非球面在线检测的系统误差分离与修正

为了解决非球面在线检测的系统误差问题,针对系统误差产生的机理、误差的数学模型、分离方法以及补偿方法进行了研究.提出一种将空间误差投影到不同平面上进行分析从而解决测量系统误差的新方法并建立了各系统误差的数学模型.根据最小二乘法的基本思想,建立了基于标准球面的系统误差分离数学模型,得到了各参数的最小二乘估计值,并利用误差修正模型进行了校正.利用标准球面进行测量实验,验证了该方法的有效性和精确性.实验结果表明所提出的解决测量系统误差的思路可行,最终可使测量系统精度达到1μm数量级,从而满足精磨阶段在线检测的需要.     

半导体激光器在尺寸测量系统中的应用

本文介绍的尺寸测量系统采用半导体激光器作光源,可对非回转体类零件的位置尺寸进行非接触在线测量,并可根据测量结果实时输出反馈控制信号,对生产过程实现闭环控制和在线检测.本文最后还给出了实验结果和误差分析,根据数据对比可知,该测量系统的测量误差≤±4μm.     

胶球清洗装置收球率低的原因分析及改进措施

保持凝汽器真空和较小的端差,是提高机组热效率的方法之一。胶球清洗装置可以实现在线清洗,具有劳动强度低、安全可靠等优点,成为减小凝汽器端差、提高机组热效率和降低煤耗的有效手段被普遍采用。针对我厂#8机凝汽器胶球清洗装置收球率低的状况,通过对影响收球率的原因进行分析并提出相应的预防措施,以提高胶球清洗装置的清洗效果,保持凝汽器管束的清洁,确保机组安全平稳的运行。     

CNC机床在线测量系统校准方法研究

目前CNC机床在线测量系统的校准方法在国内有用激光干涉仪、标准量块等一些用于企业的针对性方法,缺少适用于计量校准机构的校准方法,本文根据该系统的工作原理,对CNC机床在线测量系统的校准方法进行研究,提出几项计量特性参数,并结合实际情况设计了校准方案,研制了校准用计量标准器,分析了数据的处理方法。经研究表明,本文的校准方案切实可行,为CNC机床在线测量系统提供了技术依据。     

基于广义倒频谱的无缝钢管在线高精度测厚技术

 为了满足无缝钢管在线高精度测厚的需求,开展了基于广义倒频谱测厚技术的研究.分析了传统测厚算法的缺点,提出一种基于广义倒频谱的无缝钢管在线测厚方法,此算法结合了相关分析和倒频谱的综合优势,处理后的波形峰值尖锐,提高了测厚精度;在此基础上对在线系统钢管旋转造成的声程误差进行了补偿.实验结果证明该方法测量精度高,实时性强,适用于工业无缝钢管在线高精度检测系统.     

单相机光学三坐标测量系统测头半径标定方法

精确、快捷的测头半径标定是单相机光学三坐标测量系统实现在线测量的重要前提。本文提出一种基于高精度圆柱孔特征的测头半径标定方法。首先,将测头在高精度柱孔表面均匀采样多个观测点。其次,利用圆柱面拟合方法,得到观测点够构成的虚拟圆柱面,并估计出其参数。最后,将高精度柱孔与虚拟圆柱面的半径之差作为测头半径标定结果输出。实验结果表明,该方法可以在单相机光学三坐标测量系统在线测量过程中实现快速准确的标定,标定误差为0.0371mm。     

CNC数控机床在线测量系统的校准装置研究

目前,国内尚无针对CNC数控机床在线测量系统的相关的标准和校准规范.为统一技术要求,本文研究了CNC数控机床在线测量系统的工况条件及其计量特性参数,提出了有别传统三坐标测量机校准方法的校准方案,研制了符合基于公差带位置判别废品原理的标准器组,以在线测量系统的测工件的方式,反向校准CNC在线测量系统的尺寸精度,解决其量值...     

数控机床加工工件在线单片机测量系统研制

本文研制了单片机测量系统硬件及软件，设计了平面度及直线度在线测量方法，并通过实测证明本测量系统可靠、经济、实用、准确度高，为数控机床加工工件的测量提出了一种新的方法。     

大型锻件热态三维结构光在线测量技术

针对大型锻件尺寸的在线测量问题,提出一种基于结构光的立体视觉测量方法.该方法针对红热态高温条件下结构光条纹难以获取的问题,采用物理滤色和数字滤色相结合的办法克服热态表面辐射的影响,同时采用多频相移技术以显著提升抗噪能力;针对大型物体测量提出了基于标记球的多视测量自动拼接方案.现场实验验证表明,基于结构光立体视觉的三维测量实验系统可以在15 m远距离实现在线大型锻件非接触测量,具有测量速度快、测量精度高、方便快捷、简单可靠的特点,能满足大型铸锻件热态在线测量的要求.     

某炮弹药筒内孔尺寸在线检测系统研究

目的研究炮弹药筒内孔几何尺寸在线自动检测系统。方法根据炮弹药筒内孔几何尺寸的设计要求和加工工艺特点,应用气电测量系统对其进行测量。根据气电测量系统的测量特点设计机械运动结构;设计自动检测系统实现自动上下料、在线测量、数据采集处理和触摸屏监测。以PLC作为自动控制、数据采集和数据处理的核心。针对测量数据的特点提出了一种高效通讯数据处理方法,解决了串行通信数据格式分散、运算困难和数据显示不匹配等问题;运用标准环规对该自动检测系统的重复度、线性度进行了实验研究,并将测量结果准确地显示在触摸屏上。结果该系统的最大测量偏差为4μm,测量数据的离散程度小,系统的重复性精度高;由拟合直线可知系统的线性特性好。结论通过对该在线检测系统的实验研究,保证了其对炮弹药筒的检测效率达到800件/h,且检测精度和运行可靠性高。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。