程的实时监测,获得了复合材料成型过程中的内部温度和应变信息.对复合材料平板件和T型加筋板三角填充区域进行的温度监测结果表明,复合材料内部温度变化较罐内温度有一定滞后,传统成型工艺控制给出的加压点偏早,可能引起复合材料贫胶等缺陷.应变监测结果表明,平板件内部的应变变化主要反应树脂固化过程中的物理化学变化,在T型加筋板三角填充区域,应变监测在自然冷却阶段出现了不同于平板件的应变"回弹"现象,一定程度上反映出该区域在成型过程中容易出现缺陷的原因.     

基于折射率变化的固化在线监测研究

先进复合材料的固化成型工艺十分复杂,目前在很大程度上仍依赖于经验工艺。为了实现复合材料固化工艺的透明化、科学化及智能化,提出了将光纤折射率传感器用于复合材料制造过程,研制了一种折射率光纤传感器,同时将光源、探测器、信号处理器等元器件集成化为一个便携式的光纤传感仪以利于生产现场使用。利用该传感器对常温固化树脂的固化过程进行了测量,将其与同等条件下迈克尔逊干涉仪对固化过程的监测结果进行了比较,二者具有良好的一致性。在实验室与生产现场两种条件下将光纤折射率传感器埋设于预浸料中对其固化工艺过程进行了监测。结果表明,该技术不仅可以用于新型树脂固化工艺制度的确定,也可用于复合材料固化工艺过程的在线监测。     

光纤模斑传感器应用于在线监控复合材料工艺过程

复合材料的固化有着复杂的内部过程, 传统的工艺条件难以保障产品的质量, 发展智能化的在线监控技术是个有效途径, 在线监控系统需要有先进的传感器。研制了一种新型光纤传感器, 提出通过测量光纤末端近场模斑谱反映光纤埋置周围树脂折射率的变化。给出了利用这种传感器进行复合材料固化监测的实验结果。发现这种光纤传感器的信号能反映固化凝胶点、固化结束点及树脂粘度的最低点, 又由于光纤与复合材料的兼容性好以及装置简单、廉价、可靠性高, 因此可以应用于复合材料固化过程的在线监控系统。     

热残余应力对内埋光纤光栅传感器性能的影响

将布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)埋植于复合材料T型加筋板结构非干涉区—三角填充区作为应变传感器对复合材料加筋板在固化过程及冲击后压缩过程中的应变变化进行监测。对比了光纤刻栅区采用UV光固化树脂涂层保护和未保护的两种FBG传感器的波谱信号变化; 分析了复合材料在固化成型过程中产生的非轴对称热残余应力对FBG传感性能的影响。结果表明, 刻栅区采用聚合物涂层保护的FBG传感器的半峰宽(FWHM)在固化过程中未发生变化, 并且聚合物涂层可以有效地消除非轴对称热残余应力对光纤光栅反射波谱的影响。在冲击后压缩过程中, 采用聚合物涂层保护的FBG传感器测得的应变与贴于试样表面的应变片测得的应变数据一致性较好。本文对埋植于复合材料加筋板三角填充区的FBG传感器在复合材料固化过程及冲击后压缩过程中应变监测的有效性及可靠性进行了有益的探索。     

Fabrication and properties of piezoelectric composites designed for process monitoring of cement hydration reaction

A series of receiving type piezoelectric composites were designed and fabricated by cutting and filling technique. The piezoelectric composites were also optimized from such aspects as matrix phase, functional phase and composite connectivity. The researches show that these piezoelectric composites have larger piezoelectric voltage factor, thickness electromechanical coupling coefficient and lower acoustic impedance than the pure piezoelectric ceramic. The early cement hydration reaction process monitoring result indicates that the ultrasonic wave receiving ability of the piezoelectric composite is obviously better than that of the pure piezoelectric ceramic. Therefore, these kinds of piezoelectric composites have potential application prospect in cement hydration reaction process monitoring.     

基于微波固化工艺的碳纤维T800/环氧树脂复合材料固化反应动力学

针对微波固化工艺下的碳纤维（T800）/环氧树脂复合材料的固化反应行为,运用非等温差示扫描量热（DSC）法,研究了T800/环氧树脂复合材料的固化反应放热过程。基于Kamal动力学模型,采用粒子群全局优化算法,拟合得到了纯微波固化工艺及高压微波固化工艺的T800/环氧树脂复合材料固化反应动力学方程,通过实验验证,该方程能够很好地描述T800/环氧树脂复合材料微波固化反应动力学行为。并系统对比研究了不同固化工艺方法对T800/环氧树脂复合材料固化反应动力学的影响。结果表明：相比传统热固化工艺,微波固化工艺能够有效提高T800/环氧树脂复合材料的固化反应速率并降低其固化反应的活化能,同时固化压力的引入对T800/环氧树脂复合材料的固化反应有一定的促进作用。     

微胶囊层间增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料力学性能的超声导波评价

选用微胶囊作为改性材料,采用热压机层压成型工艺制备出微胶囊层间增韧T300碳纤维/环氧树脂(CF/EP)复合材料。通过双悬臂梁(DCB)Ⅰ型层间断裂试验评估了CF/EP复合材料的增韧效果。利用超声导波技术对普通CF/EP复合材料和增韧CF/EP复合材料层间力学性能进行评价。通过SEM对CF/EP复合材料层间断面微观形貌进行观察,以揭示微胶囊的增韧机制,同时对超声导波检测结果进行辅助说明。结果表明,微胶囊以团聚形式分布在层间基体中,可以有效提高CF/EP复合材料的层间断裂韧性。微胶囊的填充改变了CF/EP复合材料层间基体特性,增加了导波传播过程中的衰减,导致响应信号峰值降低。同时,团聚的微胶囊改变了CF/EP复合材料对于中心频率125 kHz五峰波激励的振动响应,导致中心频率在信号频谱中的幅值低于普通CF/EP复合材料。      

Dielectric cure monitoring for glass/polyester prepreg composites

The on-line cure monitoring of fiber reinforced thermosetting resin matrix composite material has been performed for improving quality and productivity during manufacturing. Since the dissipation factor measured by dielectrometry method is dependent on the degree of cure and temperature of resin, in this study, a new method to obtain the degree of cure during on-line cure monitoring for S-glass/polyester composites without temperature effect was developed by employing a combination function of the temperature and the dissipation factor. The temperature signal was measured with a K-type thermocouple and the dissipation factor signal was measured with an interdigital dielectric sensor during curing process. Then the calculated degree of cure using the measured data from dielectrometry was compared to the measured value from differential scanning calorimetry. The developed on-line cure monitoring method was applied to a 2-step cure cycle for the verification of the developed procedure.     

Monitoring the curing process of epoxy resin nanocomposites based on organo-montmorillonite – a new application of resin curemeter

Curing of a resin system is the critical and productivity controlling step in the fabrication of thermosetting matrix composites including nanocomposites. In the past few years, in the case of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites, too many interests were taken in the material structure and properties, while only a few researches were carried on the cure behavior of this type of nanocomposite. The goal of the present work pays mainly attention to the cure kinetics for epoxy resin/organo-montmorillonite (Org-MMT)/2-ethyl-4-methyl-imidazole (2,4-EMI) nanocomposites. The experiments of monitoring curing process of nanocomposite materials are successively made via the HLX-II Resin Curemeter. The results derived from the non-equilibrium thermodynamic fluctuation theory indicated that the theoretical prediction is in good agreement with the experimental cure curve. The apparent activation energies were evaluated based on the gel time, t_g and relaxation time, τ, respectively. The increasing of cure temperature accelerated the cross-linking reactions for either nanocomposites or pure epoxy system. The addition of Org-MMT reduces the gel time, t_g as well as the completed cure time, t_c, and increases the rate of cure.     

基于锥形量热法的典型碳纤维/环氧复合材料燃烧特性

采用锥形量热仪实验研究环氧树脂基体、T300碳纤维/环氧复合材料及T300碳纤维/环氧-泡沫层合板(上下层为T300碳纤维/环氧复合材料,中间层为4mm厚的Divinycell H60泡沫芯材)在不同火灾环境下的燃烧性能。对比分析其点燃时间、热释放速率、总烟气释放量和CO生成速率等燃烧特性参数的变化规律。利用SEM测试T300碳纤维/环氧复合材料燃烧前、后表面形貌图像和环氧树脂基体和T300碳纤维/环氧复合材料燃烧形成炭层的形貌图像,分析碳纤维在碳纤维/环氧复合材料热解、燃烧过程中的影响作用。结果表明,随热辐射强度的增加,三种实验样品的平均点燃时间均缩短,热释放速率峰值和300s内热释放速率均值均增大,峰值出现时间提前,燃烧后残余率均降低。碳纤维对环氧树脂热解和燃烧起到抑制作用,其点燃、放热及达到热释放速率峰值的时间延后,T300碳纤维/环氧-泡沫层合板中泡沫芯材的燃点较低,使其平均点燃时间、热释放速率峰值出现时间及CO开始释放时间提前。T300碳纤维/环氧复合材料和T300碳纤维/环氧-泡沫层合板燃烧后均出现明显的分层现象,力学性能丧失,整体结构被破坏。碳纤维的存在能够有效抑制碳纤维/环氧复合材料的热解及燃烧,并能有效抑制在燃烧过程中产生融滴、喷溅和大量黑烟。     

环氧树脂及其复合材料微波固化研究进展

在介绍微波固化技术的原理及其优点的基础上,综述了环氧树脂及其复合材料的微波固化研究进展,重点讨论了微波固化对环氧树脂及其复合材料固化体系的固化速率、固化产物力学性能和热性能的影响,介绍了颗粒增强环氧树脂和纤维增强环氧树脂两种适合微波固化的复合材料系及工业应用关键技术问题,并对环氧树脂及其复合材料微波固化的应用前景进行了展望。     

Determination of interface properties from experiments on the fragmentation process in single-fiber composites

This paper attempts to quantify the fracture properties (strength and toughness) of the fiber–matrix interface in composites, using the fragmentation process and debonding growth for HI-Nicalon™ SiC single-fiber and T300 carbon single-fiber epoxy (Bisphenol-A type epoxy resin with triethylenetetramine (TETA) as curing agent) composite systems. This method is based on the numerical modeling for the microscopic damage and fragmentation process in single-fiber composite (SFC) tests, with a cohesive zone model (CZM). For the HI-Nicalon™ SiC single-fiber epoxy composite in which the major damage near a fiber break is interfacial debonding, interface properties were reasonably determined as (T_II,max, G_IIc) = (75 MPa, 200 J/m²). In contrast, for T300 carbon single-fiber epoxy composite, we could not determine unique interfacial properties, since the variation of the cohesive parameters hardly affects the microscopic damage process due to the transition to the damage pattern dominated by matrix cracking.     

基于因次分析方法的树脂基复合材料等温固化均匀性分析

在复合材料固化过程中,固化度场的非均匀性是引起残余热应力和固化收缩应力的重要因素。为了探讨树脂基复合材料结构件固化成型过程中的工艺参数对固化均匀性的影响,首先针对Epon862/W环氧树脂体系建立了复合材料固化仿真模型,并对模型进行了验证;然后,通过因次分析得出了树脂基复合材料结构件的热传递方程和固化动力学方程的无因次形式;最后,通过数值模拟定量分析了固化工艺温度、对流换热系数和结构件厚度对复合材料固化均匀性的影响规律。结果表明:在等温固化条件下,对流换热系数对复合材料固化均匀性的影响很小,无因次式特征时间t_c/树脂固化反应特征时间t_R与固化度差值间存在拟合函数关系,该函数可以方便地用于工程计算。      

Penetration impact resistance of hybrid composites based on commingled yarn fabrics

The penetration impact resistance of hybrid composites based on commingled yarn fabrics was investigated. The commingled yarn fabrics were composed of E-glass fibres (GF) and thermoplastic fibres blended together within the fibre bundles. Various thermoplastic fibres such as polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA) and modified polyethylene terephthalate (mPET) were studied. Various resin matrices with different cure cycles were studied such as Quickcure polyester, Cycom X823 RTM epoxy, and Shell Epikote 828 epoxy resin. Depending on the crystalline melting temperature (T_m) of the thermoplastic fibres, the hybrid composites can be categorised as fibre-hybrid composites or matrix-hybrid composites. Fibre-hybrid composites refer to those in which the thermoplastic fibres remain in the fibre form after curing, for example the GF–PP and GF–PA hybrid composites. For matrix-hybrid composites, the thermoplastic fibres melt and dissolve into the thermosetting matrix during curing such as the GF-mPET hybrid composites. The results from the penetration impact showed that the total absorbed energy of the fibre-hybrid composites were significantly higher than for the plain glass composites. Plastic deformation in the thermoplastic fibres is the key factor that improves the absorbed energy of the hybrid composites. When the thermoplastic fibres dissolved into the thermosetting matrix as in matrix-hybrid composites, the total absorbed energy was similar to that of the plain glass fibre composites. This suggests that the total absorbed energy is dependent on the properties of the fibres rather than the matrix. However, the fibre-hybrid composites showed slight differences in the total absorbed energy for different matrices. The differences are thought to be related to the differences in the bonding between the thermoplastic fibres and the thermosetting matrix which have yet to be investigated.