空气源热泵抑霜除霜技术分析

结霜是降低空气源热泵冬季制热能力的主要因素之一，目前解决结霜问题的主要技术路线是抑霜和高效率除霜。本文通过总结国内外学者对空气源热泵抑霜除霜技术的研究工作，分析目前抑霜和除霜技术的优缺点及其适用性。研究显示：改变蒸发器进口空气参数以及改变蒸发器结构等都能够起到抑霜的作用，无能耗或仅带来较小的能耗；电热除霜以额外消耗电能为代价，在冰箱中应用较多；逆循环除霜和热气旁通除霜是目前常用的除霜方式，但只适用于小型制冷、热泵装置；蓄能除霜尚处于试验和模拟阶段；未来需要开发一种能量损失更小、持续制热且不停机的新型除霜方式。     

空气源热泵结霜机理及除霜/抑霜技术研究进展

结霜导致蒸发器的热阻增加,传热系数降低,系统COP减小,制约了空气源热泵的推广应用。本文在表面结霜机理研究现状的基础上,总结了影响结霜的各种因素相应除霜/抑霜技术,综述了逆循环、热气旁通和电加热三种常用除霜方法的研究进展,概括了改变空气参数、表面温度和换热器结构的抑霜效果,以及表面改性抑霜技术的研究现状。指出霜导热系数模型的局限性及除霜/抑霜技术存在的问题,提出今后应结合多种措施着重探索对水蒸气凝结、冷凝水冻结、霜层回融和塌陷等阶段均有较强抑制作用的抑霜技术。     

基于变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术的家用空气源热泵制热性能分析

在低环境温度工况下，传统空气源热泵存在制热量不足、制热性能系数(COP)低等问题，这导致其热舒适性差和运行经济性差，阻碍了空气源热泵技术在北方寒冷地区的应用。本文将变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术应用于家用空气源热泵，研究结果表明：该热泵的低温运行工况可低至-35℃;-15℃制热工况的COP可达到1.92;-30℃制热工况下，热泵出风口温度可达47℃。     

空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜理论研究

针对大中型空气源热泵系统除霜,提出一种空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统,该系统能够实现除霜时不停止制热。为分析系统的结霜/除霜特性,建立空气源热泵蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统理论模型。通过模拟研究蒸发器并联轮换除霜系统结霜/除霜过程中霜层和系统制热性能随运行时间的变化情况。结果表明,在环境温度-5℃,相对湿度80%时,系统运行60 min时,室外机霜层厚度已影响机组正常运行;在运行40 min时开始运行除霜,除霜周期为15.76 min,获得的最大制热量为7.94 kW,最大制热COP为2.77。     

空气源热泵除霜控制方法研究现状及展望

空气源热泵在除霜过程中“误除霜”事故时有发生,“有霜不除”会导致机组制热能力和性能下降,“无霜除霜”会导致系统供热量损失,因此空气源热泵在除霜时最佳除霜起止点的判定尤为重要。除霜控制是通过选择恰当的除霜切入点和结束点,使除霜周期内空气源热泵系统稳定性好、节能以及能保证室内的热舒适。本文通过总结国内外学者对除霜控制方法的研究,分析了直接测量霜层厚度、间接监测结霜程度以及通过智能算法输出除霜起止条件三种除霜控制方法的局限性,分别从人工智能除霜控制方法的研究,抑霜技术与除霜控制方法的结合,除霜控制方法的评价体系方面对今后的研究方向作出展望。     

改善空气源热泵结霜对机组性能影响的实验与分析

空气源热泵热水器是一种新型的热水器,具有安全、节能、环保等特点,但是它受环境温度影响较大。从目前空气源热泵的实际运行效果来看,这类机组在气温偏低且相对湿度比较大的地区制热运行时仍不理想,主要原因是蒸发器结霜及除霜造成的供热能力下降。本文基于实验研究,提出了改善或延缓空气源热水器室外换热器结霜的方法,以减少霜层对机组性能的影响。     

复叠式空气源热泵蓄能除霜与常规除霜特性实验研究

针对复叠式空气源热泵在冬季寒冷地区供热运行中遇到的结霜和除霜问题,本文提出增设蓄热器的蓄能复叠式空气源热泵除霜系统,通过实验研究了该系统间断制热蓄能除霜及不间断制热蓄能除霜两种除霜模式下的除霜特性,并与常规复叠式空气源热泵采用的低温级热气旁通除霜方式进行对比分析。结果表明:采用蓄能除霜方法的除霜时间较旁通除霜减少71.4%~77.6%,系统除霜能耗降低65.1%~85.2%,机组除霜运行更稳定、可靠。     

广义空气源热泵制热/除霜周期的性能模型

常规空气源热泵和无霜空气源热泵可以统称为广义空气源热泵。本文分析了广义空气源热泵在制热/除霜(再生)过程的物理特征和能耗特点,并应用热力学原理建立了描述一个制热/除霜(再生)周期的热泵性能评价模型,推导出描述制热/除霜(再生)周期内的系统能效比COPs的通用表达式,据此分析不同类型空气源热泵存在性能差异的根本原因和性能优化方向。该模型为无霜空气源热泵技术路线的选择提供了一定的理论支持,同时可为各类空气源热泵的季节性能评价和适用性评判提供新的视角和基础工具。     

基于低温空气含湿量的太阳能耦合空气源热泵热水系统性能分析

利用TRNEdit与宏编辑器,通过对TRNSYS软件空气源热泵模块蒸发器部件的数学模型优化,新建太阳能耦合空气源热泵模块,综合判断基于低温空气含湿量的太阳能蒸发集热器结霜除霜对于耦合热泵热水系统制热性能的影响。在太原地区典型气象年低温空气含湿量典型日工况下,相比同型号常规热泵热水系统,耦合热泵热水系统的平均COP_h提高7.7%,耗电量节省6.9%,具有较好的节能效益。     

制冷剂分配器对空气源热泵机组制热性能的影响

针对空气源热泵机组在制热工况下出现频繁结霜/除霜现象、制热能力变差以及可靠性下降问题,通过分析发现制冷剂分配器的选型不当或设计不合理是造成上述问题的主要原因之一。对空气源热泵机组中常用的孔板式制冷剂分配器的应用进行研究及改进设计,并进行对比测试。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.