随机布署平面传感器阵列实现色噪声下运动节点跟踪算法

针对色噪声下的空间运动节点跟踪问题,提出一种新的辅助变量子空间跟踪算法.该算法采用秩1更新,构造两个无约束代价函数,求其递归最小二乘解跟踪信号子空间.得到信号子空间后,构造矩阵方程,通过最小二乘解实现空间运动节点的方向跟踪,所得空间二维角度能自动配对.在任意的平面传感器阵列下,所提算法和著名EIV-PAST算法均具有较好的节点跟踪性能,跟踪的信号子空间夹角和信号子空间误差较小,所提算法的正交性能显著优于EIV-PAST算法.     

Processing of 3D meshed surfaces using spherical wavelets

This paper presents an efficient technique for processing of 3D meshed surfaces via spherical wavelets.More specifically,an input 3D mesh is firstly transformed into a spherical vector signal by a fast low distortion spherical parameterization approach based on symmetry analysis of 3D meshes.This signal is then sampled on the sphere with the help of an adaptive sampling scheme.Finally,the sampled signal is transformed into the wavelet domain according to spherical wavelet transform where many 3D mesh processing operations can be implemented such as smoothing,enhancement,compression,and so on.Our main contribution lies in incorporating a fast low distortion spherical parameterization approach and an adaptive sampling scheme into the frame for processing 3D meshed surfaces by spherical wavelets,which can handle surfaces with complex shapes.A number of experimental examples demonstrate that our algorithm is robust and efficient.     

3D surface filtering using spherical harmonics

This paper presents a novel approach for 3D surface filtering over two-manifold meshes. A robust spherical parameterization algorithm is proposed to transform the input surface into a spherical vector function/signal. This signal is then decomposed into frequency domain using spherical harmonic transforms. Finally, traditional filtering techniques are generalized to process such spherical signals in either the frequency or spatial domain. Our major contribution is the two-phase spherical parameterization algorithm, which can handle meshes with complex shapes by incorporating local parameterization into the progressive mesh. A number of experimental examples demonstrate the potential of our algorithm.     

统一的数字几何处理框架

随着三维几何模型在工业界的广泛应用，处理几信号的算法变得越来越重要。尽管近几年数字几何处理研究有了很大的进展，仍然缺乏一个类似于数字图像处理的统一解决方案。该文提出了任意网格的数字信号处理框架，很好地满足了这一需求。该框架的核心思想是通过为任意网格模型构造一个全局球面（或平面）参数化，把模型的所有属性转化为定义在球面（或平面）上的信号，然后采用球面（或平面）正交分析工具对这些信号做分析处理。在这两个框架下，所有的数字图像处理技术都可以被扩展到网格模型。该文还给出了包括滤波、多分辨率编辑和压缩在内的几种典型应用的实现方法和试验结果。     

三维几何信号经验模式分解及其应用

针对三维几何信号非线性、非平稳的特点,提出基于经验模式分解的三维几何信号处理方法。将信号球面参数化,映射到平面,进行均匀规则采样。对平面信号进行限领域的经验模式分解,得到各个内蕴模式图层。从图层信号得到不规则的原始映射信号,逆映射回三维几何模型信号。将该方法用于几何模型的光顺及增强处理,实验结果表明,该方法能够有效处理三维几何信号。     

一种基于小波变换的三维网格模型水印算法

提出了一种基于小波变换的强壮三维网格模型数字水印算法。首先采用一种平面参数化算法将三维网格模型映射为二维参数网格，三维网格模型表面的几何信号相应转换为二维信号，然后采用一种自适应小波水印算法加入水印。实验结果显示该水印算法能够抵抗各种几何信号处理攻击。     

Example-based 3D inpainting of point clouds using metric tensor and Christoffel symbols

In this paper, we address the problem of 3D inpainting using example-based methods for point cloud data. 3D inpainting is a process of filling holes or missing regions in the reconstructed 3D models. Typically inpainting methods addressed in the literature fill missing regions due to occlusions or inaccurate scanning of 3D models. However, we focus on scenarios involving naturally existing damaged models which are partly broken or incomplete in artifacts at cultural heritage sites. We propose two example-based inpainting techniques, namely region of interest (ROI)-based and patch-based methods, to inpaint the missing regions of the damaged model. For both the methods, we represent the 3D model as a set of Riemannian manifolds in Euclidean space, to capture the inherent geometry using metric tensor and Christoffel symbols as geometric features and decompose into basic shape (such as spherical, conical and cylindrical) regions using decomposition algorithm derived from supervised learning. In ROI-based method, instead of using single similar example for inpainting, we select the most relevant regions that best-fit the missing region from the set of basic shape regions derived from n similar examples. And in patch-based method, we not only select the most relevant regions but cluster the regions into a set of patches. The best corresponding patches that match the missing region to be inpainted are considered to be the most relevant best-fit patches that cover the complete missing region. We demonstrate the performance of proposed inpainting methods on cultural heritage artifacts with varying complexities and sizes for both synthetically generated holes and real missing regions.     

三维统计信道中的多普勒效应及其信号分析

在三维(3 Dimensional,3D)空间域无线通信信道建模中,针对不同环境中仰角(Elevation Angle,EA)分布的复杂性,提出一种指数型概率分布,然后对这种分布下的无线信道进行建模,最后对接收端的多普勒功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density,PSD)和信号特性进行分析与仿真。采用近似算法推导出多普勒PSD的解析式,同时对Rayleigh 衰落信道中接收信号包络、平方包络的功率谱及时延相位差的概率密度函数进行研究。实验结果表明,所提出的三维无线信道模型在进行参数估计时符合相关理论与实际经验,同时指数函数模型的单变量特性使其在适应不同实际信道环境时非常灵活,因此可以对多种无线信道环境下的信道特征进行参数估计。     

A novel algorithm for land use and land cover classification using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR data

This study proposes a new four-component algorithm for land use and land cover (LULC) classification using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. These four components are polarimetric decomposition, PolSAR interferometry, object-oriented image analysis, and decision tree algorithms. First, polarimetric decomposition can be used to support the classification of PolSAR data. It is aimed at extracting polarimetric parameters related to the physical scattering mechanisms of the observed objects. Second, PolSAR interferometry is used to extract polarimetric interferometric information to support LULC classification. Third, the main purposes of object-oriented image analysis are delineating image objects, as well as extracting various textural and spatial features from image objects to improve classification accuracy. Finally, a decision tree algorithm provides an efficient way to select features and implement classification. A comparison between the proposed method and the Wishart supervised classification which is based on the coherency matrix was made to test the performance of the proposed method. The overall accuracy of the proposed method was 86.64%, whereas that of the Wishart supervised classification was 69.66%. The kappa value of the proposed method was 0.84, much higher than that of the Wishart supervised classification, which exhibited a kappa value of 0.65. The results indicate that the proposed method exhibits much better performance than the Wishart supervised classification for LULC classification. Further investigation was carried out on the respective contribution of the four components to LULC classification using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR data, and it indicates that all the four components have important contribution to the classification. Polarimetric information has significant implications for identifying different vegetation types and distinguishing between vegetation and urban/built-up. The polarimetric interferometric information extracted from repeat-pass RADARSAT-2 images is important in reducing the confusion between urban/built-up and vegetation and that between barren/sparsely vegetated land and vegetation. Object-oriented image analysis is very helpful in reducing the effect of speckle in PolSAR images by implementing classification based on image objects, and the textural information extracted from image objects is helpful in distinguishing between water and lawn. The decision tree algorithm can achieve higher classification accuracy than the nearest neighbor classification implemented using Definiens Developer 7.0, and the accuracy of the decision tree algorithm is similar with that of the support vector classification which is implemented based on the features selected using genetic algorithms. Compared with the nearest neighbor and support vector classification, the decision tree algorithm is more efficient to select features and implement classification. Furthermore, the decision tree algorithm can provide clear classification rules that can be easily interpreted based on the physical meaning of the features used in the classification. This can provide physical insight for LULC classification using PolSAR data.     

NOAA AVHRR image referencing

Abstract

A simple and fast algorithm for image referencing of the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data has been derived to facilitate the identification of geographic co-ordinates corresponding to any pixel on an NOAA image and vice versa. The procedure assumes a spherical Earth and circular orbit and takes into account the effects due to the Earth's rotation and oblateness and the scan skew. Inputs to the procedure are the ascending nodal longitude and lime, the time of the first scan line and one ground control point (GCP). The effects of an ellipsoid Earth and an elliptical orbit are corrected by using the GCP to adjust the spacecraft altitude and inclination angle. No detailed emphemeris data arc required. The average r.m.s. errors obtained by comparing with independent sets of well-distributed GCPs for each image are about 2 pixels and 2 lines or 3 km displacement. Results from the procedure are illustrated by the rectification of NOAA images over France.     

Integrating Automated Range Registration with Multiview Geometry for the Photorealistic Modeling of Large-Scale Scenes

The photorealistic modeling of large-scale scenes, such as urban structures, requires a fusion of range sensing technology and traditional digital photography. This paper presents a system that integrates automated 3D-to-3D and 2D-to-3D registration techniques, with multiview geometry for the photorealistic modeling of urban scenes. The 3D range scans are registered using our automated 3D-to-3D registration method that matches 3D features (linear or circular) in the range images. A subset of the 2D photographs are then aligned with the 3D model using our automated 2D-to-3D registration algorithm that matches linear features between the range scans and the photographs. Finally, the 2D photographs are used to generate a second 3D model of the scene that consists of a sparse 3D point cloud, produced by applying a multiview geometry (structure-from-motion) algorithm directly on a sequence of 2D photographs. The last part of this paper introduces a novel algorithm for automatically recovering the rotation, scale, and translation that best aligns the dense and sparse models. This alignment is necessary to enable the photographs to be optimally texture mapped onto the dense model. The contribution of this work is that it merges the benefits of multiview geometry with automated registration of 3D range scans to produce photorealistic models with minimal human interaction. We present results from experiments in large-scale urban scenes.     

三维装配约束推理的球面几何和球面机构法

分析了装配姿态约束和位置约束的可解耦性,提出求解姿态约束的球面几何和球面机构法.将姿态约束的组合分为可操作和不可操作的情形,可操作的情形利用简单的球平面中平移、旋转和刚性变换推理,快速地判定冗余约束和求解约束;不可操作的情形利用球面四杆机构求解.该方法具有很强的几何解释性和可操作性,降低求解复杂度.该方法在自主研发的CAD浏览器系统InteVue中实现.     

天线振颤对GMR-1系统波束选择的影响分析及抑制

针对卫星天线振颤的现象,分析了天线振颤对地球同步轨道移动无线接口(GMR-1)系统波束选择性能的影响,并提出了一种抑制这种影响的改进型波束选择算法。改进算法根据移动地面站(MES)与其所在波束中的网关(GS)的距离动态设置滞后余量。利用OPNET软件搭建系统模型进行仿真验证,结果表明:天线振颤对不同地理位置的MES的波束选择过程有不同程度的影响;传统波束选择过程中,波束选择错误次数随滞后余量和天线最大振颤幅度的增加而增加;改进算法能够显著减少波束选择错误次数,有效抑制天线振颤对波束选择性能的影响。     

Soil moisture retrieval over agricultural fields from multi-polarized and multi-angular RADARSAT-2 SAR data

The aim of this study was to estimate soil moisture from RADARSAT-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over agricultural fields. The adopted approach is based on the combination of semi-empirical backscattering models, four RADARSAT-2 images and coincident ground measurements (soil moisture, soil surface roughness and vegetation characteristics) obtained near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada during the summer of 2008. The depolarization ratio (χ_v), the co-polarized correlation coefficient (ρ_vvhh) and the ratio of the absolute value of cross polarization to crop height (Λ_vh) derived from RADARSAT-2 data were analyzed with respect to changes in soil surface roughness, crop height, soil moisture and vegetation water content. This sensitivity analysis allowed us to develop empirical relationships for soil surface roughness, crop height and crop water content estimation regardless of crop type. The latter were then used to correct the semi-empirical Water-Cloud model for soil surface roughness and vegetation effects in order to retrieve soil moisture data. The soil moisture retrieved algorithm is evaluated over mature crop fields (wheat, pea, lentil, and canola) using ground measurements. Results show average relative errors of 19%, 10%, 25.5% and 32% respectively for the retrieval of crop height, soil surface roughness, crop water content and soil moisture.     

增量几何压缩

提出了一个几何压缩算法,用以节省三角网格模型存储和传输时间.它首先递归地以区域扩张方式将模型分解为一系列的层结构,利用层间的连贯性以及对层结构的有效编码,实现了高效的拓扑压缩.同时,还设计了一个有效的非线性预测器来实现几何位置的压缩.与以前的算法相比,它具有线性复杂度、压缩比高、执行速度快的特点.实验结果表明,存储一个三角形的拓扑信息平均只需1.42比特.     

Joint reversible watermarking and progressive compression of 3D meshes

A new reversible 3D mesh watermarking scheme is proposed in conjunction with progressive compression. Progressive 3D mesh compression permits a progressive refinement of the model from a coarse to a fine representation by using different levels of detail (LoDs). A reversible watermark is embedded into all refinement levels such that (1) the refinement levels are copyright protected, and (2) an authorized user is able to reconstruct the original 3D model after watermark extraction, hence reversible. The progressive compression considers a connectivity-driven algorithm to choose the vertices that are to be refined for each LoD. The proposed watermarking algorithm modifies the geometry information of these vertices based on histogram bin shifting technique. An authorized user can extract the watermark in each LoD and recover the original 3D mesh, while an unauthorized user which has access to the decompression algorithm can only reconstruct a distorted version of the 3D model. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust to several attack scenarios while maintaining a good compression ratio.     

Interactive High-Quality Soft Shadows in Scenes with Moving Objects

Interactive rendering of soft shadows (or penumbra) in scenes with moving objects is a challenging problem. High quality walkthrough rendering of static scenes with penumbra can be achieved using pre-calculated discontinuity meshes, which provide a triangulation well adapted to penumbral boundaries, and backprojections which provide exact illumination computation at vertices very efficiently. However, recomputation of the complete mesh and back-projection structures at each frame is prohibitively expensive in environments with changing geometry. This recomputation would in any case be wasteful: only a limited part of these structures actually needs to be recalculated. We present a novel algorithm which uses spatial coherence of movement as well as the rich visibility information existing in the discontinuity mesh to avoid unnecessary recomputation after object motion. In particular we isolate all modifications required for the update of the discontinuity mesh by using an augmented spatial subdivision structure and we restrict intersections of discontinuity surfaces with the scene. In addition, we develop an algorithm which identifies visibility changes by exploiting information contained in the planar discontinuity mesh of each scene polygon, obviating the need for many expensive searches in 3D space. A full implementation of the algorithm is presented, which allows interactive updates of high-quality soft shadows for scenes of moderate complexity. The algorithm can also be directly applied to global illumination.     

Implicit Surface-Based Geometric Fusion

This paper introduces a general purpose algorithm for reliable integration of sets of surface measurements into a single 3D model. The new algorithm constructs a single continuous implicit surface representation which is the zero-set of a scalar field function. An explicit object model is obtained using any implicit surface polygonization algorithm. Object models are reconstructed from both multiple view conventional 2.5D range images and hand-held sensor range data. To our knowledge this is the first geometric fusion algorithm capable of reconstructing 3D object models from noisy hand-held sensor range data.This approach has several important advantages over existing techniques. The implicit surface representation allows reconstruction of unknown objects of arbitrary topology and geometry. A continuous implicit surface representation enables reliable reconstruction of complex geometry. Correct integration of overlapping surface measurements in the presence of noise is achieved using geometric constraints based on measurement uncertainty. The use of measurement uncertainty ensures that the algorithm is robust to significant levels of measurement noise. Previous implicit surface-based approaches use discrete representations resulting in unreliable reconstruction for regions of high curvature or thin surface sections. Direct representation of the implicit surface boundary ensures correct reconstruction of arbitrary topology object surfaces. Fusion of overlapping measurements is performed using operations in 3D space only. This avoids the local 2D projection required for many previous methods which results in limitations on the object surface geometry that is reliably reconstructed. All previous geometric fusion algorithms developed for conventional range sensor data are based on the 2.5D image structure preventing their use for hand-held sensor data. Performance evaluation of the new integration algorithm against existing techniques demonstrates improved reconstruction of complex geometry.     

一种基于球面调和描述子的3维模型相似性比较算法

提出了一种基于球面调和描述子的3维模型相似性比较算法。首先,对3维模型进行一分为二的递归分解,然后对每次递归分解得到的3维模型顶点集合进行球面映射得到其球面图像,最后计算所有球面图像的球面调和描述子得到3维模型的特征二叉树。通过对3维模型特征二叉树进行相似性比较可以得到3维模型的相似性。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能较好地比较3维模型相似性,而且对坐标系旋转变换、模型噪声、网格简化和细分具有较好的鲁棒性。     

球体散射场计算前置处理中的球面剖分算法

基于球体电磁散射计算,提出了一种新型高精度球面剖分算法——球面三角自适应剖分算法。通过阐述新算法的基本思想、步骤和特点,从几何变形、收敛性和剖分单元数等三个方面,对该算法剖分模型与QTM模型进行了形状特性和剖分复杂度的定量比较分析;针对球体散射计算实例,验证了新算法的正确性与有效性。结果表明:相对于QTM模型,新算法剖分模型的几何变形小、相似程度高、所需剖分单元少,并且具有较高的计算精度。