多播3-Omega交换网的设计思想

阐述了具有最佳硬件复杂度且可无阻地在输入/输出间传输任意多播信号的多播3-Omega网的设计思想，设计理念可表述为“置换-复制-置换”，组成形式为“Omega-1+Omega+Omega-1”。它具有O(nlogn)的硬件代价，存储空间和时间复杂度均为O(nlogn)，连接建立时间为(logn)，传输延迟O(logn)，符合Shannon的硬件代价极限标准，具有良好的可实现性。     

一种基于Omega网的多播实现方案

介绍了一种基于Omega网结构的新型FuO网络模型,并基于该网络模型提出了无阻塞实现多播的解决方案.该网络由1个Omega-1 Omega网和1个简化的Omega-1×Omega网串连构成,其开关总数达到2NlogN-N/2.本文还对FuO网络模型进一步优化,提出了一种循环Omega-1×Omega网,开关总数达到2NlogN-N/2,比FuO网络大大降低,采用Omega网上的特定路由算法,可以无阻塞地实现任意多源点多播.     

通过改变开关状态实现多源点多播

在并行和分布式环境中 ,多个结点之间的通讯一直是研究工作的焦点问题 ,这些通讯主要包括置换、多播(Multicast)及多源点多播 (Multiple Multicast) .L ai提出了适用于一类与带缓存的 Cube网相互拓扑等价的网络的置换算法 ,硬件代价为 O(N log N ) ,算法的时间复杂度为 O(N ) .Feng提出的 inside- out算法实现了 Omega- 1 × Omega网上的置换 ,总的路由时间复杂度为 O(N log N) ,硬件代价为 O(N log N) .支持严格无阻塞置换的三级 Clos网的总的交叉点数为O(N32 ) .支持严格无阻塞的多播的三级 Clos网为 O(N32 logrloglogr) .Yang提出了一种新的多播网络 ,硬件复杂度为 O(N log2 N ) .为了支持多源点多播 ,多级互联网硬件代价往往大幅上升 .本文借鉴了 L ai提出的规则改变开关状态的方法 ,并把这种算法推广到了多源点多播的情况 .提出了一种新的多源点多播路由算法 ,此算法也同样适用于这一类相互拓扑等价的多级互联网 ,包括 Baseline、Om ega、Cube等 .在此算法中 ,每个数据流被划分为固定大小的数据包 ,在网络中独立传送 ,网络中的每个开关的状态按照固定的状态每个时步规则变化 ,每个数据包两次经过网络后到达目标结点 .此类的网络的硬件代价为 O(Nlog N ) ,此多源点多播路由算法的时间复杂度为 O(N )     

一种新型的可重排多播网络

在并行分布式系统中，多播操作（包括一对多播送和多源点多播）是一种常见的操作，关于多播操作（尤其是多源点多播）的研究是一个有一定难度，但又具有重要应用价值的问题，也是目前升级互连网络研究领域中的一个热门课题，已有的关于多播的成果大多只针对现有的多级网络，并且一般只能实现单个多播。Yang在[3]中针对多源点多播的并发。提出了一种新的多播网络，硬件复杂度为O（Nlog^2N).本文提出了一种基于Omega网的多播网络（5－Omega网），通过重排各级开关的状态，可以并发的实现任意的多源点多播，所需开关元件总数为5／2NlongN,与Yang提出的多播网络相比，硬件代价小得多，同时，5－Omega网上的多播路由时间复杂度能达到O（NlogN)，在相关的成果中也算是最优的，并且由于Omega网的结构较为简单，这种网的硬件集成也非常容易，因此更具有实用价值，在这种网络的构造基础上，还提出了一种新的多播网络模型，为以后设计多播网络提供了一种参考方法。     

严格无阻塞多播三级Clos网的优化

如何在严格无阻塞情况下保持最低的硬件代价,是多播三级Clos网设计中的一个重要问题.提出一种优化网络硬件代价的方法,分别给出了在没有多播受限和中间级多播受限两种情况下,严格无阻塞多播三级Clos网硬件代价的最优值.分析表明,优化后网络的硬件代价得到了有效降低,在某些情况下甚至低于广义无阻塞网.同时,与广义无阻塞网相比,该网络无需特定的路由算法就能始终保持严格无阻塞状态,在一定程度上降低了时间复杂度.     

2-Omega新型会议网络的设计与分析

针对已有会议网络(CCN)的拓扑不规则和延迟不一致问题,提出一种由Omega-1汇集网络和Omega复制网串接的2-Omega CCN——GBCCN,设计出整体上具有较好对称性的新型CCN。依据Omega网局域编码自路由策略的特点,给出该网络上设置路由路径的2种快速自路由策略,通过分析证明其硬件代价为O(nlogn),通信延迟和路由时间的复杂度为O(logn),均达到已有CCN的最优量级,并具有更小的复杂度系数。     

无阻塞Clos-Type网上的多源点多播

在并行和分布式环境中 ,提供无阻塞的多对多通信是至关重要的 .Clos- Type网络能很好地满足这些要求 ,因此得到广泛的应用 .但是目前对于这类网中的多源点多播 ,通常的办法是通过对输入端的请求逐个进行一到多播送的方式来实现 ,这样的方式算法效率较低 ,在 N× N的网络中时间复杂度达到Θ (N3/2 ) ,其中 N为网络输入端的总数 .文章主要研究的是 Clos- Type网上进行多源点多播的充分条件 ,并且通过引入分组、竞争互斥等机制 ,在中间级开关数目数量级不变的情况下使路由算法的时间复杂度降低至 :Θ N log Nloglog N2 log N ,从而在 Clos-Type网络上以较低的时间复杂度无冲突地实现了多源点多播     

面向输电线故障信息传输的多播路由

针对无线传感器网络应用于输电线路故障传输时存在通信代价高、实时性差的问题,提出一种输电线路故障传输多播路由算法(MRFT)。抽象出输电线路故障信息传输网络模型;根据时延最短路径树(SPT)的最大端到端时延确定多播树时延上限,将时延上限边接入多播树;设计最小代价启发函数将剩余叶子节点接入多播树。仿真结果表明,与KPP算法相比,MRFT算法构造的多播树在多播树时延、端到端时延方差和多播树代价3个方面均有良好表现。该算法能够有效保证输电线路故障信息传输的实时性,降低通信代价。     

基于广播Banyan网的组播地址合并算法

建立了基于广播Banyan网的点到多点组播通信模型,指出了用广播Banyan网做路由网时实现点到多点通信需要解决的问题。为了充分发挥广播Banyan网的复制功能,提出了两种将点到多点传输信元的二进制目的地址合并为三进制地址的路由合并算法。分析表明提出的两种算法可以有效地减少网络内部内部占有和链路数,从而提高了网络资源的利用率。     

博弈论在无线自组网技术中的应用

通过对无线Ad Hoc网络的分析，重点建立单、多播地址路由算法机理，分析其路由策略、输出O（A）、开销P（A）、实用性等要素，其要素选择正确与否，它将会得到正确与不正确的结果，通过博弈找到一种正确算法机理，能更好地应用到Ad Hoc网络中。     

A new self-routing multicast network

In this paper, we propose a design for a new self-routing multicast network which can realize arbitrary multicast assignments between its inputs and outputs without any blocking. The network design uses a recursive decomposition approach and is based on the binary radix sorting concept. All functional components of the network are reverse banyan networks. Specifically, the new multicast network is recursively constructed by cascading a binary splitting network and two half-size multicast networks. The binary splitting network, in turn, consists of two recursively constructed reverse banyan networks. The first reverse banyan network serves as a scatter network and the second reverse banyan network serves as a quasisorting network. The advantage of this approach is to provide a way to self-route multicast assignments through the network and a possibility to reuse part of network to reduce the network cost. The new multicast network we design is compared favorably with the previously proposed multicast networks. It uses O(n log² n) logic gates, and has O(log² n) depth and O(log² n) routing time where the unit of time is a gate delay. By reusing part of the network, the feedback implementation of the network can further reduce the network cost to O(n log n)     

A theory of deadlock-free adaptive multicast routing in wormholenetworks

A theory for the design of deadlock-free adaptive routing algorithms for wormhole networks, proposed by the author (1991, 1993), supplies sufficient conditions for an adaptive routing algorithm to be deadlock-free, even when there are cyclic dependencies between channels. Also, two design methodologies were proposed. Multicast communication refers to the delivery of the same message from one source node to an arbitrary number of destination nodes. A tree-like routing scheme is not suitable for hardware-supported multicast in wormhole networks because it produces many headers for each message, drastically increasing the probability of a message being blocked. A path-based multicast routing model was proposed by Lin and Ni (1991) for multicomputers with 2D-mesh and hypercube topologies. In this model, messages are not replicated at intermediate nodes. This paper develops the theoretical background for the design of deadlock-free adaptive multicast routing algorithms. This theory is valid for wormhole networks using the path-based routing model. It is also valid when messages with a single destination and multiple destinations are mixed together. The new channel dependencies produced by messages with several destinations are studied. Also, two theorems are proposed, developing conditions to verify that an adaptive multicast routing algorithm is deadlock-free, even when there are cyclic dependencies between channels. As an example, the multicast routing algorithms of Lin and Ni are extended, so that they can take advantage of the alternative paths offered by the network     

Efficient routing and sorting schemes for de Bruijn networks

We consider the problems of routing and sorting on a de Bruijn network. First, we show that any deterministic oblivious routing scheme for permutation routing on a d-ary de Bruijn network with N=dⁿ nodes, in the worst case, will take Ω(√N) steps under the single-port model. This improves the existing lower bounds provided d is not a constant. We also show that the lower bound is indeed a tight one. Second, we present a deterministic nonoblivious permutation routing algorithm which runs in O(d.n²) time on a d-ary de Bruijn network with N=dⁿ nodes. This algorithm is currently the fastest known nonoblivious deterministic routing algorithm for de Bruijn networks of arbitrary degree. Finally, we present an efficient general sorting algorithm for the de Bruijn networks of arbitrary degree. This algorithm is the best sorting algorithm known so far. It runs in O((log d).d.n²) time for directed de Bruijn network with dⁿ nodes, degree d, and diameter n. As a corollary, we show that on a binary de Bruijn network of Nnodes, our sorting scheme requires at most 2 log² Nsteps     

Efficient nonblocking switching networks for interprocessorcommunications in multiprocessor systems

The performance of a multiprocessor system depends heavily on its ability to provide conflict free paths among its processors. In this paper, we explore the possibility of using a nonblocking network with O(N log N) edges (crosspoints) to interconnect the processors of an N processor system, We combine Bassalygo and Pinsker's implicit design of strictly nonblocking networks with an explicit construction of expanders to obtain a strictly nonblocking network with -765.18N+352.8N log N edges and 2+log(N/5) depth. We present an efficient parallel algorithm for routing connection requests on this network and implement it on three parallel processor topologies. The implementation on a parallel processor whose processing elements are interconnected as in the Bassalygo-Pinsker network requires O(N log N) processing elements, O(N log N) interprocessor links and it takes O(log N) steps to route any single connection request where each step involves a small number (≈72) of bit-level operations. A contracted or folded version of the same implementation reduces the processing element count to O(N) without increasing the link count or the routing time. Finally, we establish that the same algorithm takes O(log³ N) steps on a perfect shuffle processor with O(N) processing elements. These results improve the crosspoint, depth and routing time complexities of the previously reported strictly nonblocking networks     

A fast parallel algorithm for routing unicast assignments in Benesnetworks

This paper presents a new parallel algorithm for routing unicast (one-to-one) assignments in Benes networks. Parallel routing algorithms for such networks were reported earlier, but these algorithms were designed primarily to route permutation assignments. The routing algorithm presented in this paper removes this restriction without an increase in the order of routing cost or routing time. We realize this new routing algorithm on two different topologies. The algorithm routes a unicast assignment involving O(k) pairs of inputs and outputs in O(lg ² k+lg n) time on a completely connected network of n processors and in O(lg⁴ k+lg² k lg n) time on an extended shuffle-exchange network of n processors. Using O(n lg n) professors, the same algorithm can be pipelined to route α unicast assignments each involving O(k) pairs of inputs and outputs, in O(lg² k+lg n+(α-1) lg k) time on a completely connected network and in O(lg⁴ k+lg² k lg n+(α-1)(lg ³ k+lg k lg n)) time on the extended shuffle-exchange network. These yield an average routing time of O(lg k) in the first case, and O(lg³ k+1g k lg n) in the second case, for all α⩾lg n. These complexities indicate that the algorithm given in this paper is as fast as Nassimi and Sahni's algorithm for unicast assignments, and with pipelining, it is faster than the same algorithm at least by a factor of O(lg n) on both topologies. Furthermore, for sparse assignments, i.e., when k=O(1), it is the first algorithm which has an average routing time of O(1g n) on a topology with O(n) links     

基于遗传算法的带宽-时延约束多播路由优化算法

随着许多多媒体在高速网络中的应用,多播路由问题成为越来越重要的课题。多播路由问题在计算机网络中是著名的Steiner树问题,同时也是NP完全问题。该文提出了一种基于遗传算法的多播路由优化算法,采用可变长度染色体(多播树)和基因(路径)应用于编码问题。该算法在满足带宽和时延约束条件下寻找代价最小的多播树。仿真实验证明该算法能快速找到最优解,收敛速度快,可靠性高,能够满足多媒体网络对实时性的要求。     

一种新的基于混沌神经网络的组播路由算法

探讨了在高速包交换计算机网络中,具有端到端时延及时延抖动限制的组播路由问题,提出了基于混沌神经网络的组播路由优化算法。所提出的方法具有许多优良特性,即暂态混沌特性和平稳收敛特性,能有效地避免传统Hopfield神经网络极易陷入局部极值的缺陷。它通过短暂的倒分叉过程,能很快进入稳定收敛状态。通过计算机仿真,和其它的一些方法进行了对比,结果表明：该算法能根据组播应用对时延和时延抖动的要求,快速、有效地构造最优组播树,具有较强的实时性。     

三种Ad Hoc网络组播协议的性能分析与比较

近年来，Ad hoc网络的组播路由协议研究受到广泛关注，但已经提出的各种组播协议中还没有一种在MANET定义的各种性能指标方面都处于领先，因此对不同协议的分析和比较能帮助人们在不同的应用环境下选择和设计更适合的组播协议。本文首先分别介绍了3种典型的组播路由协议：ODMRP、ADMR、DRMR，然后对其控制开销进行了计算分析，最后利用NS2仿真软件对3种协议进行仿真，分析与比较了它们在各种网络环境下的性能。