基于成本共担契约的生鲜供应链保鲜努力机制

研究由一个供应商与一个零售商组成的生鲜供应链,在分散式决策与集中式决策下的最优保鲜努力水平.考虑两类成本共担契约方式:一类为零售商单独提供成本共担契约的方式,另一类为供应商与零售商二者博弈制定成本共担契约的方式;同时,比较两类成本共担契约对供应链整体保鲜努力水平的影响.结果表明,成本共担契约对生鲜供应链整体生鲜水平的提高非常有益,且有利于提高供应商、零售商及供应链整体的利润,其中供应商与零售商二者博弈制定成本共担契约的方式最为有效.另外,保鲜成本与消费者生鲜敏感程度分别对供应链的发展起着消极和积极的作用.     

基于混合契约的生鲜电商供应链协调策略

考虑到生鲜电商平台销售过程中保鲜努力水平和促销努力水平对消费者需求的影响,构建保鲜努力水平和促销努力水平共同影响下的消费者需求函数,研究由单一生鲜供应商和单一生鲜电商平台构成的二级生鲜电商供应链协调问题.根据模型比较不同决策模式下的生鲜产品最优定价、最优保鲜努力水平、最优促销努力水平和生鲜电商供应链成员收益等,发现合作能够提升供应链成员的收益,因此构建“收益共享-成本共担”的混合契约协调供应链,并讨论混合契约实施的条件.研究结果表明:混合契约对生鲜电商平台保鲜努力水平和促销努力水平的提升具有正向影响;努力水平弹性系数对于努力水平存在不同程度的影响,在一定范围内,随着努力水平弹性系数的增加,成员收益也在不断增加,当超过最优值后,弹性系数的提升会造成成员收益受损.最后采用算例验证混合契约对于生鲜电商供应链协调的有效性.     

考虑供应商保鲜努力的生鲜电商销售模式选择

基于一个生鲜供应商和一个生鲜电商组成的供应链,考虑生鲜供应商的保鲜努力对产品新鲜度的影响,建立转售模式、代理模式和混合模式下的博弈模型,研究生鲜供应商提供保鲜努力下生鲜电商的最优销售模式选择,分析销售模式差异对保鲜努力水平和销售价格的影响.研究结果显示:当佣金率较高且消费者对产品新鲜度比较敏感时,生鲜电商的最优销售模式是混合模式;否则,生鲜电商的最优销售模式是转售模式,而生鲜供应商的利润和供应链总绩效始终在混合模式下最大.生鲜供应商在代理模式和混合模式下的保鲜努力水平始终相等,佣金率较低时,代理模式和混合模式下的保鲜努力水平高于转售模式下的保鲜努力水平.此外,代理模式和混合模式下的销售价格随佣金率的降低而提高,佣金率低于一定水平时,混合模式下转售渠道的销售价格最高.     

基于提前支付的非瞬时变质产品批量订货定价策略

当供应商处于供应链节点的买方市场时,通常要求零售商提前支付一定比例购置成本作为订金.针对该问题研究零售商促销努力下存在随机需求的非瞬时变质产品批量订货定价策略,考虑零售商提前支付策略,允许部分缺货.在一定条件下可得零售商最优补货周期和局部最优定价策略,随之提出相应的求解算法.数值计算结果表明:若提前支付购置成本占比或利率增大,则零售商利润将显著减少;提前支付期限和期数均对最优利润产生消极影响;零售商采取积极促销策略可有效提升自身利润.     

零售商资金约束供应链中的金融服务与营运管理协调策略

基于零售商存在资金约束和破产成本的条件假设,研究由一个供应商与一个零售商组成的二级供应链中的外部金融服务和营运管理协调策略.研究表明,不确定需求分布下零售商的融资能力和订购水平是有限的.资金不足零售商可通过外部金融服务实现最优订购,为供应链创造价值,并且金融市场的竞争程度、零售商的初始资金量和破产成本率会影响零售商的订购策略、供应商的批发价策略和供应链绩效.     

基于批发价格事前和事后决策的供应链合作促销策略研究

针对单一供应商和单一零售商组成的二级供应链系统,构建了批发价格事前和事后决策下的合作促销模型,探讨了批发价格事前和事后决策对合作促销的影响,并求得Stackelber主从博弈下的均衡合作促销策略。研究结果表明,在批发价格事前决策且零售商努力影响需求、或批发价格事后决策且供应商努力影响需求的情形下,合作促销均不是一个有效的激励策略;在批发价格事前决策且供应商努力影响需求的情形下,只有当促销努力成本共担系数小于一定的阈值时,合作促销才是一个有效的激励策略;在批发价格事后决策且零售商努力影响需求的情形下,合作促销始终是有效的激励策略。最后通过算例分析验证了上述结论的有效性。     

2014中国生鲜类电子商务排行榜

正今年,随着冷链物流和储存保鲜技术的发展,越来越多的电商企业或传统企业都纷纷切入生鲜电商。目前,整个行业还存在冷链物流设备不足,生鲜物流标准化不够,百姓信任度不高的一些问题。各企业也在纷纷为之努力,京东、天猫等正在搭建自己的冷链配送体系,顺丰更是将冷链物流分拆为独立品     

需求预测在库存与发货策略中的应用

针对根据当前需求确定库存量的库存策略所存在的问题,利用灰色系统理论对零售商需求进行预测,并依据零售商的长期需求对发货策略进行分析,确定供应商成本最小化的库存量.     

ECR模式推动生鲜果蔬行业标准化发展

随着人们生活水平的提高,生鲜果蔬成为了消费者的生活必需品,同时消费者对果蔬品质的要求也越来越高。生鲜果蔬具有消费频率高、需求量大、保质期短、运输和保存条件要求高等特性。尽管2020年的疫情催化了生鲜电商的发展,但对于生鲜果蔬而言,存在单独运输防损、保鲜、售后等问题,线下渠道依旧是消费者购买的重要途径。     

零售商多种价格策略下的最优订购模型

同种产品以多种价格同时销售(多种价格策略)是零售商常用的折扣策略,为了找到多种价格策略下零售商实现期望利润最大化的订购量,对经典报童模型进行拓展,分别从无订购量约束和订购量约束两方面进行研究和讨论.在多种价格对应消费者需求不确定情况下建立一个新的报童模型,使用拉格朗日乘子法求解订购量约束问题,并设计近似最优总订购量的求解算法.数值分析结果表明:多种价格策略优于单一价格策略,订购量约束对零售商多种价格策略的选择会产生影响;在有订购量约束情况下,零售商的多种价格策略还会受到价格折扣系数、需求差异性的影响.     

Structured methodology for supplier selection and evaluation in a supply chain

Supply chain management (SCM) is one of the most important competitive strategies used by modern enterprises. The main aim of supply chain management is to integrate various suppliers to satisfy market demand. Meanwhile, supplier selection and evaluation plays an important role in establishing an effective supply chain. Traditional supplier selection and evaluation methods focus on the requirements of single enterprises, and fail to consider the entire supply chain. Therefore, this study proposes a structured methodology for supplier selection and evaluation based on the supply chain integration architecture.In developing the methodology for supplier selection and evaluation in a supply chain, enterprise competitive strategy is first identified using strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT) analysis. Based on the competitive strategy, the criteria and indicators of supplier selection are chosen to establish the supplier selection framework. Subsequently, potential suppliers are screened through data envelopment analysis (DEA). Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), a multi-attribute decision-making (MADA) method is adapted to rank potential suppliers. Finally, the Taiwanese textile industry is used to illustrate the application and feasibility of the proposed methodology.This study facilitates the improvement of collaborator relationships and the management of potential suppliers to help increase product development capability and quality, reduce product lifecycle time and cost, and thus increase product marketability.     

Optimization of cost and service level in the presence of supply chain disruption risks: Single vs. multiple sourcing

The coordinated supplier selection and customer order scheduling in the presence of supply chain disruption risks is studied for single and multiple sourcing strategies. Given a set of customer orders for products, the decision maker needs to select a single supplier or a subset of suppliers for purchasing parts required to complete the customer orders, and schedule the orders over the planning horizon, to mitigate the impact of disruption risks. The suppliers are located in different geographic regions and the supplies are subject to different types of disruptions: to random local disruptions of each supplier individually, to random regional disruptions of all suppliers in the same region simultaneously and to random global disruptions of all suppliers simultaneously. For any combination of suppliers hit by different types of disruptions, a formula for calculating the corresponding disruption probability is developed. The obtained combinatorial stochastic optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer program with conditional value-at-risk as a risk measure. The problem objective is either to minimize expected worst-case cost or to maximize expected worst-case customer service level, i.e., the expected worst-case fraction of customer orders filled on or before their due dates. The risk-averse solutions that optimize worst-case performance of a supply chain under disruptions risks are compared for the two sourcing strategies and the two objective functions. Numerical examples and computational results are presented and some managerial insights on the choice between the two sourcing strategies are reported.     

Selection of a dynamic supply portfolio in make-to-order environment withrisks

The problem of a multi-period supplier selection and order allocation in make-to-order environment in the presence of supply chain disruption and delay risks is considered. Given a set of customer orders for finished products, the decision maker needs to decide from which supplier and when to purchase product-specific parts required for each customer order to meet customer requested due date at a low cost and to mitigate the impact of supply chain risks. The selection of suppliers and the allocation of orders over time is based on price and quality of purchased parts and reliability of supplies. For selection of dynamic supply portfolio a mixed integer programming approach is proposed to incorporate risk that uses conditional value-at-risk via scenario analysis. In the scenario analysis, the low-probability and high-impact supply disruptions are combined with the high probability and low impact supply delays. The proposed approach is capable of optimizing the dynamic supply portfolio by calculating value-at-risk of cost per part and minimizing expected worst-case cost per part simultaneously. Numerical examples are presented and some computational results are reported.     

A stochastic cross‐efficiency data envelopment analysis approach for supplier selection under uncertainty

This paper addresses one of the key objectives of the supply chain strategic design phase, that is, the optimal selection of suppliers. A methodology for supplier selection under uncertainty is proposed, integrating the cross‐efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Monte Carlo approach. The combination of these two techniques allows overcoming the deterministic feature of the classical cross‐efficiency DEA approach. Moreover, we define an indicator of the robustness of the determined supplier ranking. The technique is able to manage the supplier selection problem considering nondeterministic input and output data. It allows the evaluation of suppliers under uncertainty, a particularly significant circumstance for the assessment of potential suppliers. The novel approach helps buyers in choosing the right partners under uncertainty and ranking suppliers upon a multiple sourcing strategy, even when considering complex evaluations with a high number of suppliers and many input and output criteria.     

供应商竞争关系下的第三方物流融资及物流服务决策

研究第三方物流企业（3PL）在处于竞争关系中的供应商面临资金约束时的融资策略选择问题。考虑由两个竞争关系的供应商和一个零售商构成的两级供应链,3PL企业为供应链提供代采购、物流及融资服务,分别考虑在代采购中向供应商提供融资能够获得价格折扣和代采购中考虑额外资金成本情况下,3PL融资意愿选择,向供应商提供（不提供）融资。建立3PL、供应商和零售商在不同情况下的收益模型,并给出供应商和零售商的最优定价,以及3PL的最优物流服务收费决策,通过比较融资前后各个企业的收益分析3PL参与供应链融资的积极作用。研究发现3PL向处于竞争环境下的资金短缺供应商提供融资能够增加3PL、零售商和供应链整体的收益,且3PL更愿意在考虑自身资金成本的情况下向供应商提供融资,并且供应商之间竞争越激烈,3PL和零售商的获益越大。     

Optimal apparel supplier selection with forecast updates under carbon emission taxation scheme

Carbon emission tax is an important measure for sustainable supply chain management. This paper studies an optimal supplier selection problem in the fashion apparel supply chain in the presence of carbon emission tax. We consider the scenario in which there are multiple suppliers in the market. In the basic model, each supplier offers a supply lead time and a wholesale pricing contract to the fashion retail buyer. For the fashion retail buyer, the supplier which offers a shorter lead time allows it to postpone the ordering decision with updated and better forecast, and also a smaller carbon tax. However, the wholesale price is usually larger. We propose a two-phase optimal supplier selection scheme in which phase one filters the inferior suppliers and phase two helps to select the best supplier among the set of non-inferior suppliers by multi-stage stochastic dynamic programming. The impacts brought by different formats of carbon emission tax are explored. Finally, we examine an extended model in which there is a local supplier who offers a buyback contract and accepts product returns. Insights from the analysis are discussed.     

LQ optimal and reaching law-based sliding modes for inventory management systems

In this article, the theory of discrete sliding-mode control is used to design new supply strategies for periodic-review inventory systems. In the considered systems, the stock used to fulfil an unknown, time-varying demand can be replenished from a single supply source or from multiple suppliers procuring orders with different delays. The proposed strategies guarantee that demand is always entirely satisfied from the on-hand stock (yielding the maximum service level), and the warehouse capacity is not exceeded (which eliminates the cost of emergency storage). In contrast to the classical, stochastic approaches, in this article, we focus on optimising the inventory system dynamics. The parameters of the first control strategy are selected by minimising a quadratic cost functional. Next, it is shown how the system dynamical performance can be improved by applying the concept of a reaching law with the appropriately adjusted reaching phase. The stable, nonoscillatory behaviour of the closed-loop system is demonstrated and the properties of the designed controllers are discussed and strictly proved.     

Single sourcing versus dual sourcing under conditions of learning

This paper considers a buyer who has to decide whether to select a single or two sources of supply for a homogeneous product. The production processes of the suppliers are subject to learning effects, which reduce the production costs and increase the production capacities of the suppliers. This, in turn, enables the suppliers to reduce the sales price, which results in lower acquisition costs at the buyer. As the supplier selection decision influences the individual production quantity of a supplier, the learning effect has to be considered when deciding how many and which suppliers to select. Since the effect of learning on the supplier selection problem has not been investigated in the literature, this paper addresses this limitation and derives models for continuous learning and when learning plateaus. Numerical results indicate that the supplier selection decision can comprehensively influence the learning process for the suppliers and therewith the total costs of the system under study. The results also show that it is not necessarily optimal solely to select the supplier with the highest learning rate.     

供应商选择的决策支持系统

供应商的选择是供应链管理中至关重要的组成 部分．本文在分析了敏捷制造模式下,供应商选择评估系统的功能需求的基础上,结合决策 支持系统（DSS）的新发展、新技术,提出了供应商选择决策支持系统的一种实现策略．