声流条件下超声空化气泡分布研究

研究了频率为 20 kHz的超声作用在圆柱形料腔中出现声流现象时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结合大振幅声源条件下的声辐射力,对声场内的声流现象进行了仿真分析,获取了不同超声功率和液位高度下的声流速度场分布,初步探究了声流条件下空化气泡的运动分布规律。采用超声空化效应的声致化学发光实验,对比研究了有、无声流条件时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结果表明：功放电流高于 80 mA(电功率为 17.6 W)时,超声场可形成稳定的声致流动现象且可有效提高其声能辐射效率,大大增加了空化效应的作用区域,进而提高了声化学反应效率;声流条件下料腔内超声空化效应的分布区域与超声功率(振幅)、料腔液位高度相关,功放电流从 40 mA(电功率为8.8 W)增加至 120 mA(电功率为 26.4 W)时,空化面积占比提高了 100.86%,液位高度为 60 mm时的空化面积占比较50 mm和 70 mm时分别提高了 13.11%和 73.91%,提高超声功率及选择合理的料腔液位高度,可有效提高空化气泡扩散距离,增大空化分布面积;对于固定形状及尺寸料腔中的声场,声流速度达到一定阈值时,会出现空化效应增强,空化效应增强区域位于大于声流速度阈值的区域内;空化气泡的扩散分布与声流速度场密切相关,表现为随声流速度场的变化在料腔中部沿径向扩散、沿变幅杆轴向且在料腔底部沿径向扩散、沿变幅杆轴向扩散三种扩散分布模式。     

铝熔体中超声空化区域分布及声压衰减系数

利用激光测距仪测得铸造用超声辐射杆端面全局振幅及频率,基于FFT细化分析对所测振幅分析后得到辐射杆端面振幅整体分布特性,在铝熔体中,将钛板竖直置于超声辐射杆正下方,启动超声振动系统运行20 h,通过分析钛板空蚀区域探究超声在铝熔体中的空化区域,得出辐射杆的空化区域分布,空化区域为一椭球形且分界面明显,空化域最远可达变幅杆正下方68 mm,结合铝熔体中超声的空化阈值,推算出20 k Hz铸造用功率超声在铝熔体中传播的衰减系数。     

内柱孔和内锥孔圆柱形变幅杆

激光和水射流是对陶瓷等易碎材料进行辅助打孔的传统方法,其设备存在大而复杂等缺点。加工陶瓷等易碎材料时,利用超声振动的带孔变幅杆的设备比起传统的利用激光和水射流的的设备更简易和小型化,因此,超声加工受到了人们的重视。文章对中心孔分别为柱形和锥形、外形为圆柱形的超声杆件,基于解析法推导了这两种孔型变幅杆的频率方程及性能参数表达式,分析了不同参量对其性能参数的影响,并利用有限元法计算了在谐振状态下这两种变幅杆的应力及振动位移沿轴向分布的规律。结果表明,在相同谐振频率及面积系数下,带孔变幅杆的放大系数大于实心圆柱杆的放大系数;锥形孔变幅杆的放大系数小于柱形孔变幅杆的放大系数,但前者应力曲线光滑且应力极大值较小。     

磁致伸缩仪超声空化流的数值研究

基于CFD方法采用"Singhal完全空化模型"及动网格技术对磁致伸缩仪超声空化流进行数值计算。结果表明,变幅杆高频振动引起试样表面附近局部流场发生空化,且在试样表面形成脉冲压力;压力与空泡体积组分在试样表面近似呈环形分布,并随试样振动,二者周期性变化。试样表面中心区域空泡经两次振荡后溃灭产生强烈脉冲压力,峰值可达5 MPa;脉冲压力在试样表面按间隔环形区域分布,且随试样振动在相邻环形区域交替出现。随超声波在空化流场中传播声压快速衰减;压力只在距变幅杆端面约20 mm内波动明显,振幅从25μm增大到30μm时试件中心区域脉冲压力增大;振幅增大到35μm时空化效果增强,试件中心区域所受脉冲压力作用减弱。     

单频超声和双频复合超声的空化效应实验研究

从超声电功率、超声作用时间和溶液温度来研究超声的空化效应,采用碘化钾溶液中碘的释放量来测定超声的空化产额,研究结果表明：在相同的电功率输入情况下,双频复合超声（25kHz/40kHz）释放碘的量远大于单频25kHz超声和单频40kHz超声释放的碘的量,双频复合超声的空化产额高于单频超声。     

玻璃振动模压中变幅杆高温模态分析及实验研究

为研究应用于光学元件的超声振动模压中变幅杆的高温振动特性,基于纵振波动方程设计所需频率的超声变幅杆,利用Creo软件建立其参数化模型。考虑变幅杆高温下的材料特性变化,结合实验所得数据对高温下的变幅杆进行模态分析,得到其在高温下的谐振频率。分析研究表明,变幅杆谐振频率随着温度的升高而降低。为提升变幅杆高温的下频率稳定性,通过有限元软件对其进行了结构优化设计。按照优化后的尺寸加工出变幅杆,通过实验检测其谐振频率,结果表明,在高温下优化后变幅杆的谐振频率仍稳定在设定频率附近。     

齿轮超声加工大振幅纵弯谐振变幅器的设计

为了使纵弯谐振变幅器的输出振幅满足齿轮超声加工的要求,设计了一个带有级联变幅杆的变幅器.利用Mindlin中厚板理论,根据变幅杆各段的力和位移耦合条件、变幅杆与齿轮的力和位移耦合条件、边界条件,推导出变幅器的频率方程和位移方程,实现了变幅器的设计,并求得变幅器的振幅分布曲线.通过理论求解、有限元软件ANSYS进行模态分析和谐响应分析、变幅器谐振特性试验分析变幅器的动力学特性,得出三者的结果一致,齿轮分度圆处的振幅为12μm,较常用的变幅器有了较大的提高,满足了齿轮超声加工的需求.     

基于非线性超声空化效应的铝合金热浸镀工艺

在390℃热浸镀锌过程中施加20 kHz的超声波,采用数值分析法求解Keller-Miksis和Mettin方程,描述ZnAl8熔池中0～800 W超声空泡的生长规律和空化效应,研究超声功率对镀层ZnAl8合金组织的影响,以及对1050铝合金表面氧化膜的作用.结果表明:空化效应与超声功率呈现出非线性的变化规律,当超声功率为0～500 W时,空化以稳态效应为主,空化能量不足以消除镀层合金初生相的粗大枝晶组织,也不能消除铝合金氧化膜.当功率为600～800 W时,空化以瞬态崩溃破裂的方式释放能量,其中700～800 W的空化压强和温度效应可以将铝合金表面氧化膜击碎和熔蚀,为镀层中元素扩散提供了铺展润湿和物质传输的通道,镀层ZnAl8合金与1050铝合金基体之间形成了良好的冶金结合,镀层合金呈细小均匀的蔷薇组织.     

超声波对铝合金熔体的有效细化区域

为了探讨凝固组织的超声细化区域范围,在液相线温度至575℃区间内对铝合金熔体施加超声振动,待铸锭冷却至室温,经腐蚀处理后观察其宏观和微观组织.试验结果表明,在工具杆端面位置处靠近铸锭边缘有一明显的作用区域分界线,分界线两端组织呈现截然不同的特征,端面以下组织均得到了有效的细化,而端面以上组织晶粒粗大,呈枝晶状分布.超声在熔体中产生空化和声流效应,理论计算表明,熔体中的有效空化范围为端面下30mm区域内,超声在熔体中产生的声流效应遍及整个熔体可流动区域,通过声流和空化的双重作用,工具杆端面以下的组织均受到超声的作用,并得到细化.     

新型齿轮超声加工纵向振动系统的设计

在传统的齿轮纵向振动系统中,齿轮与变幅杆耦合处振幅较小,导致齿轮端面输出振幅偏小,满足不了齿轮超声加工的要求.基于非谐振设计理论和全谐设计理论,设计了一种新型齿轮纵向振动系统,该振动系统由齿轮与圆柱杆耦合振动单元、换能器、半波长圆锥形变幅杆组成,齿轮与变幅杆耦合处振幅较大,增大了齿轮端面的输出振幅.圆锥变幅杆形状参数固定时,齿轮分度圆直径和圆柱杆直径对齿轮端面的输出振幅没有影响,减小圆锥变幅杆小端直径可以增大齿轮端面的输出振幅.通过有限元分析和谐振特性实验验证这种新设计方法的可行性.研究结果为齿轮振动系统提供了一种新的设计方法,对齿轮超声加工工艺的工程应用具有重要意义.     

基于共振峰的超声空化声发射信号分析

摘 要：为了简单有效地提取超声空化时频信息而估计空化强度,提出了应用基于全极点线性预测编码模型的共振峰分析方法进行分析,并使用其分析了19kHz超声作用下的空化场的声发射信号。将共振峰分析结果与常用的频谱分析和短时傅利叶分析结果进行了对比,发现共振峰分析方法更能从超声空化声发射信号的中提取出简单但关键的时频信息来。采用共振峰方法的分析结果表明,可以利用空化声发射的共振峰参数如基频频率和相对高频共振峰的幅值来分别反映超声空化的非线性振荡和瞬态空化,进而估计超声空化的强度。     

A novel sensor for monitoring acoustic cavitation. Part I: Concept, theory, and prototype development

This paper describes a new concept for an ultrasonic cavitation sensor designed specifically for monitoring acoustic emissions generated by small microbubbles when driven by an applied acoustic field. Its novel features include a hollow, open-ended, cylindrical shape, with the sensor being a right circular cylinder of height 32 mm and external diameter 38 mm. The internal diameter of the sensor is 30 mm; its inner surface is fabricated from a 110 /spl mu/m layer of piezoelectrically active film whose measurement bandwidth is sufficient to enable acoustic emissions up to and beyond 10 MHz to be monitored. When in use, the sensor is immersed within the liquid test medium and high frequency (megahertz) acoustic emissions occurring within the hollow body of the sensor are monitored. In order to shield the sensor response from events occurring outside the cylinder, the outer surface of the sensor cylinder is encapsulated within a special 4 mm thick polyurethane-based cavitation shield with acoustic properties specifically developed to be minimally perturbing to the 40 kHz applied acoustic field but attenuating to ultrasound generated at megahertz frequencies (plane-wave transmission loss >30 dB at 1 MHz). This paper introduces the rationale behind the new sensor, describing details of its construction and the materials formulation program undertaken to develop the cavitation shield.     

Tensile strength and visible ultrasonic cavitation of superfluid4He

Motion picture photographs of cavitation in He II revealed new characteristics pertinent to the liquid's tensile strength and bubble dynamics. A cylindrical acoustic standing wave with a frequency of 50.58 kHz induced the cavitation in He II at a temperature of 2.09 K. Analysis of light diffracted by the sound gave measurements of the acoustic pressure amplitude which were used both for selecting the best drive frequency and for obtaining the tensile strength. Bubbles appeared to originate on pressure antinodes, expanded to a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm in about 0.3 msec, and eventually fragmented into smaller bubbles. They originated where the negative pressure extremum was as small as –0.6 bar (+0, –50%), a tensile strength much smaller than the predictions of theories developed for the homogeneous nucleation of bubbles in classical liquids. The bubble fragments were frequently nonspherical and had widths of 0.1–0.2 mm. Small bubbles also displayed an unexpected preference to originate on the surface of a stainless steel tube inserted in the sound field. Subsequent to nucleation, bubbles were frequently attracted to acoustic pressure nodes in agreement with a theory of vibrations and forces originally developed for bubbles in normal liquids. Attempts to detect first and second sound radiated by cavitation are described.Work supported by the National Science Foundation Grant DMR75-15628.NSF Predoctoral Fellow.     

A novel sensor for monitoring acoustic cavitation. Part II: Prototype performance evaluation

For Part I see ibid., vol.50, no.10, p.1342 (2003). This paper describes a series of experimental studies to evaluate the performance of newly developed sensors for monitoring broadband acoustic emissions generated by acoustic cavitation. The prototype sensors are fabricated in the form of hollow, open-ended cylinders, whose inner surface is made from a thin film of piezoelectric polymer acting as a passive acoustic receiver of bandwidth greater than 10 MHz. A 4 mm thick coating of special acoustical absorber forms the outer surface of the sensor. The layer functions as a shield to cavitation events occurring outside the hollow sensor body, allowing megahertz acoustic emissions emanating from within the liquid contained in the sensor to be monitored. Testing of the new sensor concept has been carried out within the cavitating field provided by a commercial ultrasonic cleaning vessel operating at 40 kHz whose power output is rated at 1 kW. It is demonstrated that the prototype cavitation sensors are able to record a systematic increase in the level of the high-frequency acoustic spectrum (>1 MHz) as electrical power to the cleaning vessel is increased. Through careful control of the experimental conditions, reproducibility of the high frequency "energy" associated with the cavitation spectrum was found to be typically /spl plusmn/25%.     

超声消除电缆火灾烟雾的实验研究

声波团聚技术是利用高强声场的作用使颗粒物发生相对运动从而碰撞并凝聚,大幅减少悬浮的颗粒物。当今城市地下电缆一旦发生火灾将造成巨大的生命及财产损失。在火场应用声波团聚技术能够大幅提高火场的能见度,有助于人员逃生。文章研究了超声场下消除地下电缆火灾烟雾的效果。首先设计了一款频率为18 kHz的气介式换能器,并对其进行模态分析;随后加工了声源,测试其发声效果。结果表明,换能器在开放空间及团聚室内声压级最高分别可达154.1 dB及158.7 dB。开放空间下输入功率越高、越靠近圆盘中心,声压级越高;团聚室内中间监测点处由于壁面及底部反射作用声压级最高。团聚实验结果表明,在声压级为155 dB、初始透光率为8%时,对于液相烟雾及电缆烟雾,分别在5、15 s内透光率达到60%,这表明在超声场下,团聚效果显著,且团聚效果随声压级的增大而增大。     

超声铸造工具杆端面对铝合金显微疏松的影响

通过对工具杆端面的优化,研究了3种不同端面的工具杆在不同功率下对7050铝合金铸锭中显微疏松形成的影响。实验结果表明：球端面工具杆的作用范围和强度都比较大,距铸锭表面60 mm处显微疏松百分比减少了52.7%;虽然圆锥端面工具杆的作用范围最大,但其声强效果最弱,衰减最快,抑制显微疏松形成的效果最差;平端面工具杆的轴向声...     

The sonically induced cavitation of liquid helium

The onset of sonically induced cavitation in liquid helium at frequencies between 30 and 40 kHz has been studied. In helium II, two types of cavitation activity were identified: acoustic cavitation whose characteristic noise can be detected, and visible cavitation in which vaporous cavities grow to visible size. The onset of acoustic cavitation is statistical in nature with increasing event rates as the sound pressure amplitude is increased and whose threshold depends on the waiting time at that particular amplitude. The acoustic threshold sound pressure amplitude in helium II between 1.8° K andT was found to lie within 0.15 mb of 0.3 mb, the variation of ±0.15 mb occurring from one determination to another, whereas the sound pressure amplitude corresponding to the visible threshold was about a hundred times larger. These two distinct types of sonically induced cavitation appear to be unique to liquid helium. However, aboveT the two thresholds were found to coincide at a sound pressure amplitude within 0.4 mb of 0.8 mb. The characteristics of the onset of acoustic cavitation were found to be independent of applied static pressure of up to 1.5 atm above and belowT and in helium II they were unaffected by filtering, heat flushing, or rotating the liquid. The results suggest that liquid helium is nucleated by random events initiated by the ambient cosmic radiation or by vortices generated in the liquid, and they imply that at ultrasonic frequencies this liquid cannot withstand a tensile stress and behaves in this respect like water saturated with gas and containing dust motes. Attempts to determine the onset of acoustic cavitation by scattering light off the bubbles or by detecting sonoluminescence were not successful: The upper limit to the size of these bubbles was shown to be about 30 µm and the intensity of any sonoluminescence must have been less than 10^–4 of that from cavitating water. The possibilities of exploiting the two types of cavitation activity in liquid helium in the construction of a posttriggerable ultrasonic bubble chamber for visualizing the tracks of ionizing particles are discussed, as are the theoretical background and future development of the work presented in this paper.     

超声波清洗在替代ODS清洗工艺技术中的独特作用

文章通过分析超声清洗技术的原理、特点及其所具有的环保优势，并将超声清洗技术与其它清洗技术进行对比，阐述了超声波清洗在替代ODS清洗工艺技术中的独特作用；通过分析影响超声清洗效果的主要因素，如超声的声强、频率和声场分布，清洗液的粘滞系数、表面张力和流动性，清洗介质的理化性质与清洗能力等，提出了确定超声空化强度和选择清洗介质的基本原则；介绍了超声清洗方式的分类与选择，以及用超声清洗技术替代ODS清洗技术时应该注意的一些问题，指出大功率超声参量与清洗介质物理化学性能参量之间的相互作用对清洗效果有着重要的影响。     

基于性能可调阶梯型变幅杆的超声波振子调谐研究

为减小超声波振子外接负载时其谐振频率漂移的幅度,使用机电等效电路法和COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3有限元仿真软件设计制造了一种基于性能可调阶梯型变幅杆的超声波振子。对该超声波振子的谐振频率进行有限元仿真和现场测试。以超声清洗机为例,搭建与其原理相似的试验装置,以不同液面高度的水作为变幅杆的外接负载,探究在不同外接负载情况下,调节连接在变幅杆处压电晶堆的调谐电感对解决超声波振子谐振频率漂移问题的有效性。试验结果表明：随着水杯中液面高度的增加,超声波振子的谐振频率整体呈上升趋势;通过在变幅杆的压电晶堆处外接调谐电感,超声波振子的谐振频率会得到一定的补偿,可重新回归到原始设定的谐振频率值附近。研究表明在使用超声波振子进行超声辅助加工时,该超声波振子对减小外接负载引起的谐振频率漂移幅度具有一定作用。研究结果可为超声波振子的调谐提供新思路和新方法。