基于改进SMOTE的制造过程不平衡数据分类策略

不平衡数据分析是智能制造的关键技术之一,其分类问题已成为机器学习和数据挖掘的研究热点。针对目前不平衡数据过采样策略中人工合成数据边缘化且需要降噪处理的问题,提出一种基于改进SMOTE（synthetic minority oversampling technique）和局部离群因子（local outlier factor,LOF）的过采样算法。首先对整个数据集进行[K]-means聚类,筛选出高可靠性样本进行改进SMOTE算法过采样,然后采用LOF算法删除误差大的人工合成样本。在4个UCI不平衡数据集上的实验结果表明,该方法对不平衡数据中少数类的分类能力更强,有效地克服了数据边缘化问题,将算法应用于磷酸生产中的不平衡数据,实现了该不平衡数据的准确分类。     

Approximate pairwise clustering for large data sets via sampling plus extension

Pairwise clustering methods have shown great promise for many real-world applications. However, the computational demands of these methods make them impractical for use with large data sets. The contribution of this paper is a simple but efficient method, called eSPEC, that makes clustering feasible for problems involving large data sets. Our solution adopts a “sampling, clustering plus extension” strategy. The methodology starts by selecting a small number of representative samples from the relational pairwise data using a selective sampling scheme; then the chosen samples are grouped using a pairwise clustering algorithm combined with local scaling; and finally, the label assignments of the remaining instances in the data are extended as a classification problem in a low-dimensional space, which is explicitly learned from the labeled samples using a cluster-preserving graph embedding technique. Extensive experimental results on several synthetic and real-world data sets demonstrate both the feasibility of approximately clustering large data sets and acceleration of clustering in loadable data sets of our method.     

基于核集合的大数据快速Kernel Grower 聚类方法

Kernel Grower 是一种有效的核聚类方法, 它具有计算精度高的优点. 然而, Kernel Grower在应用中的一个关键问题是对于大规模数据运算速度缓慢, 这在很大程度上制约了该方法的应用. 本文提出了一种大规模数据的快速核聚类方法, 该方法通过近似最小包含球快速算法, 显著地提高了的Kernel Grower计算速度, 并且该方法的计算复杂度仅与样本个数成线性关系. 在人工数据集和标准测试集上的模拟实验均说明本文算法的有效性. 本文还给出该方法在真实彩色图像分割中应用.     

基于自适应Nyström采样的大数据谱聚类算法

面对结构复杂的数据集,谱聚类是一种灵活而有效的聚类方法,它基于谱图理论,通过将数据点映射到一个由特征向量构成的低维空间,优化数据的结构,得到令人满意的聚类结果.但在谱聚类的过程中,特征分解的计算复杂度通常为O(n³),限制了谱聚类算法在大数据中的应用.Nyström扩展方法利用数据集中的部分抽样点,进行近似计算,逼近真实的特征空间,可以有效降低计算复杂度,为大数据谱聚类算法提供了新思路.抽样策略的选择对Nyström扩展技术至关重要,设计了一种自适应的Nyström采样方法,每个数据点的抽样概率都会在一次采样完成后及时更新,而且从理论上证明了抽样误差会随着采样次数的增加呈指数下降.基于自适应的Nyström采样方法,提出一种适用于大数据的谱聚类算法,并对该算法的可行性和有效性进行了实验验证.     

ML-kNN算法在大数据集上的高效应用

k近邻多标签算法（ML-kNN）是一种懒惰学习算法，并已经成功地应用到实际生活中。随着信息量的不断增大，将ML-kNN算法运用到大数据集上已是形势所需。利用聚类算法将数据集分为几个不同的部分，然后在每一个部分中使用ML-kNN算法，并在四个规模不同的数据集上进行了一系列实验。实验结果表明，基于此思想的ML-kNN算法不论在精度、性能还是效率上都略胜一筹。     

大数据的密度统计合并算法

针对处理大数据时传统聚类算法失效或效果不理想的问题,提出了一种大数据的密度统计合并算法(density-based statistical merging algorithm for large data sets,简称DSML).该算法将数据点的每个特征看作一组独立随机变量,并根据独立有限差分不等式获得统计合并判定准则.首先,使用统计合并判定准则对Leaders算法做出改进,获得代表点集;随后,结合代表点的密度和邻域信息,再次使用统计合并判定准则完成对整个数据集的聚类.理论分析和实验结果表明,DSML算法具有近似线性的时间复杂度,能处理任意形状的数据集,且对噪声具有良好的鲁棒性,非常有利于处理大规模数据集.     

谱聚类欠取样下自编码网络不平衡数据挖掘

不平衡数据集的应用领域日益广泛,需求也越来越高,为提升整体数据集的分类准确率,以谱聚类欠取样为前提条件,构建一种自编码网络不平衡数据挖掘方法.把聚类问题转换成无向图多路径划分问题,通过无向图与标准化处理完成谱聚类,经过有选择地欠取样处理多数类数据集,获取分类边界偏移量,利用学习过程是无监督学习的自编码网络,升、降维数据,获取各维度隐藏特征,实现各层面的数据高效表示学习,根据最大均值差异与预设阈值的对比结果,调整自编码网络,基于得到的分类界面,完成不平衡数据挖掘.选用具有不同实际应用背景的UCI数据集,从中抽取10组数据作为测试集,经谱聚类欠取样处理与模拟实验,发现所提方法大幅提升少数类分类精度与整体挖掘性能,具有较好的适用性与可行性.     

一种基于抽样的大规模混合数据聚类集成算法

混合数据聚类是聚类分析中一个重要的问题。现有的混合数据聚类算法主要是在全体样本的相似性度量的基础上进行聚类,因此对大规模数据进行聚类时,算法效率不高。基于此,设计了一种新的抽样策略,在此基础上,提出了一种基于抽样的大规模混合数据聚类集成算法。该算法对利用新的抽样策略得到的多个样本子集分别进行聚类,并将结果集成得到最终聚类结果。实验证明,与改进的K-prototypes算法相比,该算法的效率有了显著提高,同时聚类有效性指标基本相同。     

基于聚类融合的不平衡数据分类方法

不平衡数据分类问题目前已成为数据挖掘和机器学习的研究热点。文中提出一类基于聚类融合的不平衡数据分类方法,旨在解决传统分类方法对少数类的识别率较低的问题。该方法通过引入“聚类一致性系数”找出处于少数类边界区域和处于多数类中心区域的样本,并分别使用改进的SMOTE过抽样方法和改进的随机欠抽样方法对训练集的少数类和多数类进行不同的处理,以改善不同类数据的平衡度,为分类算法提供更好的训练平台。通过实验对比8种方法在一些公共数据集上的分类性能,结果表明该方法对少数类和多数类均具有较高的识别率。     

GAEBic: A Novel Biclustering Analysis Method for miRNA-Targeted Gene Data Based on Graph Autoencoder

Unlike traditional clustering analysis,the biclustering algorithm works simultaneously on two dimensions of samples (row) and variables (column).In recent years,biclustering methods have been developed rapidly and widely applied in biological data analysis,text clustering,recommendation system and other fields.The traditional clustering algorithms cannot be well adapted to process high-dimensional data and/or large-scale data.At present,most of the biclustering algorithms are designed for the differentially expressed big biological data.However,there is little discussion on binary data clustering mining such as miRNA-targeted gene data.Here,we propose a novel biclustering method for miRNA-targeted gene data based on graph autoencoder named as GAEBic.GAEBic applies graph autoencoder to capture the similarity of sample sets or variable sets,and takes a new irregular clustering strategy to mine biclusters with excellent generalization.Based on the miRNA-targeted gene data of soybean,we benchmark several different types of the biclustering algorithm,and find that GAEBic performs better than Bimax,Bibit and the Spectral Biclustering algorithm in terms of target gene enrichment.This biclustering method achieves comparable performance on the high throughput miRNA data of soybean and it can also be used for other species.     

BIRCH: A New Data Clustering Algorithm and Its Applications

Data clustering is an important technique for exploratory data analysis, and has been studied for several years. It has been shown to be useful in many practical domains such as data classification and image processing. Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on exploratory analysis of very large datasets to discover useful patterns and/or correlations among attributes. This is called data mining, and data clustering is regarded as a particular branch. However existing data clustering methods do not adequately address the problem of processing large datasets with a limited amount of resources (e.g., memory and cpu cycles). So as the dataset size increases, they do not scale up well in terms of memory requirement, running time, and result quality.In this paper, an efficient and scalable data clustering method is proposed, based on a new in-memory data structure called CF-tree, which serves as an in-memory summary of the data distribution. We have implemented it in a system called BIRCH (Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies), and studied its performance extensively in terms of memory requirements, running time, clustering quality, stability and scalability; we also compare it with other available methods. Finally, BIRCH is applied to solve two real-life problems: one is building an iterative and interactive pixel classification tool, and the other is generating the initial codebook for image compression.     

Extending fuzzy and probabilistic clustering to very large data sets

Approximating clusters in very large (VL=unloadable) data sets has been considered from many angles. The proposed approach has three basic steps: (i) progressive sampling of the VL data, terminated when a sample passes a statistical goodness of fit test; (ii) clustering the sample with a literal (or exact) algorithm; and (iii) non-iterative extension of the literal clusters to the remainder of the data set. Extension accelerates clustering on all (loadable) data sets. More importantly, extension provides feasibility—a way to find (approximate) clusters—for data sets that are too large to be loaded into the primary memory of a single computer. A good generalized sampling and extension scheme should be effective for acceleration and feasibility using any extensible clustering algorithm. A general method for progressive sampling in VL sets of feature vectors is developed, and examples are given that show how to extend the literal fuzzy (c-means) and probabilistic (expectation-maximization) clustering algorithms onto VL data. The fuzzy extension is called the generalized extensible fast fuzzy c-means (geFFCM) algorithm and is illustrated using several experiments with mixtures of five-dimensional normal distributions.     

An evolutionary computational model applied to cluster analysis of DNA microarray data

This paper proposes a new hierarchical clustering method using genetic algorithms for the analysis of gene expression data. This method is based on the mathematical proof of several results, showing its effectiveness with regard to other clustering methods. Genetic algorithms applied to cluster analysis have disclosed good results on biological data and many studies have been carried out in this sense, although most of them are focused on partitional clustering methods. Even though there are few studies that attempt to use genetic algorithms for building hierarchical clustering, they do not include constraints that allow us to reduce the complexity of the problem. Therefore, these studies become intractable problems for large data sets. On the other hand, the deterministic hierarchical clustering methods generally face the problem of convergence towards local optimums due to their greedy strategy. The method introduced here is an alternative to solve some of the problems existing methods face. The results of the experiments have shown that our approach can be very effective in cluster analysis of DNA microarray data.     

一种聚类欠采样策略的随机森林优化方法

针对随机森林分类效果受样本集类间不平衡、类内不规则的影响,提出一种聚类欠采样策略的随机森林优化方法。该方法对原始数据大类样本聚类,得到与小类样本个数相同的子类簇;从每个子类簇中随机有放回抽取一个样本与小类样本合并,形成平衡样本集;对平衡样本集进行有放回随机抽样,形成单棵决策树的训练样本集并完成建树;将两次未被抽中的样本作为袋外数据,用于模型测试;重复上述过程多次,形成随机森林。使用10组非平衡数据集进行实验验证,结果表明,该方法在这10组数据集上的分类能力及稳定性均优于传统随机森林。     

基于聚类和微粒群优化的基因选择新方法

鉴于传统的基因选择方法会选出大量冗余基因从而导致较低的样本预测准确率,提出一种基于聚类和微粒群优化的基因选择算法。首先采用聚类算法将基因分成固定数目的簇;然后,采用极限学习机作为分类器进行簇中的特征基因分类性能评价,得到一个备选基因库;最后,采用基于微粒群优化和极限学习机的缠绕法从备选基因库中选择具有最大分类率、最小数目的基因子集。所选出的基因具有良好的分类性能。在两个公开的微阵列数据集上的实验结果表明,相对于一些经典的方法,新方法能够以较少的基因获得更高的分类性能。     

Augmentation of a nearest neighbour clustering algorithm with a partial supervision strategy for biomedical data classification

Abstract: In this paper, a partial supervision strategy for a recently developed clustering algorithm, the nearest neighbour clustering algorithm (NNCA), is proposed. The proposed method (NNCA-PS) offers classification capability with a smaller amount of a priori knowledge, where a small number of data objects from the entire data set are used as labelled objects to guide the clustering process towards a better search space. Experimental results show that NNCA-PS gives promising results of 89% sensitivity at 95% specificity when used to segment retinal blood vessels, and a maximum classification accuracy of 99.5% with 97.2% average accuracy when applied to a breast cancer data set. Comparisons with other methods indicate the robustness of the proposed method in classification. Additionally, experiments on parallel environments indicate the suitability and scalability of NNCA-PS in handling larger data sets.     

Efficient biased sampling for approximate clustering and outlier detection in large data sets

We investigate the use of biased sampling according to the density of the data set to speed up the operation of general data mining tasks, such as clustering and outlier detection in large multidimensional data sets. In density-biased sampling, the probability that a given point will be included in the sample depends on the local density of the data set. We propose a general technique for density-biased sampling that can factor in user requirements to sample for properties of interest and can be tuned for specific data mining tasks. This allows great flexibility and improved accuracy of the results over simple random sampling. We describe our approach in detail, we analytically evaluate it, and show how it can be optimized for approximate clustering and outlier detection. Finally, we present a thorough experimental evaluation of the proposed method, applying density-biased sampling on real and synthetic data sets, and employing clustering and outlier detection algorithms, thus highlighting the utility of our approach.     

一种快速山峰聚类算法*

山峰聚类既可以对数据集进行近似聚类,又可以为其他聚类方法提供聚类所需的初始聚类中心。减法聚类是山峰聚类的改进,它避免了山峰聚类中出现的计算量随样本维数增加呈指数增长的情况。但减法聚类对处理大样本集也力不从心。引入了P-tree数据结构,对高维大样本集进行分解,然后用减法聚类对子样本集进行聚类。此算法既避免了山峰聚类的维数灾难问题,也解决了减法聚类中样本数太大的问题。实验结果证明,该算法有效地减少了运算量,提高了聚类的速度。     

COG: local decomposition for rare class analysis

Given its importance, the problem of predicting rare classes in large-scale multi-labeled data sets has attracted great attention in the literature. However, rare class analysis remains a critical challenge, because there is no natural way developed for handling imbalanced class distributions. This paper thus fills this crucial void by developing a method for classification using local clustering (COG). Specifically, for a data set with an imbalanced class distribution, we perform clustering within each large class and produce sub-classes with relatively balanced sizes. Then, we apply traditional supervised learning algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVMs), for classification. Along this line, we explore key properties of local clustering for a better understanding of the effect of COG on rare class analysis. Also, we provide a systematic analysis of time and space complexity of the COG method. Indeed, the experimental results on various real-world data sets show that COG produces significantly higher prediction accuracies on rare classes than state-of-the-art methods and the COG scheme can greatly improve the computational performance of SVMs. Furthermore, we show that COG can also improve the performances of traditional supervised learning algorithms on data sets with balanced class distributions. Finally, as two case studies, we have applied COG for two real-world applications: credit card fraud detection and network intrusion detection.