热处理时间对PAN碳纤维性能影响的研究

聚丙烯腈(PAN)碳纤维由有机纤维经过高温处理得到,其结构和性能与热处理时间密切相关。采用固体核磁共振碳谱仪、热失重分析仪、X射线衍射仪和力学性能分析等研究了热处理时间对预氧纤维结构、碳纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明:预氧化时间的延长使环化、脱氢和氧化反应形成的—C═N、C═C、C═CH、C═O含量增加,使预氧纤维的稳定性增强,形成的碳纤维微晶尺寸较小、层间距较大,碳纤维拉伸强度和拉伸模量较大,但体密度较低;随着碳化时间的延长,纤维的热稳定性呈现先下降后增强的趋势,碳纤维的微晶尺寸增大,层间距减小,碳纤维的体密度、拉伸强度和拉伸模量增加。     

碳纤维制造过程中径向差异表征及演变机理

为优化PAN基碳纤维结构,采用AES表征PAN纤维在低温碳化与高温碳化后C,N,O沿纤维径向的分布,并用以阐明预氧化碳化过程径向差异的形成机理.结果表明:预氧丝径向结构不均匀,由外向内氧化程度降低;预氧时物理阻隔与化学阻隔导致径向形成氧浓度梯度,热物理传递与化学反应放热导致径向形成温度梯度.低温碳化时,热物理传递与化学反应放热形成温度梯度加剧了预氧时的径向差异;纤维分3部分,最外层氧含量低,由氧化程度高的预氧皮层外部强烈脱氮脱氧形成,最内层由氧化程度低的预氧芯层转化而成;中间是过渡层,一部分由氧化程度较高的预氧皮层内部少量脱氧脱氮而成,氧含量高,而后过渡到预氧程度低的低含氧量芯部.高碳丝径向组分差异变小,纤维分两部分,外层厚度仅为纤维直径的10%,是碳含量逐渐降低的过渡性皮层,其余部分为组成均一的芯层.     

PAN基碳纤维制备过程中的组成演变

通过对聚丙烯腈(PAN)原丝到碳纤维制备过程各阶段纤维质量和组成的变化的分析,研究了预氧化过程、低温碳化过程和高温碳化过程C、N、H和O的演变规律,结果表明:预氧化过程中伴随着O的结合,纤维中部分N、C和H发生脱除,N和H的脱除量随着O的增加量线性增加,其中1/4左右的H在此阶段脱除;低温碳化阶段是纤维大量脱除非碳成分...     

预氧结构对PAN纤维热裂解行为的影响

通过采用固体~(13)C核磁谱图(~(13)C-NMR)、元素分析(EA)、热失重-红外联用(TG-IR)和拉曼光谱分析仪(Raman)等研究了热处理聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维的结构演变及其热裂解行为。结果表明,随着预氧化温度的升高,环化结构与含氧结构相对含量的比值先升高后降低。过多的含氧结构在后续热裂解过程中携带碳原子脱除,降低了预氧纤维的热稳定性和最终碳纤维的有序度。在充分环化的基础上,环化结构与含氧结构比值为10.39时,PAN预氧纤维热稳定性最佳。     

带型聚丙烯腈纤维制备及其预氧化反应特性研究

采用具有带型喷丝孔的喷丝板湿法纺丝制备带型聚丙烯腈纤维,研究了纺丝牵伸对聚丙烯腈截面形态和力学性能的影响,以及截面形态对聚丙烯腈纤维预氧化反应程度的影响。结果表明:凝固牵伸、一级牵伸和二级牵伸越大,得到的带型聚丙烯腈原丝截面尺寸越小,凝固阶段纤维形变率更大;带型原丝截面尺寸越小,拉伸强度越大。预氧化热处理时,带形纤维截面尺寸越小,预氧纤维体密度越大、H/C含量比值越小、O/C比值越大,表明预氧化反应程度越高。当带形纤维截面短轴尺寸大于圆形纤维直径时,其预氧纤维皮芯比越小。     

氧对聚丙烯腈预氧化环化的促进机理EI北大核心CSCD

通过比较聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维在空气条件下的热重分析(TG)及不同含氧量气氛中的差示扫描量热分析(DSC)结果,发现氧对PAN纤维有增重及对预氧化环化有促进作用。氧化增重是气氛中的氧对PAN分子链氧化的结果,氧化对PAN分子链螺旋结构的解旋有利于PAN预氧化环化。借助于纤维电子强力仪、显微镜等技术,测定了样品PAN的初始模量、断裂强度及断裂模量。统计结果表明,氧通过参加PAN分子链上的反应,促使PAN分子链的螺旋结构解旋,形成了非螺旋结构,有利于分子内的环化反应,提高了预氧化环化的速度及质量。     

氧对聚丙烯腈预氧化环化的促进机理

通过比较聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维在空气条件下的热重分析(TG)及不同含氧量气氛中的差示扫描量热分析(DSC)结果,发现氧对PAN纤维有增重及对预氧化环化有促进作用。氧化增重是气氛中的氧对PAN分子链氧化的结果,氧化对PAN分子链螺旋结构的解旋有利于PAN预氧化环化。借助于纤维电子强力仪、显微镜等技术,测定了样品PAN的初始模量、断裂强度及断裂模量。统计结果表明,氧通过参加PAN分子链上的反应,促使PAN分子链的螺旋结构解旋,形成了非螺旋结构,有利于分子内的环化反应,提高了预氧化环化的速度及质量。     

黄麻纤维基炭纤维的制备

黄麻纤维经预氧化和炭化后制备出低成本炭纤维。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究黄麻纤维在空气和氩气中的热行为。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、元素分析仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究预氧化过程中黄麻纤维的化学结构和晶体结构,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究黄麻纤维的形貌变化。最佳的预氧化温度范围为250~340℃。在250℃黄麻纤维发生显著的氧化反应,CO官能团强度也达到最大值。同时,纤维素晶态结构消失并出现一新的环化结构。随着温度由250℃升高到340℃,CO官能团强度逐渐减弱而环化结构逐步发展。黄麻纤维基碳纤维(JBCFs)的拉伸强度与环化结构的特征峰值成正比,与CO官能团强度无关。黄麻纤维基碳纤维(JBCFs)的最大拉伸强度达到(200.4±41.0)MPa。     

氧化处理对煤沥青基中间相炭微球自烧结炭块性能的影响

采用氧化处理得到自烧结性良好的中间相沥青炭微球（MCMB），通过热压成型、炭化等工艺制备了高性能的各向同性炭块，经300℃氧化45min后的中间相炭微球热压成型后1000℃炭化1h制得的炭块密度为1.64g/cm^3、弯曲强度达99.5MPa，详细研究了不同氧化温度和时间对各向同性炭块的密度，弯曲强度、体积收缩率、断面形态等的影响，元素分析、XPS等测试分析结果表明：随着氧化程度的加深，MCMB中氧含是逐渐增加，H、C含量逐渐降低，H/C比也逐渐降低，微球中的塑性组分β树脂被氧化成羟基、羰基、羧基等含氧官能团，微球的芳香度增加，从而降低了中间相沥青炭微球的塑性流动性。     

流态化预氧化PAN基纤维性能的研究

采用流态化预氧化技术对PAN基纤维进行预氧化实验,并对不同工艺方案下制得的预氧丝进行了氧含量、体密度、XRD、红外光谱等测试与分析。纤维经45min流态化预氧化后氧含量达到10.1%,体密度达到1.38g/cm3,XRD、红外光谱结果显示纤维发生了环化、脱氢的化学反应和组织结构变化,最终转变为耐热的梯形结构。实验结果说明,通过进一步优化工艺,流态化预氧化技术可以在保证预氧化质量的同时,大幅缩短预氧化时间,降低生产成本。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.