运载火箭低温蓄压器热缓冲测压导管优化设计

蓄压器是抑制运载火箭纵向耦合振动的关键部件。本文针对低温蓄压器热缓冲测压导管进行了模态分析、疲劳寿命计算及优化设计。基于有限元分析方法获取热缓冲测压导管静载预应力、随机振动应力谱密度曲线,采用Goodman直线法进行静载修正;基于Miner线性损伤累积理论及Dirlik方法计算了热缓冲测压导管的疲劳寿命;基于受迫振动动力学方程,推导了共振状态下热缓冲测压导管能量的集中表达形式,提出了低温蓄压器测压导管优化改进方法和措施。通过合理布局、优化设计,实现了低温蓄压器热缓冲测压导管固有频率的调整,避开了振动激励高能量区,提高了热缓冲测压导管的抗振疲劳性能。     

液体火箭POGO振动分析的矢量拟合法

针对液体火箭的POGO振动现有分析方法存在不足的问题。建立了火箭推进-结构系统的传递函数,采用矢量拟合法对传递函数进行有理分式拟合,借助稳态图法确定传递函数稳定的极点,进而通过极点分布判断POGO稳定性;进一步分析了蓄压器不同设计状态对POGO振动的抑制效果并与临界阻尼法进行了对比。结果表明矢量拟合法比临界阻尼法具有更高的精度,并确定蓄压器PV值在0.157～0.196 MPaL范围内抑制效果最好;该方法可为其它液体火箭的POGO振动抑制提供参考。     

运载火箭低温蓄压器绝热支架设计及验证

蓄压器是航天运载器中抑制火箭纵向耦合振动(POGO振动)的重要部件。本文基于新一代运载火箭低温蓄压器传感器、充气手阀的使用需求,开展了玻纤增强聚醚醚酮注塑成型绝热支架设计,实测了玻纤增强聚醚醚酮的材料物性,并进行了绝热效果仿真分析,基于传热学理论,分析了蓄压器表面自然对流系数随表面温度的变化情况,将其应用于传热有限元分析,得到了绝热支架的温度分布及变化过程。绝热支架绝热效果试验验证结果表明,绝热设计有效,满足使用要求。     

蓄压器膜盒机械刚度对液体火箭POGO振动影响研究

在以往的POGO分析中,蓄压器的模型并未考虑膜盒机械刚度。但试验表明,蓄压器金属膜盒具有一定机械刚度,尤其是在受到较大压缩时,机械刚度会很大。较大的机械刚度会降低蓄压器的总柔度,影响蓄压器对POGO的抑制效果。基于气液接触面的力平衡条件和流量连续方程,推导了考虑膜盒机械刚度的蓄压器动力学模型。并将新模型应用于某型号火箭的POGO稳定分析,分析了蓄压器膜盒刚度对POGO稳定性的影响。仿真结果表明,考虑膜盒机械刚度的蓄压器动力学模型比传统模型有更高的计算精度。因此在工程实际中考虑膜盒机械刚度的POGO稳定性分析结果更加准确可靠。     

低温运载火箭POGO抑制系统研究

在调研国外低温运载火箭抑制纵向耦合振动方案及结构的基础上,对各种可行性方案进行分析研究,从贮气型结构的气腔结构选型、消除温度对能量值的影响、低温绝热、低温结构密封、低温充气测压方案及注气型结构的注入气总量和单位流量的控制、充气测压方案等关键难点技术分析,对比双层整体套装波纹式蓄压器、双侧金属膜盒式蓄压器、囊式蓄压器、注气型蓄压器的先进性、继承性、复杂性、工作寿命、工艺性、经济性、使用维护性、可靠性等方面情况,分析对比结果表明,双侧金属膜盒式蓄压器是中国低温运载火箭抑制纵向耦合问题的最为合理可靠的方案.     

深冷液体储罐液位计取压结构与指示稳定性研究

低温储罐差压液位计液相取压的干式取压器结构设计是否合理,是影响深冷液体储罐液位指示稳定性及准确性的关键因素。本文就液相取压点干式取压结构设计中,导入热量如何有效用于加热取样液体及其影响进行分析,进行各种设计结构产品试制及试验,从而寻求出卧式深冷液体储罐差压液位计液相干式取压器结构的最合理设计。     

液体火箭POGO振动缩聚模型研究

针对液体火箭POGO模型中推进系统模型难以降阶的问题,提出了一种POGO模型缩聚的方法。利用广义逆迭代法只对输送管路的有限元模型模态分解,选取管路任意阶次模态方程与其余部件的方程组合得到推进系统的缩聚模型,进而与结构系统模态方程耦合得到POGO振动缩聚模型。当蓄压器作为纯柔性元件或非纯柔性元件时,缩聚模型的维度由管路的模态变量、结构模态变量再加1或2组成。模型的维度大大降低且算例表明其具有很高的精度。基于缩聚模型研究了某液体火箭蓄压器能量值和惯性对POGO稳定性的影响。研究得出,对于纯柔性或非纯柔性的蓄压器设计,能量值和惯性对不同时刻耦合模型稳定性具有不同的、非单调的影响规律。当耦合而导致结构系统频率大幅降低时,合理的调节蓄压器的能量值或惯性可以显著的增大结构耦合阻尼比,增强结构的稳定性。     

基于LabVIEW的液压多功能试验台开发

设计并开发了用于测试某型蓄压器以及作动器的多功能试验台,同时采用工控机作为上位机,PLC作为下位机开发了基于LabVIEW的该多功能试验台的测控系统。经试验其效果良好,可完全满足使用要求。     

大型液体火箭结构纵横扭振动与推进系统耦合(POGO)稳定性分析

大型液体火箭结构振动模态空间分布的特征,导致结构横向和扭转振动对传统POGO回路稳定性产生影响。对此,基于改进的Rubin建模方法,建立了结构纵横扭振动与推进系统液路脉动耦合的POGO回路模型。该模型具有非奇异的优点,可以直接应用于频域分析和时域仿真。基于该模型分析了中国某型号液体火箭推进系统的泵增益和蓄压器能量值等重要参数对结构纵向振动以及横向和扭转振动稳定性的影响。研究得出,泵增益的增大不仅使结构纵向第2、4阶模态不稳定也使结构横向第2阶不稳定。通过调节蓄压器能量值,不但可使结构纵向失稳的模态由不稳定变为稳定,也使结构横向失稳的模态由不稳定变为稳定,说明该型号液体火箭的推进系统不仅与结构系统的纵向模态存在耦合作用,也与横向模态存在耦合作用。因此,对于大型液体捆绑火箭,在研究POGO稳定性时分析结构纵横扭振动与推进系统的耦合作用是有必要的。     

基于电磁作动器的SPWM振动主动控制技术研究

开发了一种采用电磁作动器的SPWM振动主动控制系统。简单介绍了电磁作动器的数学模型，通过仿真分析与试验分析了解了作动器的作动特性。阐述了SPWM的调制原理与频谱分析。对某中型货车发动机振动主动控制系统进行了控制规律研究，并应用单片机技术对控制系统进行了减振试验验证。结果表明发动机振动衰减明显，该振动主动控制系统的设计是可行的。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.