基于路径平衡的工作流费用优化方法

针对效用网格下截止期约束的工作流费用优化问题,提出了路径平衡(path balance,简称 PB)算法,对工作流中各路径长度进行调整,并提出基于路径平衡的费用优化(path balance based cost optimization,简称PBCO)算法。 PBCO 基于 PB 的计算结果设置初始约束时间,充分利用了工作流的费用优化空间。同时,采用逆向分层策略对任务进行分层,并根据各层任务数按比例分配冗余时间,有效地增大了多数任务的费用优化空间,进一步改善了工作流的费用优化效果。实验结果表明,PBCO比另外几种著名算法(如DET,DBL等)改进了约35%。     

一种多重约束下确保成功率的云工作流调度方法

为提高多重约束下的调度成功率,提出一种满足期限和预算双重约束的云工作流调度算法。将可行工作流调度方案求解分解为工作流结构分层、预算分配、期限分配、任务选择和实例选择。工作流结构分层将所有工作流任务划分层次形成包任务,以提高并行执行程度;预算分配对整体预算在层次间进行分割;期限分配将全局期限在不同层次间分割;任务选择基于任务最早开始时间确定优先级,得到任务调度次序;实例选择根据时间和代价均衡因子,获取任务执行最佳实例。仿真结果证明,该算法在调度成功率、同步优化工作流执行时间与执行代价上相较对比算法更好。     

Budget-Deadline Constrained Workflow Planning for Admission Control

In this paper, we assume an environment with multiple, heterogeneous resources, which provide services of different capabilities and of a different cost. Users want to make use of these services to execute a workflow application, within a certain deadline and budget. The problem considered in this paper is to find a feasible plan for the execution of the workflow which would allow providers to decide whether they can agree with the specific constraints set by the user. If they agree to admit the workflow, providers can allocate services for its execution in a way that both deadline and budget constraints are met while account is also taken of the existing load in the provider’s environment (confirmed reservations from other users whose requests have been accepted). A novel heuristic is proposed and evaluated using simulation with four different real-world workflow applications.     

基于改进遗传算法的连锁便利店配送路径优化

提出一种针对软时间窗下连锁便利店配送路径规划的带时间窗口的多染色体遗传算法。为解决单车场多车型带密集半软时间窗问题,讨论解决方案预防其陷入局部最优解。对于上述配送路径问题,提出多染色体改进遗传算法在减少车辆运输成本、惩罚成本的目标下进行最优路径求解,并为连锁便利店的路径规划案例提出车辆与路径选择的优化方案,最后将该算法与传统遗传算法进行实验对比分析。实验结果表明,本文算法在密集半软时间窗下,相比传统遗传算法明显减少了总配送成本,从而验证了本文算法的有效性。     

云中截止时间动态分配的工作流调度成本优化算法

现如今,如何在满足截止时间约束的前提下降低工作流的执行成本,是云中工作流调度的主要问题之一。三步列表调度算法可以有效解决这一问题。但该算法在截止时间分配阶段只能形成静态的子截止时间。为方便用户部署工作流任务,云服务商为用户提供了的三种实例类型,其中竞价实例具有非常大的价格优势。为解决上述问题,提出了截止时间动态分配的工作流调度成本优化算法(S-DTDA)。该算法利用粒子群算法对截止时间进行动态分配,弥补了三步列表调度算法的缺陷。在虚拟机选择阶段,该算法在候选资源中增加了竞价实例,大大降低了执行成本。实验结果表明,相较于其他经典算法,该算法在实验成功率和执行成本上具有明显优势。综上所述,S-DTDA算法可以有效解决工作流调度中截止时间约束的成本优化问题。     

混合云环境中数据敏感工作流调度

混合云环境下调度包含敏感数据的工作流主要考虑在满足数据安全性以及工作流截止时间的前提下,对工作流任务在混合云上进行分配,实现计算资源与任务的映射,并优化调度费用。采用了整数规划来建模求解包含数据敏感性、截止时间和调度费用3种约束条件的混合云工作流调度问题,同时为优化模型求解速度,基于“帕雷托最优”原理对工作流任务在混合云上的分配方案进行筛选以减小模型求解规模。实验表明,优先排除不合理的任务分配方案可有效减小整数规划模型的求解规模,缩短模型计算时间,在产生较小误差的情况下获得较优的调度结果。     

基于自适应惩罚函数的云工作流调度协同进化遗传算法

云计算为大规模科学工作流应用的执行提供了更高效的运行环境。为了解决云环境中科学工作流调度的代价优化问题,提出了一种基于协同进化的工作流调度遗传算法CGAA。该算法将自适应惩罚函数引入严格约束的遗传算法中,通过协同进化的方法,自适应地调整种群个体的交叉与变异概率,以加速算法收敛并防止种群早熟。通过4种科学工作流的仿真实验结果表明,CGAA算法得到的调度方案在满足工作流调度截止时间约束与降低任务执行代价的综合性能方面优于同类型算法。     

A multi-objective reinforcement learning algorithm for deadline constrained scientific workflow scheduling in clouds

Recently, a growing number of scientific applications have been migrated into the cloud. To deal with the problems brought by clouds, more and more researchers start to consider multiple optimization goals in workflow scheduling. However, the previous works ignore some details, which are challenging but essential. Most existing multi-objective workflow scheduling algorithms overlook weight selection, which may result in the quality degradation of solutions. Besides, we find that the famous partial critical path (PCP) strategy, which has been widely used to meet the deadline constraint, can not accurately reflect the situation of each time step. Workflow scheduling is an NP-hard problem, so self-optimizing algorithms are more suitable to solve it.In this paper, the aim is to solve a workflow scheduling problem with a deadline constraint. We design a deadline constrained scientific workflow scheduling algorithm based on multi-objective reinforcement learning (RL) called DCMORL. DCMORL uses the Chebyshev scalarization function to scalarize its Q-values. This method is good at choosing weights for objectives. We propose an improved version of the PCP strategy calledMPCP. The sub-deadlines in MPCP regularly update during the scheduling phase, so they can accurately reflect the situation of each time step. The optimization objectives in this paper include minimizing the execution cost and energy consumption within a given deadline. Finally, we use four scientific workflows to compare DCMORL and several representative scheduling algorithms. The results indicate that DCMORL outperforms the above algorithms. As far as we know, it is the first time to apply RL to a deadline constrained workflow scheduling problem.     

A Constraint Satisfaction Neural Network and Heuristic Combined Approach for Concurrent Activities Scheduling

Scheduling activities in concurrent product development process is of great significance to shorten development lead time and minimize the cost. Moreover, it can eliminate the unnecessary redesign periods and guarantee that serial activities can be executed as concurrently as possible. This paper presents a constraint satisfaction neural network and heuristic combined approach for concurrent activities scheduling. In the combined approach, the neural network is used to obtain a feasible starting time of all the activities based on sequence constraints, the heuristic algorithm is used to obtain a feasible solution of the scheduling problem based on resource constraints. The feasible scheduling solution is obtained by a gradient optimization function. Simulations have shown that the proposed combined approach is efficient and feasible with respect to concurrent activities scheduling.     

A constraint satisfaction neural network and heuristic combined approach for concurrent activities scheduling

Scheduling activities in concurrent product development process is of great sig-nificance to shorten developements lead time and minimize the cost.Moreover,it can eliminate the unnecessary redesign periods and guarantee that serial activities can be executed as concurrently as possible,This paper presents a constraint satisfaction neural network and heuristic combined approach for concurrent activities scheduling.In the combined approack,the neural network is used to obtain a feasible starting time of all the activities based on sequence constraints ,the heuristic algorithm is used to obtain a feasible solution of the scheduling problem based on resource constrainsts.The feasible scheduling solution is obtained by a gradient optimization function .Sim-ulations have shown that the proposed combined approach is efficient and fasible with respect to concurrent activities scheduling.     

A security and cost aware scheduling algorithm for heterogeneous tasks of scientific workflow in clouds

Security is increasingly critical for various scientific workflows that are big data applications and typically take quite amount of time being executed on large-scale distributed infrastructures. Cloud computing platform is such an infrastructure that can enable dynamic resource scaling on demand. Nevertheless, based on pay-per-use and hourly-based pricing model, users should pay attention to the cost incurred by renting virtual machines (VMs) from cloud data centers. Meanwhile, workflow tasks are generally heterogeneous and require different instance series (i.e., computing optimized, memory optimized, storage optimized, etc.). In this paper, we propose a security and cost aware scheduling (SCAS) algorithm for heterogeneous tasks of scientific workflow in clouds. Our proposed algorithm is based on the meta-heuristic optimization technique, particle swarm optimization (PSO), the coding strategy of which is devised to minimize the total workflow execution cost while meeting the deadline and risk rate constraints. Extensive experiments using three real-world scientific workflow applications, as well as CloudSim simulation framework, demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of our algorithm.     

基于串归约的网格工作流费用优化方法

针对截止期限约束下有向无环图DAG(directed acyclic graph)表示的工作流费用优化问题,提出两个新的费用优化算法:时间约束的前向串归约算法FSRD(forward serial reduction within deadline)和时间约束的后向串归约算法BSRD(backward serial reduction within deadline).算法利用DAG图中串行活动特征给出串归约概念;基于分层算法对串归约组的时间窗口重定义,并提出动态规划的求解策略实现组内费用的最优化.两种归约算法综合考虑DAG图中活动的串并特征,改变分层算法中仅对单一活动的费用优化策略,实现了串归约组的时间收集和最优利用.模拟实验结果表明:BSRD和FSRD能够显著改进相应分层算法的平均性能,且BSRD优于FSRD.     

基于Petri网的工作流时间动态预测及验证

目前,工作流管理系统不能有效的处理时间管理问题,为了动态预测活动发生的时间间隔,验证时间的一致性,预知潜在的时间冲突,首先建立基于时间Petri网的扩展工作流网(XTWF-net),然后根据工作流管理联盟规定的几种基本结构推导出时间预测规则,并采用面向对象技术实现了预测算法,最后给出了动态验证的方法和决策策略.     

基于云科学工作流调度的代价与能效优化算法

为了降低云环境中科学工作流调度的执行代价与数据中心能耗,提出了一种基于能效感知的工作流调度代价最优化算法CWCO-EA。算法在满足截止时间约束下,以最小化工作流执行代价与降低能耗为目标,将工作流的任务调度划分为四步执行。首先,通过代价效用的概念设计虚拟机选择策略,实现了子makespan约束下的任务与最优虚拟机间的映射;其次,通过串行与并行任务合并策略,同步降低了工作流的执行代价与能耗;然后,通过空闲虚拟机重用机制,改善了租用虚拟机的利用率,进一步提高了能效;最后,通过任务松驰策略实现了租用虚拟机的能力回收,节省了能耗。通过四种科学工作流的仿真实验,结果表明,CWCO-EA算法比较同类型算法,在满足截止时间的同时,可以同步降低工作流的执行代价与执行能耗。     

云环境下科学工作流的调度算法

提出一种云环境下科学工作流的调度算法.针对已有的调度算法和松弛时间资源分配策略均未考虑“或”控制结构的不足，给出了关键活动优先级（Critical Activity Priority，CAP）的概念；定义了活动的服务效益比（Service Benefit Ratio，SBR）；提出了活动松弛时间分配策略；并从流程定义和实例运行两个层次，给出了活动截止期限的分配算法.该项研究成果为解决科学工作流调度过程中的时间-成本优化问题提供了更合适的解决方案.     

An Effective Cloud Workflow Scheduling Approach Combining PSO and Idle Time Slot-Aware Rules

Workflow scheduling is a key issue and remains a challenging problem in cloud computing.Faced with the large number of virtual machine(VM)types offered by cloud providers,cloud users need to choose the most appropriate VM type for each task.Multiple task scheduling sequences exist in a workflow application.Different task scheduling sequences have a significant impact on the scheduling performance.It is not easy to determine the most appropriate set of VM types for tasks and the best task scheduling sequence.Besides,the idle time slots on VM instances should be used fully to increase resources'utilization and save the execution cost of a workflow.This paper considers these three aspects simultaneously and proposes a cloud workflow scheduling approach which combines particle swarm optimization(PSO)and idle time slot-aware rules,to minimize the execution cost of a workflow application under a deadline constraint.A new particle encoding is devised to represent the VM type required by each task and the scheduling sequence of tasks.An idle time slot-aware decoding procedure is proposed to decode a particle into a scheduling solution.To handle tasks'invalid priorities caused by the randomness of PSO,a repair method is used to repair those priorities to produce valid task scheduling sequences.The proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art cloud workflow scheduling algorithms.Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the comparative algorithms in terms of both of the execution cost and the success rate in meeting the deadline.     

基于多QoS目标的工作流任务调度算法

根据工作流任务的结构特点对其进行分区,按照任务量和通信量将总工作流截止日期和总工作流花费分为每个任务分区上的子截止日期和子花费,在考虑用户多个QoS要求及工作流任务间通信时间的基础上,提出基于信任与花费的综合效益函数,给出信任与花费权值的确定方法以及一个以综合效益最优为目标的调度算法——TCD,算法通过追求局部最优达到全局多目标优化调度。与其他算法的比较表明,该算法服务拒绝率最多可降低15%,能较好地满足用户多QoS要求。     

基于时序一致的工作流费用优化方法

针对效用网格下的工作流时间约束-费用优化问题,分层算法将工作流进行分层并逐层进行优化调度,取得了良好效果.然而,这类分层算法由于缺乏更有效的截止时间确定策略来保证时间约束而使得算法的适用性受限.在已有算法截止期约束的逆向分层算法(deadline bottom level,DBL)的基础上,研究工作流的时序特征,并基于任务的一致性状态对费用进行优化,提出了基于时序一致的截止期约束逆向分层算法(temporal consistency based deadline bottom level,TCDBL).TCDBL通过一致性时间点来保证时间约束,解决了DBL的适用性受限问题;同时基于各层并行度分配冗余时间,基于宽松时间约束策略进行费用优化,达到了进一步减少工作流执行费用的目标.实验结果表明TCDBL的费用优化效果比DBL改进了约14%.     

混合粒子群算法求解带软时间窗的VRPSPD问题

针对带软时间窗的同时集配货车辆路径问题（VRPSPD）,建立了以车辆派遣成本、行驶成本和时间窗惩罚成本之和最小为目标的车辆路径优化模型;设计混合粒子群算法进行求解,该算法结合以变邻域下降搜索为主体的适应性扰动机制,采用适应性选择邻域策略,并在每个邻域搜索中应用可变的循环次数,以此提高对解空间的探测能力和搜索效率。数值实验结果表明了该算法的可行性和有效性。