Patent-bibliometric analysis on the Chinese science — technology linkages

The purpose of this study is to explore the character and pattern of the linkage between science and technology in China, based on the database of United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The analysis is focused on the period 1995–2004, a rapid increasing period for Chinese US patents. Using the scientific non-patent references (NPRs) within patents, we investigate the science-technology connection in the context of Chinese regions as well as industrial sectors classified by International Patent Classification (IPC). 11 technological domains have been selected to describe the science intensity of the technology. The results suggest that the patents and the corresponding scientific citations are related in different ways. Finally, we match the scientific NPRs to the Science Citation Index (SCI) covered publications to identify the core journals and categories. It reveals that the scientific references covered by SCI show a skewed distribution not only in journals but also in categories.     

Patent information from the Polish Patent Office

The Polish Patent Office activity within the scope of its patent information policy—with emphasis on the changes since the 1990s—is described. In addition to aspects of patent searching, such as documentation and databases, dissemination activities, for example education and training, and the role of Patent Information Centres, is covered. New challenges associated with the promotion of intellectual property protection and its role for the economy are also highlighted.     

Chinese patent applications reach six figures in 1996

Since the Chinese Patent Office started accepting patent applications on 1 April 1985, the yearly patent application number has increased steadily, although a sluggish period appeared later. The Office expected to reach the 100,000 year mark in the last year of the century, that also will be the end of the national “Ninth Five-year Plan” period. However, the promotion of science and technology and the sustained and rapid economic growth in the country have shown China to be a huge potential market, and this has contributed to a recent sharp increase in patent applications both from home and abroad. The number of applications filed in 1996 reached 102,735, 23.7% higher than the total number of 83,044 made in 1995. Of the 1996 applications, 80% came from domestic applicants and 20% were of foreign origin. The Chinese Patent Office granted 43,780 patents in the same year. A faster examination process of better quality and a more efficient overall administration procedure were scheduled at the Patent Office in order to cope with the new challenge.     

China's patent system: A healthy two year old

In April China's patent system was two years old and the article describes its successful progress. By the end of February 1987 the patent bureau had handled a total of 35 943 applications, 10 358 of which were from overseas. Apart from the Beijing-based headquarters and a branch office in Shanghai, the Chinese Patent Bureau has set up offices for administrators in five other major cities. Also, in 270 agencies across the country over 7000 patent agents assist applicants. The annual input of applications is expected to rise to 30 000 by 1990.     

Survey of the information services of the library of the German patent office

The library of the German Patent Office which is among the latgest libraries in Germany, serves both as internal library for the Patent Office and the Federal Patent Court and as a public library.This article describes both the library's holdings of patent documents and technical literature and the various searching aids placed at the disposal of the users.     

Lithuanian Patent Specifications on CD-ROM

After Lithuania declared its independence on 11 March 1990, it started re-establishing national industrial property legislation. In 1991, the State Patent Bureau was established; between 1991 and 1995, the Lithuanian legislation on the protection of Company Names, Trademarks and Service Marks, Patents and Industrial Designs was accepted. During 1992–1994, Lithuania became a member of the Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), and a Cooperation and Extension Agreement with the European Patent Organisation (EPO) for the extension of European Patents to Lithuania.This paper reviews the information process of the Industrial Property protected in Lithuania (including European Patent Applications and European Patents), illustrated by statistics on Lithuanian Industrial Property documents published, reports on the qualities of the PRECES CD-ROM on which Lithuanian Patent Specifications are included, and presents directions for the improvement of the Lithuanian Industrial Property Dissemination System.     

有源便携式正负压校准仪的研制

从医学计量测试的实际需要出发，以精密浮球式压力计为基础组件研制了“有源便携式正、负压检测校准仪”，已在多家医院对数百台精密血压表、数字压力计、真空（负压表）、工作血压计等，作了成功的检测、校准。该项成果已申办了中国专利。     

Update on the CFIB,the French Speaking Patent Information User Group

Over the last few years, the French Patent Information User Group (CFIB) has re-organized itself and considerably developed its activities. This article is an overview of the association's current activities.     

浅析我国专利标准化存在的问题和企业的专利标准化策略

本文对国内外的专利标准化现状和我国专利标准化存在的问题进行了分析,同时简要介绍了《国家标准涉及专利的规定（暂行）》,并据此对我国企业的专利标准化策略提出建议。     

Foreign applications at the Japan Patent Office - An empirical analysis of selected growth factors

This article aims to evaluate some of the possible factors which could have had a significant role in the increase in the yearly number of foreign patent applications at the Japan Patent Office. The analysed period ranges from 1991 to 2005. In the years considered, foreign applications increased constantly while the number of domestic filings remained almost the same or even decreased. The increase is more striking when compared to analogous figures of the US Patent and Trademark Office and the European Patent Office, where the corresponding ratio did not change too much in the same period. Building on previous literature, this paper analyses the impact of some macroeconomic and structural characteristics of the extending countries, on one side, and, on the other side, some features specific to the receiving country and its Patent Office (here Japan and the JPO). This work tries to capture the relevance of such drivers in the increased amount of foreign patent applications at the JPO.     

AIDB, the Italian Patent Information Users Group

The Italian Patent Information Users Group (AIDB—Associazione Italiana Documentalisti Brevettuali) was founded on February 24, 2004. At the end of that year, AIDB had 58 members, coming from different environments such as industry, private practice, public institutions, and content providers. During its first months of existence, AIDB coordinated various activities such as checking the extent and quality of documentation services offered by the Italian Patent and Trade Mark Office (UIBM), and promoting discussions about suitable certification schemes for professional patent searchers. In November 2004, AIDB organized a two-day national patent information conference, focused on the business impact of patent information and on the certification of patent searchers.     

The patent system and the medium-sized industry

The statistics of the German Patent Office reveal that the majority of patent applications are filed by small and medium-sized industries (SMI) or private inventors and so confirm the importance of this sector for the technological innovation. However, many SMI do not make full use of the possible protection patenting offers them, and the importance for SMI of exploiting the patent literature as a source of technical information has only recently been acknowledged. There are many possible explanations of this reticence on the part of SMI, a number of them are analysed in the article, together with the advantages of patent protection. It is concluded that the Patent Office ought to make an effort to make access to its stock of information easier and more effective.     

Patent information services in India with special reference to drugs and pharmaceuticals

Patent information is useful to a wide spectrum of users. Chemical patent information is particularly useful to those concerned with innovations in this area, as the chemical patent literature is almost of the same size as the chemical journal literature. National and International patent laws and treaties greatly influence the size of patent literature, its dissemination and exploitation for economic development. Paris Convention, WIPO and PCT programmes have all played an important role in the field of patent information. In India, patent information has a very significant role to play because the country's present law offers wide-ranging opportunities from adaptive development on a foreign patent to its commercialization. Patent information services in India are provided by several organisations which include the Patent Office Headquarters at Calcutta and its branches at New Delhi, Bombay and Madras; Patent Information System, Nagpur; National Informatics Centre, New Delhi; Patent Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi; Technical Information Cell, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Hyderabad; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune and National Information Centre for Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, Lucknow. Many of these organisations cover all areas of technology whereas others are restricted to particular disciplines. National Information Centre for Drugs and Pharmaceuticals is one such specialised centre restricted to only drugs and pharmaceutical. Its services such as patent bulletin and patent searches on selected drugs have been well accepted by the users. The Centre's holdings of foreign patent literature are meagre and need to be strengthened by acquiring them mainly from the U.S.A., France, F.R.G., Japan, Italy and Switzerland which are the top six nations responsible for introducing new drug substances. With a computer now installed at the Centre, the Centre should acquire INPADOC database and collaborate with existing Patent Information System, Nagpur and National Informatics Centre, New Delhi for better services. A survey of the patent information services in the countries of Asia and the Pacific carried out by the International Bureau of WIPO has put India in the first category because here information services are rendered by both the Industrial property organisation and other outside agencies.     

The Patent Asset Index – A new approach to benchmark patent portfolios

Patent metrics are increasingly used to assess the competitive position of technology-oriented firms. Patent rankings and patent scoreboards are popular methods to benchmark patent portfolios of firms against each other. Existing rankings, however, have methodological limitations that significantly reduce the meaningfulness of these benchmarks for managers, investors and other stakeholders. In this paper, we develop a new benchmarking methodology that overcomes limitations of existing approaches and offers a more accurate assessment of a firm’s patent portfolio vis-à-vis its competitors. Firms are ranked according to the Patent Asset Index, which is derived from a set of newly developed patent indicators. These indicators are empirically validated and reflect more accurately the value of patents. We apply the new benchmarking method in the global chemical industry and contrast our findings with those of other existing patent portfolio rankings.     

Patent analyses in the changed legal regime of the US Patent Law since 2001

In 2001, a new ruling for the publication of patent applications at the United States Patent and Trademark Office came into effect. Since then, all applications which are also filed with foreign offices have to be published 18 months after the application date, in analogy to the ruling in Europe and Japan. This new regime replaces the former system where only granted patents were published. With about 70% of all applications the share of pre-grant publications of applications of US origin is quite high, allowing new types of statistical analysis. In particular, the investigations of time series based on priority years instead of grant years can thus be performed much more topically. On the one hand, a larger dataset for applications of US origin is available; on the other hand, the sample of applications from Asian countries is generally much larger at the US Patent Office than at the European Patent Office. Despite these new opportunities, searches at low levels of aggregation by codes of the International Patent Classification still have to be handled with care.     

专利数据标准验证研究

本文研究了专利行业标准所规范的数据的合法性验证,通过举例方式,对数据标准验证的内容和方法进行探索和研究,并给出了适合的方法和结论.     

The U.S. patent classification or the international patent classification: Which system should the people's Republic of China adopt?

The philosophy, principle and structure of the US Patent Classification and of the International Patent Classification are discussed and compared. It is found that the IPC is easier for the public to use, and since it is internationally applied, it should be adopted by the People's Republic of China.     

Searching the Patent Space

The Patent Space is a model to explain different kinds of patent searches in an illustrative and comprehensible way to laymen in the field of patents and patent searches, e.g. to customers like R + D staff or members of the Board. The most important kinds of patent searches are shown as examples of the applications of the ‘Patent Space’ concept.     

A reply to Etzkowitz’ comments to Leydesdorff and Martin (2010): technology transfer and the end of the Bayh–Dole effect

Three periods can be distinguished in university patenting at the U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) since the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980: (1) a first period of exponential increase in university patenting till 1995 (filing date) or 1999 (issuing date); (2) a period of relative decline since 1999; and (3) in most recent years—since 2008—a linear increase in university patenting. We argue that this last period is driven by specific non-US universities (e.g., Tokyo University and Chinese University) patenting increasingly in the USA as the most competitive market for high-tech patents.