A new expert system for learning management systems evaluation based on neutrosophic sets

There has been a sudden increase in the usage of Learning Management Systems applications to support learner's learning process in higher education. Many studies in learning management system evaluation are implemented under complete information, while the real environment has uncertainty aspects. As these systems were described by development organizations with uncertainty terms such as vague, imprecise, ambiguity and inconsistent, that is why traditional evaluation methods may not be effective. This paper suggests neutrosophic logic as a better option to simulate human thinking than fuzzy logic because unlike fuzzy logic, it is able to handle indeterminacy of information which expresses the percentage of unknown parameters. As previous studies suggested neutrosophic decision maker and neutrosophic expert systems as future work in ecommerce and e‐learning applications, this paper presents neutrosphic expert system for learning management systems evaluation. Information for building and validating the neutrosophic expert system is collected from five experts using surveys, and then analysis is done by using Fuzzytech 5.54d software. Finally, the comparison between fuzzy expert system and neutrosophic expert system results show that the neutrosophic logic is capable of representing uncertainty in human thinking for evaluating Learning Management Systems.     

基于知识粒度的异常数据挖掘算法

粒计算理论提供了一种新的处理不确定、不完全与不一致知识的有效方法。知识粒度是粒计算理论中度量不确定信息的重要工具之一。已有的异常数据挖掘算法主要针对确定性的异常数据挖掘,采用知识粒度度量不确定性数据,进行异常数据挖掘的研究尚未报道。为此,在引入知识粒度概念的基础上,定义了相对知识粒度及异常度来度量数据之间的异常程度,并提出基于知识粒度的异常数据挖掘算法,该算法可有效进行异常数据的挖掘。实例验证了该算法的有效性。     

Title Paper: Natural computing: A problem solving paradigm with granular information processing

Natural computing, inspired by biological course of action, is an interdisciplinary field that formalizes processes observed in living organisms to design computational methods for solving complex problems, or designing artificial systems with more natural behaviour. Based on the tasks abstracted from natural phenomena, such as brain modelling, self-organization, self-repetition, self evaluation, Darwinian survival, granulation and perception, nature serves as a source of inspiration for the development of computational tools or systems that are used for solving complex problems. Nature inspired main computing paradigms used for such development include artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, rough sets, evolutionary algorithms, fractal geometry, DNA computing, artificial life and granular or perception-based computing. Information granulation in granular computing is an inherent characteristic of human thinking and reasoning process performed in everyday life. The present article provides an overview of the significance of natural computing with respect to the granulation-based information processing models, such as neural networks, fuzzy sets and rough sets, and their hybridization. We emphasize on the biological motivation, design principles, application areas, open research problems and challenging issues of these models.     

Significance of Models of Computation,from Turing Model to Natural Computation

The increased interactivity and connectivity of computational devices along with the spreading of computational tools and computational thinking across the fields, has changed our understanding of the nature of computing. In the course of this development computing models have been extended from the initial abstract symbol manipulating mechanisms of stand-alone, discrete sequential machines, to the models of natural computing in the physical world, generally concurrent asynchronous processes capable of modelling living systems, their informational structures and dynamics on both symbolic and sub-symbolic information processing levels. Present account of models of computation highlights several topics of importance for the development of new understanding of computing and its role: natural computation and the relationship between the model and physical implementation, interactivity as fundamental for computational modelling of concurrent information processing systems such as living organisms and their networks, and the new developments in logic needed to support this generalized framework. Computing understood as information processing is closely related to natural sciences; it helps us recognize connections between sciences, and provides a unified approach for modeling and simulating of both living and non-living systems.     

单值中智信息熵及其多属性决策方法

针对评估信息为单值中智数的多属性决策问题,建立了基于单值中智熵的多属性决策方法。首先,针对现有单值中智熵定义的不足,引入了新的单值中智熵的公理化定义;其次,基于三角函数,设计了一种衡量单值中智数不确定性的信息熵公式,并证明其满足单值中智熵的四个公理化条件;然后,运用提出的熵公式,并结合Lagrange乘数法和贴近度,构建了一种新的单值中智多属性决策方法;最后,将提出的决策方法运用于数据产品服务商的选择问题验证该方法的合理性与有效性。     

Granular Rough Theory: A representation semantics oriented theory of roughness

The present work is an archival paper for a series of contributions proposed in last few years on building a theory of roughness over pure mereological relations among information granules. There are five major efforts taken in the present paper: (1) emphasizing on the representational semantics of theory of roughness: to approximately represent a class of entities characterized by some aspects in terms of entity collections described at other aspects; (2) defining a representation model Granular Representation Calculus (GrRC) to synthesize complex information systems from information granules; (3) establishing notion of Granular Rough Theory (GrRT) over information granules operated in terms of GrRC; (4) extending GrRC/GrRT to various computational environments such as multi-agent systems and ontological computing environments; (5) exploring pragmatic aspects of GrRC/GrRT in implementing prototypes with data model and object programming orientations, and proposing an Ontology-Driven Web Information System as a granular-rough computational Web intelligence framework over GrRC/GrRT.     

基于行业股信息表的粒子计算与智能数据分析

使用信息表可以开发简单、具体的粒子计算模型,智能数据分析从不同视角揭示嵌入数据内部的各种结构和知识类型,粒子计算提供了用于问题解决和信息处理的通用方法。文章首先通过行业股信息表描述决策逻辑语言及粒子计算,然后讨论了智能数据分析的原理,同时给出具体实例并进行分析。     

Possibility-induced simplified neutrosophic aggregation operators and their application to multi-criteria group decision-making

Abstract

Simplified neutrosophic set (SNS) is an appropriate tool used to express the incompleteness, indeterminacy and uncertainty of the evaluation objects in decision-making process. In this study, we define the concept of possibility SNS including two types of information such as the neutrosophic performance provided from the evaluation objects and its possibility degree using a value ranging from zero to one. Then by extending the existing neutrosophic information, aggregation models for SNSs that cannot be used effectively to fusion the two different information described above, we propose two novel neutrosophic aggregation operators considering possibility, which are named as a possibility-induced simplified neutrosophic weighted arithmetic averaging operator and possibility-induced simplified neutrosophic weighted geometric averaging operator, and discuss their properties. Moreover, we develop a useful method based on the proposed aggregation operators for solving a multi-criteria group decision-making problem with the possibility simplified neutrosophic information, in which the weights of decision-makers and decision criteria are calculated based on entropy measure. Finally, a practical example is utilised to show the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

决策表决策规则与知识粒度

在知识发现、数据挖掘等研究领域中,粒度计算有着潜在的应用。针对决策表,探讨了其内在的粒度思想,研究了属性个数增减、属性取值改变对知识粒度变化的影响,并建立了知识粒度与规则确信度之间的动态关系,为决策表进行决策分析提供了科学依据。这些结果将有助于粒度计算和决策理论的研究。     

动态粒度下的粗糙集近似

粒度计算是粗糙集理论研究的一种强有力的工具。本文讨论了粒度意义下的粗糙集近似,并定义了动态粒度下的正向近似。另外,本文还从粒度的角度讨论了聚类结果和先验知识的协调度问题,并提出了一种基于动态粒度下的正向近似的聚类算法。这些结果将有助于粒度计算和粗糙集理论的研究。     

Integrating hydrological modelling,data assimilation and cloud computing for real-time management of water resources

Online data acquisition, data assimilation and integrated hydrological modelling have become more and more important in hydrological science. In this study, we explore cloud computing for integrating field data acquisition and stochastic, physically-based hydrological modelling in a data assimilation and optimisation framework as a service to water resources management. For this purpose, we developed an ensemble Kalman filter-based data assimilation system for the fully-coupled, physically-based hydrological model HydroGeoSphere, which is able to run in a cloud computing environment. A synthetic data assimilation experiment based on the widely used tilted V-catchment problem showed that the computational overhead for the application of the data assimilation platform in a cloud computing environment is minimal, which makes it well-suited for practical water management problems. Advantages of the cloud-based implementation comprise the independence from computational infrastructure and the straightforward integration of cloud-based observation databases with the modelling and data assimilation platform.     

二进制粒计算模型

粒计算是一种处理不确定性数据的理论方法,涵盖粗糙集、模糊集、商空间、词计算等。目前,数据的粒化与粒的计算主要涉及集合的运算与度量,集合运算的低效制约着粒计算相关算法的应用领域。为此,提出了一种二进制粒计算模型,给出了粒的三层结构,包括粒子、粒群与粒库,并定义了二进制粒子及二进制粒子的运算,将传统的集合运算转化为二进制数的计算,进一步给出了二进制粒子的距离度量,将等价类的集合表示方式转化为粒子的距离度量表示方式,给出了粒子距离的相关性质。该模型定义了二进制粒群距离的概念,给出了二进制粒群距离的计算方法,提出了基于二进制粒群距离的属性约简方法,证明了该方法与经典粗糙集约简方法的等价性,并以二进制粒群距离作为启发式信息,给出了两种约简算法。     

Neutrosophic structured element

This paper presents a new concept in neutrosophic sets (NS) called neutrosophic structured element (NSE). Based on this concept, we define the operational laws, score function, and some aggregation operators of NS. Finally, as an application of this concept, we propose a decision-making method for a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) problem under NSE information. The results indicate that this concept is a useful tool for dealing with neutrosophic decision problems.     

A new approach to hybrid probabilistic logic programs

This paper presents a novel revision of the framework of Hybrid Probabilistic Logic Programming, along with a complete semantics characterization, to enable the encoding of and reasoning about real-world applications. The language of Hybrid Probabilistic Logic Programs framework is extended to allow the use of non-monotonic negation, and two alternative semantical characterizations are defined: stable probabilistic model semantics and probabilistic well-founded semantics. These semantics generalize the stable model semantics and well-founded semantics of traditional normal logic programs, and they reduce to the semantics of Hybrid Probabilistic Logic programs for programs without negation. It is the first time that two different semantics for Hybrid Probabilistic Programs with non-monotonic negation as well as their relationships are described. This proposal provides the foundational grounds for developing computational methods for implementing the proposed semantics. Furthermore, it makes it clearer how to characterize non-monotonic negation in probabilistic logic programming frameworks for commonsense reasoning. An erratum to this article can be found at     

粒度计算的三种主要方法

粒度计算(Granular Computing,GrC)是新近兴起的人工智能研究领域的一个方向,它覆盖了所有有关粒度的理论、方法、技术和工具的研究。它是词计算理论、粗糙集理论、商空间理论、区间计算等的超集。词计算理论、粗糙集理论、商空间理论是粒度计算的三种主要方法。文中着重介绍了这三种粒度计算的基本理论、模型和方法,以及它们之间的关系,并展望了进一步的研究方向。     

Possibility neutrosophic soft sets and PNS-decision making method

In this paper, we introduce concept of possibility neutrosophic soft set and define some related concepts such as possibility neutrosophic soft subset, possibility neutrosophic soft null set, and possibility neutrosophic soft universal set. Then, based on definitions of n-norm and n-conorm, we define set theoretical operations of possibility neutrosophic soft sets such as union, intersection and complement, and investigate some properties of these operations. We also introduce AND-product and OR-product operations between two possibility neutrosophic soft sets. We propose a decision making method called possibility neutrosophic soft decision making method (PNS-decision making method) which can be applied to the decision making problems involving uncertainty based on AND-product operation. We finally give a numerical example to display application of the method that can be successfully applied to the problems.     

面向对象的多粒度形式概念分析

为进一步将粒计算思想引入到形式概念分析之中,在多粒度形式背景中研究了面向对象的形式概念,将已有的面向对象概念由单粒度拓展至多粒度情形。首先,在多粒度形式背景中,给出了不同粒度下概念的定义;其次,研究了在不同粗细粒度下,面向对象概念之间的内在联系;最后,证明了在不同粗细粒度下外延集相等的充分必要条件。所得结论为在多粒度形式背景中建立融合形式概念分析与粗糙集理论的数据分析模型提供了可能的框架。     

Translating Multi-Agent Autoepistemic Logic into Logic Program

In order to develop a proof procedure of multi-agent autoepistemic Logic (MAEL), a natural framework to formalize belief and reasoning including inheritance, persistence, and causality, we introduce a method that translates a MAEL theory into a logic program with integrity constraints. It is proved that there exists one-to-one correspondence between extensions of a MAEL theory and stable models of a logic program translated from it. Our approach has the following advantages: (1) We can obtain all extensions of a MAEL theory if we compute all stable models of the translated logic program. (2) We can fully use efficient techniques or systems for computing stable models of a logic program. We also investigate the properties of reasoning in MAEL through this translation. The fact that the extension computing problem can be reduced to the stable model computing problem implies that there are close relationships between MAEL and other formalizations of nonmonotonic reasoning.     

Neutrosophic classifier: An extension of fuzzy classifer

Fuzzy classification has become of great interest because of its ability to utilize simple linguistically interpretable rules and has overcome the limitations of symbolic or crisp rule based classifiers. This paper introduces an extension to fuzzy classifier: a neutrosophic classifier, which would utilize neutrosophic logic for its working. Neutrosophic logic is a generalized logic that is capable of effectively handling indeterminacy, stochasticity acquisition errors that fuzzy logic cannot handle. The proposed neutrosophic classifier employs neutrosophic logic for its working and is an extension of commonly used fuzzy classifier. It is compared with the commonly used fuzzy classifiers on the following parameters: nature of membership functions, number of rules and indeterminacy in the results generated. It is proved in the paper that extended fuzzy classifier: neutrosophic classifier; optimizes the said parameters in comparison to the fuzzy counterpart. Finally the paper is concluded with justifying that neutrosophic logic though in its nascent stage still holds the potential to be experimented for further exploration in different domains.