微通道换热器在热管/蒸气压缩复合空调机组中的应用

热管与蒸气压缩复合空调机组是适用于基站等高发热空间的全年制冷解决方案,在能效、成本和运行维护方面均具有良好的优势。但是复合空调机组换热器尺寸比传统基站空调尺寸大很多,造成整机产品体积大、质量大,在移动通信基站的商业化应用中受到制约。为此,本文提出基于微通道换热器在热管/蒸气压缩复合空调机组中应用的技术方案,与采用铜管铝翅片换热器的热管/蒸气压缩复合空调机组进行试验对比分析。试验结果表明,采用微通道换热器技术,室内机宽度和高度分别减小16%和17%,质量减小22%,室外机宽度和高度分别减小21%和24%,质量减小28%。整机能效比在蒸气压缩制冷工况下提高6.4%,在热管制冷工况下提高4.7%。同时该技术方案较好解决微通道蒸发器翅片冷凝水排水不畅、蒸发器制冷剂分配不均等技术问题。     

两种动力型分离式热管系统的试验研究

针对数据中心自然冷却需求,研究气体动力型分离式热管与液体动力型分离式热管,设计10kW复合空调样机,在标准焓差法试验室进行性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差达到20℃时,即可利用气体动力型分离式热管替代蒸气压缩式制冷系统(相同制冷量),实现节能8%~10%;当室内外温差达到30℃时,液体动力型分离式热管系统制冷量可以达到设计指标,能效比EER为8.3,气体动力型分离式热管系统能效比EER为7.4;动力型分离式热管可以改善制冷剂在系统中的分布状态,液体动力型分离式热管可以提高蒸发温度,降低蒸发侧换热温差,气体动力型分离式热管可以提高冷凝温度和冷凝侧换热温差。     

热管/蒸气压缩复合空调原理及其在高发热量空间的应用效果分析

移动通讯基站与网络数据机房等高发热量空间由于需要全年供冷,空调能耗很高。热管/蒸气压缩复合制冷技术是一种将分离式热管和蒸气压缩式制冷有机融合,实现两者优势互补的高效冷却技术。本文阐述热管/蒸气压缩复合制冷技术的工作原理与节能机制,并将开发的热管/蒸气压缩空调机组在全国南北多个基站中进行长期试点应用,实测结果表明,机组运行稳定、室内温度控制良好,在同等条件下,比常规基站空调节能30%~45%。该机组的设计原理与应用结果为各种类型热管/蒸气压缩复合制冷机组的研发和应用奠定基础。     

采用微通道蒸发器的分离式热管充液率实验研究

采用微通道换热器作为分离式热管的蒸发器,在充液率为80%~150%之间进行了实验研究。实验测量了微通道蒸发器换热量、管壁温度分布及系统EER,分析了不同充液率下微通道蒸发器的工作状态,计算了蒸发器传热系数,实验结果表明:微通道蒸发器换热量随室内外温差的增大而增大,分离式热管最佳充液率为120%左右。此外,与翅片管蒸发器进行了实验对比,在换热量相当的条件下,微通道蒸发器重量减轻了45%,系统工质充注量降低了51.9%,系统EER提高了2.8%。     

分离式热管蓄冷空调系统充冷性能实验研究

文章阐述了分离式热管蓄冷空调系统工作原理,建立了分离式热管蓄冷空调系统实验装置,并对其充冷性能进行了实验研究.该系统的制冷量能够维持稳定,能效比稳定在2.6～3.8之间;系统的蓄冷率可达到55%,其蓄冷量随时间近似成线性增加;热管蓄冷器内介质压力能够稳定在0.4MPa至0.3MPa之间,热管蓄冷器能够稳定运行;热管介质的进口温度能够稳定在-10～-12℃范围,并随着蓄冷过程的进行,热管介质进出口温差越来越小.     

冰箱冷藏控温系统中分离式热管的传热性能

本文提出了将分离式热管与直冷冰箱板管蒸发器相结合的新方案,在-25℃的冷源温度下,测试了热源温度为5、8、12℃下热管的稳态传热功率,获得了分离式热管的最佳充注量为120 g。基于该充注量下冷藏室内的降温过程,对系统内部各参数的变化进行了研究分析。实验结果表明:启动10 min左右,分离式热管内部参数基本达到稳定。分离式热管可以在60 min内使冰箱冷藏室内温度从16℃降至5℃,在135 min内降到0℃。通过电磁阀的自动开停控制,维持冷藏室内温度为8℃时,单周期运行时间约为6.5 min,停止时间约为42.8 min,开停比率约为15.2%,控温精度达到1.1℃,优于普通直冷冰箱2.5℃的控温精度,初步验证了分离式热管具有良好的传热特性及控温性能。     

自然冷却技术在机房空调中的应用现状

利用自然冷却技术是实现数据机房节能减排的重要途径,分析、调研现有自然冷却技术在机房空调领域运用情况,结果表明:新风或气-气热交换器技术适用性较差,难以满足机房空气品质以及机房空调可靠性要求;重力型分离式热管系统成本低,只适用于具有足够安装位置的场合;动力型分离式热管系统的推广受制冷剂泵价格的限制,它只适用于负荷较大(≥30 kW)的空调产品;变频多联技术为数据中心低成本、区域化、高效冷却提供新的解决方案,变频热管系统以及动力型热管背板系统成本低、适用性高,为研发数据中心冷却技术开辟新思路。     

动力型分离式热管设计与试验研究

为了研发数据机房用蒸气压缩/热管复合型环控系统,进行动力型分离式热管模块的设计和性能试验。热管系统采用平行流冷凝器和管片式蒸发器,由屏蔽泵提供循环动力,并由调节阀控制供液量。在标准焓差法试验室进行热管模块的制冷性能试验,结果表明：1热管系统在设定工况的制冷性能达到设计指标,验证热管系统参数匹配的合理性和实用性;2热管模块的制冷量、EER与室内外温差近似为线性关系;3液泵驱动的动力型分离式热管系统运行稳定、可靠,解决了重力型分离式热管的运行稳定性问题,简化了系统的安装,易于实施流量调节和能量控制。     

热管型机房空调系统设计与分析

针对数据机房、基站全天候空气调节需求,提出一种新型热管型机房空调系统,并设计制造额定制冷量为13 kW的热管型机房空调样机,在标准焓差实验室进行性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差Δt≥13℃时,可利用室外自然冷源构造出具有节能效益的准热管,在满足13 kW制冷能力前提下,EER提高5%~35%;当Δt≥23℃时,系统运行热管模式,EER提高35%以上;在不增加成本的前提下,热管型机房空调全年能效比(AEER)较具有同等能力定速型、变频型机房空调分别高40%和20%以上;该技术为低成本节能型机房空调产品的开发开辟新思路。     

气体增压型复合空调机组研发及全年运行能效分析

针对数据中心机房全天候排热降温需求,提出融合蒸气压缩式制冷循环和气体增压分离式热管循环的气体增压型复合空调机组技术方案,设计额定制冷量为10 kW的复合空调样机,并在焓差试验室进行变工况性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差大于20℃时,即可采用气体增压分离式热管循环替代常规蒸气压缩式制冷循环(两者制冷量相等),且节能率约为8%;机组的能效比EER与室内外温差近似呈线性趋势增长,当室内外温差为30℃时,其节能率达到70%;其全年能效比AEER比常规蒸气压缩式机房空调高40%。该技术为数据中心、信息基站等高发热量空间的低成本、高能效控温需求提供新的途径。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.