基于蚁群算法的机器人路径规划

针对移动机器人规避障碍和寻找最优路径问题,提出了在复杂环境下移动机器人的一种路径规划方法.采用了栅格法建立了机器人工作平面的坐标系,整个系统由全局路径规划和局部避碰规划两部分组成.在全局路径规划中,用改进蚁群算法规划出初步全局优化路径;局部避碰规划是在跟踪全局优化路径的过程中,通过基于滚动窗口的环境探测和碰撞预测,对动态障碍物实施有效的局部避碰策略,从而使机器人能够安全顺利的到达目标点.仿真实验的结果表明了所述方法能在较短时间内找到最佳路径并规避障碍.     

蚁群算法及其在移动机器人路径规划中的应用

蚁群算法是优化领域中新出现并逐渐引起重视的一种仿生进化算法.首先介绍了蚁群算法基本原理和特点;然后回顾近年来国内外学者针对移动机器人路径规划的特点,对蚁群算法的进行改进,将其引入移动机器人中进行障碍规避和寻找最优路径,所提出的各种静态路径规划和动态路径规划方法的基本思想和特点.最后分析了蚁群算法在移动机器人路径规划应用中存在的问题,以及该学科未来研究方向.     

基于改进蝙蝠算法和三次样条插值的机器人路径规划

为更好地解决移动机器人路径规划问题, 改进蝙蝠算法的寻优性能, 拓展其应用领域, 提出了一种具有反向学习和正切随机探索机制的蝙蝠算法. 在全局搜索阶段的位置更新中引入动态扰动系数, 提高算法全局搜索能力; 在局部搜索阶段, 融入正切随机探索机制, 增强算法局部寻优的策略性, 避免算法陷入局部极值. 同时, 加入反向学习选择策略, 进一步平衡蝙蝠种群多样性和算法局部开采能力, 提高算法的收敛精度. 然后, 把改进算法与三次样条插值方法相结合去求解机器人全局路径规划问题, 定义了基于路径结点的编码方式, 构造了绕避障碍求解最短路径的方法和适应度函数. 最后, 在简单和复杂障碍环境下分别对单机器人和多机器人系统进行了路径规划对比实验. 实验结果表明, 改进后算法无论在最优解还是平均解方面都要优于其他几种对比算法, 对于求解机器人全局路径规划问题具有较好的可行性和有效性.     

基于改进蚁群和DWA算法的机器人动态路径规划

路径规划技术是移动机器人研究领域中的一个重要分支,使得机器人能够在多障碍物环境中安全快速地找到一条相对最优路径.针对全局路径规划时蚁群算法盲目性搜索、易陷入局部最优、收敛速度慢以及局部路径规划时DWA算法难以有效地规避动态障碍物等问题,提出一种改进蚁群算法与DWA算法的融合算法.首先,采用GRRT-Connect算法不等分配初始信息素,解决陷阱地图中局部最优问题;然后,增加蚁群接力搜索方法以解决蚂蚁禁忌表自死锁问题,并利用切片取优方法优化最优路径选择机制得到全局最优路径;接着,以最优路径关键点为子目标点运行DWA算法,提出自适应调节速度方法进行最优行驶;最后,提出预计算方法规避动态障碍物达到局部规划效果.仿真结果表明,与现有文献结果相比,融合算法最优路径长度缩短了10.28%,收敛速度加快了6.55%,验证了所提出算法的有效性和优越性.     

基于改进模拟退火混合算法的移动机器人全局路径规划

利用改进模拟退火算法与共轭方向法组成混合全局优化算法,对移动机器人全局路径规划进行求解.该混合全局优化算法先用共轭方向法搜索局部最优解,再用改进模拟退火算法跳出局部最优解,依此更新温度值.如此反复操作,直至找到全局最优解.仿真结果表明该算法具有较好的优化效果,能快速收敛到全局最优解.     

基于遗传模拟退火算法的移动机器人路径规划

针对移动机器人路径规划的难题,运用了一种基于遗传模拟退火算法的移动机器人最优路径规划方法,对移动机器人的路径规划进行了设计,采用了栅格法对环境进行建模.为了提高路径规划的效率,采用了一种改进的避障算法来生成初始种群.将遗传算法与模拟退火算法相结合形成遗传模拟退火算法,新算法具有较强的全局和局部搜索能力.仿真实验结果证明算法相对于基本遗传算法的收敛速度、搜索质量和最优解输出概率方面有了明显的提高.     

机器人全局路径规划的混合蚁群系统算法

针对蚁群算法易陷入局部最优的缺点以及收敛速度与局部最优的矛盾,提出一种求解移动机器人全局路径规划的改进混合蚁群系统算法。该算法由两部分组成：Dijkstra算法用于规划出一条次优路径;进一步用改进的蚁群系统算法优化次优路径以获得最优路径。在改进的蚁群系统算法中,首先定义了一种新的启发信息函数来增加种群多样性;然后给出改进的交叉算子避免算法陷入局部最优,并进一步提高解的质量。仿真结果表明：所提出的算法与参考文献中的算法相比搜索效率更高,解的质量更好,性能更优。即使在障碍物复杂的环境中,对于多目标点问题,该算法仍能规划出较好的目标遍历路径,且用时时间较少。     

改进蚁群和鸽群算法的机器人路径规划

针对复杂环境下移动机器人路径规划中存在的迭代速度慢和路径欠优等问题,提出将全局与局部规划算法相结合的路径规划方法。首先,利用同步双向A^*算法对蚁群算法的信息素进行优化,并对蚁群算法的转移概率和信息素更新机制进行改进,从而使算法的全局寻优速度更快,缩短移动机器人的路径长度;进一步地,将静态路径用于鸽群算法的初始化;然后,利用改进的鸽群算法对移动机器人进行了局部路径规划,通过引入模拟退火准则的方法解决局部最优问题,利用对数S型传递函数对鸽群数量的步长进行优化,从而能更好地避免与动态障碍物的碰撞。最后,利用B样条曲线对路径进行平滑化和重规划。仿真结果表明,该方法在全局静态和局部动态阶段均能生成路径长度短、评价值低的平滑路径,且收敛速度快,适合移动机器人在动态复杂环境中的穿行。     

改进蚁群和鸽群算法的机器人路径规划

针对复杂环境下移动机器人路径规划中存在的迭代速度慢和路径欠优等问题，提出将全局与局部规划算法相结合的路径规划方法。首先，利用同步双向A^*算法对蚁群算法的信息素进行优化，并对蚁群算法的转移概率和信息素更新机制进行改进，从而使算法的全局寻优速度更快，缩短移动机器人的路径长度；进一步地，将静态路径用于鸽群算法的初始化；然后，利用改进的鸽群算法对移动机器人进行了局部路径规划，通过引入模拟退火准则的方法解决局部最优问题，利用对数S型传递函数对鸽群数量的步长进行优化，从而能更好地避免与动态障碍物的碰撞。最后，利用B样条曲线对路径进行平滑化和重规划。仿真结果表明，该方法在全局静态和局部动态阶段均能生成路径长度短、评价值低的平滑路径，且收敛速度快，适合移动机器人在动态复杂环境中的穿行。     

移动机器人最优路径规划方法

针对移动机器人路径规划效率低的问题,提出了一种基于改进的最短路径快速算法的移动机器人最优路径规划方法。该方法在障碍Voronoi图基础上根据规则将起始点与终点加入该图以得到无碰撞路径图,然后采用改进的最短路径快速算法搜索从起始点到终点的最优无碰撞路径。仿真结果表明,采用该改进算法后,移动机器人能够沿着最优无碰撞路径前进,快速达到终点。     

Planning of collision-free paths for a reconfigurable dual manipulator equipped mobile robot

In this paper, we study the problem of finding a collision-free path for a mobile robot which possesses manipulators. The task of the robot is to carry a polygonal object from a starting point to a destination point in a possibly culttered environment. In most of the existing research on robot path planning, a mobile robot is approximated by a fixed shape, i.e., a circle or a polygon. In our task planner, the robot is allowed to change configurations for avoiding collision. This path planner operates using two algorithms: the collision-free feasible configuration finding algorithm and the collision-free path finding algorithm. The collision-free feasible configuration finding algorithm finds all collision-free feasible configurations for the robot when the position of the carried object is given. The collision-free path finding algorithm generates some candidate paths first and then uses a graph search method to find a collision-free path from all the collision-free feasible configurations along the candidate paths. The proposed algorithms can deal with a cluttered environment and is guaranteed to find a solution if one exists.     

机器人路径规划研究

机器人路径规划是在有障碍物的工作空间中寻求一条安全无障的最优路径,是当前机器人研究领域的热点问题,是实现机器人自主导航和完成复杂任务的关键技术之一。在对智能路径规划方法研究的基础上,提出了基于人工免疫算法的机器人路径规划,并对免疫算法进行了详细设计。仿真结果表明,人工免疫算法可以很好地规划出恰当的路径,收敛速度快,规划效果好,较好地验证了所提出方法的正确性和有效性。     

足球机器人路径规划算法的研究及其仿真

研究足球机器人路径规划优化问题,足球机器人由于赛场情况千变万化,系统本身存在非线性,环境也具有时变性特点,要求机器人相互协作实时性要求高。结合足球机器人系统特点,提出一种蚁群算法的足球机器人路径规划算法。把每一只蚂蚁看作是一个机器人,蚂蚁根据信息素调整自己的前进方向,通过蚂蚁间的信息交流和相互协作快速找到一条最短的机器人运行无碰撞的路径。采用算法进行测试,结果表明,用蚁群算法较好地克服了局部最优的缺陷,获得最优路径,且无碰撞现象,符合足球机器人路径规划的实时性要求。     

A New Mobile Robot Toolbox for Matlab

In this study, a wheeled mobile robot navigation toolbox for Matlab is presented. The toolbox includes algorithms for 3D map design, static and dynamic path planning, point stabilization, localization, gap detection and collision avoidance. One can use the toolbox as a test platform for developing custom mobile robot navigation algorithms. The toolbox allows users to insert/remove obstacles to/from the robot’s workspace, upload/save a customized map and configure simulation parameters such as robot size, virtual sensor position, Kalman filter parameters for localization, speed controller and collision avoidance settings. It is possible to simulate data from a virtual laser imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor providing a map of the mobile robot’s immediate surroundings. Differential drive forward kinematic equations and extended Kalman filter (EKF) based localization scheme is used to determine where the robot will be located at each simulation step. The LIDAR data and the navigation process are visualized on the developed virtual reality interface. During the navigation of the robot, gap detection, dynamic path planning, collision avoidance and point stabilization procedures are implemented. Simulation results prove the efficacy of the algorithms implemented in the toolbox.     

基于几何法的移动机器人路径规划

旨在解决动态环境中移动机器人与障碍物发生碰撞可能性的判断和避开障碍的路径规划。提出了采用几何计算的方法判断机器人和障碍物之间发生碰撞的条件,规划出机器人沿着收敛曲线运动到安全圆周,在安全圆周上作动态圆周运动,最后沿着圆弧退出圆周到达预定的避障路径。将基本的避开障碍的理论和几何算法有机地结合起来,获得了光滑的路径,提高了机器人避开障碍的效率。     

Reinforcement based mobile robot navigation in dynamic environment

In this paper, a new approach is developed for solving the problem of mobile robot path planning in an unknown dynamic environment based on Q-learning. Q-learning algorithms have been used widely for solving real world problems, especially in robotics since it has been proved to give reliable and efficient solutions due to its simple and well developed theory. However, most of the researchers who tried to use Q-learning for solving the mobile robot navigation problem dealt with static environments; they avoided using it for dynamic environments because it is a more complex problem that has infinite number of states. This great number of states makes the training for the intelligent agent very difficult. In this paper, the Q-learning algorithm was applied for solving the mobile robot navigation in dynamic environment problem by limiting the number of states based on a new definition for the states space. This has the effect of reducing the size of the Q-table and hence, increasing the speed of the navigation algorithm. The conducted experimental simulation scenarios indicate the strength of the new proposed approach for mobile robot navigation in dynamic environment. The results show that the new approach has a high Hit rate and that the robot succeeded to reach its target in a collision free path in most cases which is the most desirable feature in any navigation algorithm.     

A Shortest Path Based Path Planning Algorithm for Nonholonomic Mobile Robots

A path planning algorithm for a mobile robot subject to nonholonomic constraints is presented. The algorithmemploys a global- local strategy, and solves the problem in the 2D workspace of the robot, without generating the complexconfiguration space. Firstly, a visibility graph is constructed for finding a collision-free shortest path for a point. Secondly,the path for a point is evaluated to find whether it can be used as a reference to build up a feasible path for the mobile robot.If not, this path is discarded and the next shortest path is selected and evaluated until a right reference path is found. Thirdly,robot configurations are placed along the selected path in the way that the robot can move from one configuration to the nextavoiding obstacles. Lemmas are introduced to ensure that the robot travels using direct, indirect or reversal manoeuvres. Thealgorithm is computationally efficient and runs in time O(nk + n log n) for k obstacles andn vertices. The path found is near optimal in terms of distance travelled. The algorithm is tested in computersimulations and test results are presented to demonstrate its versatility in complex environments.     

Recognition and path planning strategy for autonomous navigation in the elevator environment

This paper presents a robust and reliable method for a mobile robot to get on/off an elevator in a multistory building. Getting on/off the elevator requires the robot to perform two different tasks: a recognition task and a navigation task. First, we propose a recognition algorithm for the elevator buttons and status so that the robot reacts flexibly to the current elevator status. We first apply an adaptive threshold to the current image in order to get a binary image. Then we extract the candidates of the buttons and the floor number after preliminary filtering. Ambiguous candidates are rejected using an artificial neural network, and a matching method is applied to finally recognize the call buttons, destination floor buttons, moving direction and current location of the elevator. Second, we suggest a path planning algorithm to navigate into and out of the elevator without any collision. By constructing an occupancy grid map and computing a target function, we find the best position for the robot to get on the elevator. Then we plan an optimal path to the best position using a potential field method. Experiments were carried out in several simulated and real environments including empty, crowd and blocked scenarios. The approach presented here has been found to allow the robot to navigate in the elevator without collisions.     

Methodology of Concept Control Synthesis to Avoid Unmoving and Moving Obstacles (II)

Dynamic path generation problem of robot in environment with other unmoving and moving objects is considered. Generally, the problem is known in literature as find path or robot motion planning. In this paper we apply the behavioral cloning approach to design the robot controller. In behavioral cloning, the system learns from control traces of a human operator. The task for the given problem is to find a controller not only in the form of the explicit mathematical expression. So RBF neural network is used also. The goal is to apply controller for the mobile robot motion planning in situation with infinite number of obstacles. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that a complete path can be defined off-line, without using sophisticated symbolical models of obstacles.     

Developing a mobile robot for transport applications in the hospital domain

We have been developing MKR (Muratec Keio Robot), an autonomous omni-directional mobile transfer robot system for hospital applications. This robot has a wagon truck to transfer luggage, important specimens, and other materials. This study proposes an obstacle collision avoidance technique for the wagon truck pulling robot which uses an omni-directional wheel system as a safe movement technology. Moreover, this paper proposes a method to reach the goal along a global path computed by path planning without colliding with static and dynamic obstacles. The method is based on virtual potential fields. Several modules with different prediction times are processed in parallel to change the robot response according to its relative velocity and position with respect to the obstacles. The virtual force calculated from each potential field is used to generate the velocity command. Some experiments were carried out to verify the performance of the proposed method. From the experimental results in a hospital it was confirmed that the robot can move along its global path, and reach the goal without colliding with static and moving obstacles.