AZ31镁合金的变形织构和协调变形机理

进行变形速率可控的单向拉伸试验,研究了变形织构与滑移和孪生等协调变形机理对AZ31镁合金综合性能的影响。结果表明:在沿挤压方向拉伸过程中,变形织构使{0002}晶面Schmid因子较低,基面滑移难以开动,屈服强度高。在沿45°拉伸过程中,变形织构使柱面取向晶粒处于发生{0002}滑移的最佳位置,基面取向晶粒的棱柱面滑移也处于最佳位置,屈服强度低而延伸率高。沿横向拉伸的力学性能主要受孪晶影响,由于大量孪晶诱发裂纹,延伸率最低。试样在45°和横向拉伸时产生的大量拉伸孪晶,是出现{0002}双峰织构的诱因。     

基于粘塑性自洽模型AZ31镁合金塑性变形行为研究

以挤压态AZ31镁合金为研究对象,通过修正的VPSC模型,构建耦合滑移和孪生的晶体塑性力学模型,从微观变形机制的角度研究镁合金在不同加载方式下的塑性变形行为。通过EBSD等实验结果与模拟结果对比发现,轴向压缩过程中,协调变形的主要机制为拉伸孪生和基面滑移,拉伸孪晶的大量开启导致晶粒c-轴发生约90°的旋转,使得{0002}基面织构的极密度向挤压(ED)的正反方向偏移,{11-20}和{10-10}棱柱面织构的极密度逐渐向垂直于挤压方向的TD方向偏移;轴向拉伸过程中,变形初期的变形机制以基面滑移为主,棱柱面滑移为辅,随着变形的增加,主导变形机制变为棱柱面滑移;且无论变形百分比多少,{0002}和{11-20}极图基本没有发生变化,只是织构强度有所增加,而棱柱面滑移的大量开启,使得{10-10}棱柱面织构的极密度向ED方向偏移。     

加工工艺对AZ61镁合金拉压不对称性的影响

采用一次挤压变形、二次挤压变形以及一次挤压后再进行锻造的三种加工工艺对AZ61镁合金进行塑性变形,研究不同的加工工艺对镁合金力学性能及拉压不对称性的影响。结果表明:挤压变形可以细化AZ61镁合金的晶粒,而在挤压后进行锻造变形,会使得其晶粒长大粗化。二次挤压后,由于强化了{0002}基面织构,AZ61镁合金的拉伸屈服强度增加,压缩屈服强度下降,使得拉压不对称性加大。而一次挤压后锻造,在挤压基面织构状态得到改变,且由于晶粒粗大,从而总体上使得AZ61镁合金的拉伸屈服强度下降,而压缩屈服强度几乎保持不变,AZ61的拉压不对称性得到改善。     

对双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材力学性能各向异性的分析

目的 制备双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板,以改善板材微观组织和弱化基面织构,研究微观组织对力学性能各向异性的影响规律,以提高镁合金板材的成形性能。方法 通过弯曲限宽矫直技术对0°、30°和60°轧向切样的板材进行热加工以预制拉伸孪晶,获得双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板材,通过EBSD获取板材的微观组织。对RD、45°和TD方向的原始板材进行室温单向拉伸实验,获得板材的工程应力-应变曲线及力学性能参数,并计算r值(塑性应变比)与n值(应变硬化指数)。结果 弯曲限宽矫直技术可诱发大量拉伸孪晶形成ED偏转织构,将偏转织构与基面织构共存的板材称为双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材。拉伸孪晶的出现显著细化了晶粒,弱化了基面织构强度,使板材的屈服强度下降,极大提升了材料塑性。其中30°轧向切样的板材ND面塑性力学性能各向异性的改善效果最好,其r值最小、n值最大。结论 双峰织构类型能够弱化AZ31镁合金板材基面的织构强度,提高材料塑性。拉伸孪晶含量越高,板材的强度与塑性越好,力学性能各向异性的改善效果也越显著。     

预时效对变形镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

与铸造镁合金相比,变形镁合金可获得更高的强度、更好的延展性以及更多样化的力学性能,从而满足多样化镁合金结构件的应用需求.但由于变形镁合金绝对强度低、塑性变形能力差,其应用范围受到了极大的限制.近期研究发现,对变形镁合金进行预时效处理能够显著提高合金的综合力学性能,因此总结和归纳预时效对变形镁合金的影响具有重要的理论参考价值和实践指导意义.预时效是在塑性加工前进行时效处理的一种时效方法,预时效处理可通过欠时效、峰值时效和过时效等工艺调控析出相的大小、形状、分布和位向,析出相在后续的加工变形过程中具有改善材料组织与性能的重要作用.预时效提供的析出相,在后续塑性加工变形过程中为动态再结晶提供形核核心,促进动态再结晶,细化晶粒,激活非基面滑移,弱化基面织构,且晶界析出相可显著抑制晶粒长大,有效阻碍位错运动,也可使位错累积增多,小角度晶界增多.此外,增加析出相含量能减小晶粒尺寸,抑制{1012}拉伸孪晶的形核和长大,增加{1011}压缩孪晶和{1011}-{1012}双孪晶含量,这些孪晶增加了动态再结晶的形核核心,改变了晶粒取向,进而大幅提高了合金的强度、屈服应力和峰值应力,同时也保证了合金的延展性,极大地改善了镁合金的综合力学性能.本文针对Mg-Al系、Mg-Zn系、Mg-Sn系和Mg-RE系等四系合金,总结分析了预时效对变形镁合金组织与性能的影响,着重从压缩、拉伸、挤压和轧制等变形工艺角度进行综述,为制备综合力学性能优良的镁合金提供参考.此外,本文指出了预时效变形镁合金在未来的发展动态和研究重点.     

挤压-剪切工艺挤压AZ31镁合金的组织和织构演变

采用大变形技术"挤压-剪切"(Extrusion-shear,ES)工艺挤压AZ31镁合金并研究其组织和织构演变.结果表明:经ES工艺挤压后能得到细小均匀的再结晶晶粒;其宏观组织内存在多种类型的织构,削弱了基面织构的主导地位;由极图可知{0002}基面织构强度下降,ES工艺的再结晶机制是连续动态再结晶.     

利用孪晶界面强韧化镁合金

轻质镁合金在航空航天、交通运输等领域的轻量化方面具有广阔的应用前景。孪生变形是六方结构镁合金室温下重要的变形机制,最近大量研究报道了利用预变形孪晶界面调控镁合金组织、织构和力学性能。系统综述了利用拉伸孪晶组织强化镁合金的研究进展。首先介绍了镁合金的主要变形机制及拉伸孪生的特点,然后系统总结了利用拉伸孪晶强化镁合金的研究进展,重点阐述了孪晶强化特点及主要准则,包括利用单一孪晶结构强化镁合金的特点及不足、利用复合孪晶结构实现三维强化的思路、复合孪晶实现三维强化的机制及复合孪晶结构的设计准则。最后展望了利用孪晶组织强化镁合金的发展方向。     

工艺因素对AZ31镁合金板材室温成形性能的影响

通过不同的加工工艺制备具有不同晶粒尺寸和织构的AZ31镁合金板材,通过室温埃里克森试验研究了工艺因素对提高镁合金板材室温成形性能的影响。结果表明:增大晶粒尺寸,减弱基面织构,可以改善镁合金轧板在变形过程中产生的在轧制方向的硬取向,增大镁合金轧板的延伸率,从而提高镁合金室温成形性能;用异步轧制工艺(轧制和退火温度为400℃、异速比为1.5)制备的试样晶粒尺寸增大到20μm、(0002)极图最大极密度仅为2,室温杯突实验测得IE值达到了5.71,显著提高了材料室温成形性能。     

ZK60镁合金中空型材挤压成形的有限元模拟及组织和性能

运用Hyper Xtrude软件对ZK60镁合金中空型材挤压过程进行有限元数值模拟,得到了型材断面的温度场、速度场、位移场及应变场。由模拟结果可知,出口型材温度和速度呈平面对称分布,从型腔到挤压模具出口,温度呈梯段式下降。微观组织分析结果表明,ZK60镁合金中空型材的平均晶粒尺寸为8. 9～23. 1μm,顶面的晶粒最大,底边拐角处晶粒尺寸最细小,这是由于型材断面各位置的温度、速度和应变不同导致动态再结晶程度不同。型材的(0002)基面织构是向挤压方向偏转10～15°的基面取向,型材顶面和侧面的(0002)极密度差异较大,顶面的(0002)极密度值为19. 3,侧面的(0002)极密度值为6. 9。型材抗拉强度约为310 MPa,侧面的延伸率最高为18. 9%,顶面的延伸率最低为13. 4%,这是由于侧面的(0002)基面织构向横向分散,降低了(0002)极密度。顶面的延伸率较低是较大的晶粒尺寸、较强的(0002)基面织构以及第二相分布情况综合作用的结果。     

循环扩挤变形AZ80镁合金的组织、织构与力学性能

采用循环扩挤(Cyclic expansion-extrusion,CEE)变形工艺对AZ80镁合金的块状材料进行热挤压加工,观察试样的微观组织与织构,并测试了力学性能。结果表明:AZ80镁合金经过CEE变形后,晶粒的尺寸明显细化,第4道次CEE变形之后,晶粒尺寸从150~230 μm细化至2 μm,整体分布均匀且呈等轴晶;2道次变形后,随着挤压道次的增加,晶粒的细化程度减慢;同时经过CEE变形的AZ80镁合金织构包括了(0001)基面平行于挤压方向与(1120)棱柱面垂直于挤压方向的两种不同纤维织构,随着挤压道次的增加,织构总体强度出现先减后增再减的变化;力学性能相对于均匀化态有着明显的变化,第1道次CEE变形之后,抗拉强度与屈服强度分别达到各自的最大值,为290 MPa和180 MPa,第2道次CEE变形之后,强度出现不随晶粒细化而增强的现象(反Hall-Petch理论),这是因为织构的软化作用强于晶粒的细化作用,而伸长率随着挤压道次的增加而提高。     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.