交叉立方体内顶点不交叉路径长度的研究

Efe提出的交叉立方体（crossed cube）是超立方体（hypercube）的一种变型,其某些性质优于超立方体,比如其直径几乎是超立方体的一半.在高性能的并行计算机系统中,信息是通过若干条结点互不交叉的路径并行传输,并且网络中的结点和链路出错是不可避免的,因此这些路径的长度将直接影响并行计算的性能.本文对交叉立方体的内顶点互不交叉路径进行了研究,证明了以下结论：在n维交叉立方体CQn中任意两顶点u,v间存在n条内顶点互不交叉的路径, 使得（1）最短路的长度=u和v之间的距离, （2）所有路中的最长路径长度≤u和v的距离＋4. 这说明交叉立方体互连网络具有很好的并行通信性能和容错性能.     

具有大量错误结点的超立方体网络中并行路由算法

本文讨论具有大量错误结点的超立方体网络中的并行路由算法。假定Hn是一个局部k-维子立方体连通用的n-维超立方体网络,本文提出的并行路由算法能够找出至少K=min（Dk(u),Dk(v）条并行路径,其中每一条路径的长度不超过（dH(Uk,Vk）＋3）2^k。该算法的时间复杂度为O（Kn2^k）。这里,Dk(u）和Dk(v）分别代表源结点u和目的结点v的正确的邻结点个数（不考虑u和v所在的k－维子立方体内部的邻结点）,dH(Uk,Vk）代表源结点u和目的结点v所在的两个k－维子立方体Uk和Vk之间的海明距离。本文还考察了了k=3的特殊情况,在k=3并且有分别不超过12．5％和25％的错误结点的情况下,该算法的时间复杂度为O（Kn）,并且每一条路径的路径长度分别在大约1．5和2倍源结点和目的结点之间的海明距离之内。该算法只要求结点知道其邻结点的状态,而无需知道整个网络信息,也就是说,该算法是基于局部信息的,因而该算法具有很强的实际意义。     

交叉立方体网络的无死锁虫洞路由算法

Efe提出的交叉立方体(crossed cube)是超立方体(hypercube)的一种变型.交叉立方体的某些性质优于超立方体,比如其直径几乎是超立方体的一半.首先证明n(n≥3)维交叉立方体网络不存在无死锁的最短路径路由算法,然后利用虚通道技术将一条物理通道分成三条逻辑通道,并在此基础上提出一种基于虫洞路由的最短路径路由算法,其时间复杂度为O(n).理论证明了算法是无死锁的.     

一种新的交叉立方体最短路径路由算法

Efe提出的交叉立方体(crossed cube)是超立方体(hypercube)的一种变型.交叉立方体的某些性质优于超立方体,比如其直径几乎是超立方体的一半.Efe提出了时间复杂度为O(n2)的交叉立方体最短路径路由算法.Chang等人扩展了Efe的算法,时间复杂度为O(n),它在路由的每一步有更多条边作为最短路径可供寻路选择.但这些边并没有包含全部可进行最短路径路由的边.文中给出了结点各边可进行最短路径路由的充要条件,并在此基础上提出了一种时间复杂度为O(n2)的交叉立方体最短路径路由算法,它在路由的每一步都将所有的最短路径边作为候选边.理论分析和实例表明它可输出任意一条最短路径.     

点对点并行路由算法及容错性概率分析

用概率性分析方法,研究了在结点错误概率性分布的情形下,超立方体网络的点对点并行路由算法,并对算法的容错性概率、路径长度、算法复杂性进行了严格的推导。提出的算法是基于任意给定两个正确结点可以找出n条不相交的路径。分析了算法保证一条或多条路径同时联通的概率达到99.99%时结点的错误概率上界,同时考虑了两点间的海明距离变化,得出了较好的理论结论与计算结果。方法为研究超立方体网络容错性与并行路由算法提供了一种新的途径与新的考虑角度,具有更一般与更接近实际的意义。     

交叉立方体中嵌入超立方体的研究

Efe提出的交叉立方体(crossedcube)是超立方体(hypercube)的一种变型。但是,交叉立方体的某些性质却优于超立方体,其直径几乎是超立方体的一半。在本文中,研究了用交叉立方体互连网络来模拟超立方体互连网络,其实质是图嵌入问题,得出了以下结论:当n≤2,2n维交叉立方体CQ2n可同构嵌入两个n 1维立方体Qn 1。当n≥3,2n维交叉立方体CQ2n可同胚嵌入n 1维超立方体Qn 1。     

基于NPV广义超立方体最佳容错路由算法

在网络可靠性研究中,设计较好的容错路由策略、尽可能多地记录系统中最优通路信息,一直是一项重要的研究工作.超立方体系统的容错路由算法分为可回溯算法和无回溯算法.一般说来,可回溯算法的优点是容错能力强:只要消息的源节点和目的节点有通路,该算法就能够找到把消息传递到目的地的路径;其缺点是在很多情况下传递路径不能按实际存在的最短路径传递.其代表是深度优先搜索(DFS)算法.无回溯算法是近几年人们比较关注的算法.该算法通过记录各邻接节点的故障信息,给路由算法以启发信息,使消息尽可能按实际存在的最短路径传递.这些算法的共同缺点是只能计算出Hamming距离不超过n的路由.在n维超立方体系统连通图中,如果系统存在大量的故障,不少节点对之间的最短路径大于n,因此,这些算法的容错能力差.提出了一个实例说明采用上述算法将遗失60%的路由信息.另外,由于超立方体的结构严格,实际中的真正超立方体系统不多.事实上,不少的网络系统可转换为具有大量错误节点和错误边的超立方体系统.因此,研究能适应具有大量错误节点和错误边的超立方体系统的容错路由算法是一个很有实际价值的工作.研究探讨了:(1) 定义广义超立方体系统;(2) 在超立方体系统中提出了节点通路向量(NPV)概念及其计算规则;(3) 提出了中转点技术,使得求NPV的计算复杂度降低到O(n);(4) 提出了基于NPV的广义超立方体系统最佳容错路由算法(OFTRS),该算法是一种分布式的和基于相邻节点信息的算法.由于NPV记录了超立方体系统全部最优通路和次最优通路的信息,在具有大量故障的情况下,它不会遗漏任何一条最优通路和次最优通路信息,从而实现了高效的容错路由.在这一点上,它优于其他算法.     

具有大量错误结点的超立方体网络中的单播路由算法的设计与分析

本文讨论具有大量错误结点的超立方体网络中的单播路由算法，假定Hn是一个局部3－维子立方体连通的n-维超立方体网络并且每一个基本的3－维子立方体中分别最多有1个和2个错误结点，本文提出的单播路由算法能够在线性时间找到路径长度分别为源结点和目的结点之间大约1．5倍和2倍海明距离的次优路径，我们提出的单播路由算法只需要结点知道其邻结点的状态，而无需知道整个网络信息，也就是说，该算法是基于局部信息的，因而该算法具有很强的实际意义。     

交叉立方体环的Hamilton连通性和Pancyclicity性

交叉立方体是超立方体互连网络的一种变型,它的某些性质优于超立方体。例如,其直径几乎是超立方体的一半;当n≥3,交叉立方体CQn具有Hamilton连通性;当n≥2,所有长度在4到2n之间的圈都能够以扩张1嵌入CQn,即交叉立方体具有Pancyclity性。但是,交叉立方体同超立方体一样,当需要升级时,必须成倍增加结点。交叉立方体环互连网络CRN作为层次环互连网络HRN[8]的一种,可以有效地克服这个缺点,当需要升级时,只需在环上增加一个交叉立方体。在文中,证明了交叉立方体环互连网络仍然保持了交叉立方体具有的Hamilton连通性和Pancyclity性。     

HCH-立方体的Hamilton连通性

新型并行计算系统的研制依赖于对新型互连网络结构及其性质的研究。超立方体及其变型——交叉立方体具有优点,也具有缺点。文献[1]给出了在超立方体与交叉立方体的顶点之间的一种连接——超连接,从而得到了一种称为HCH-立方体的互连网络,文章证明了当n≥4,HCH-立方体任意两个顶点之间存在Hamilton路径,即HCH-立方体是Hamilton连通的,而超立方体不是Hamilton连通的。这表明HCH-立方体具备了交叉立方体在Hamilton连通性方面的性质。文章还给出了在n维HCH-立方体中构造任意两个顶点之间Hamilton路径的算法,该算法的时间复杂度为O(N),其中N=2n,为n维HCH-立方体的顶点个数。     

Optimal path embedding in crossed cubes

The crossed cube is an important variant of the hypercube. The n-dimensional crossed cube has only about half diameter, wide diameter, and fault diameter of those of the n-dimensional hypercube. Embeddings of trees, cycles, shortest paths, and Hamiltonian paths in crossed cubes have been studied in literature. Little work has been done on the embedding of paths except shortest paths, and Hamiltonian paths in crossed cubes. In this paper, we study optimal embedding of paths of different lengths between any two nodes in crossed cubes. We prove that paths of all lengths between [(n+1)/2] and 2/sup n/-1 can be embedded between any two distinct nodes with a dilation of 1 in the n-dimensional crossed cube. The embedding of paths is optimal in the sense that the dilation of the embedding is 1. We also prove that [(n+1)/2]+1 is the shortest possible length that can be embedded between arbitrary two distinct nodes with dilation 1 in the n-dimensional crossed cube.     

The twisted crossed cube

The topology of interconnection networks plays an important role in the performance of parallel and distributed computing systems. In this paper, we propose a new interconnection network called twisted crossed cube (TCQ_n) and investigate its basic network properties in terms of the regularity, connectivity, fault tolerance, recursiveness, hamiltonicity and ability to simulate other architectures, and so on. Then, we develop an effective routing algorithm Route (u, v) for TCQ_n that takes no more than d(u, v) + 1 steps for any two nodes (u, v) to communicate with each other, and the routing process shows that the diameter, wide diameter, and fault‐tolerant diameter of TCQ_n are about half of the corresponding diameters of the equivalent hypercube with the same dimension. In the end, by combining TCQ_n with crossed cube (CQ_n), we propose a preferable dynamic network structure, that is, the dynamic crossed cube, which has the same network diameter as TCQ_n/CQ_n and better properties in other respects, for example, its connection complexity is half of that of TCQ_n/CQ_n when the network scale is large enough, and the number of its average routing steps is also much smaller than that in TCQ_n/CQ_n. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal Embeddings of Paths with Various Lengths in Twisted Cubes

Twisted cubes are variants of hypercubes. In this paper, we study the optimal embeddings of paths of all possible lengths between two arbitrary distinct nodes in twisted cubes. We use TQ_n to denote the n-dimensional twisted cube and use dist(TQ_n, u, v) to denote the distance between two nodes u and v in TQ_n, where n ges l is an odd integer. The original contributions of this paper are as follows: 1) We prove that a path of length l can be embedded between u and v with dilation 1 for any two distinct nodes u and v and any integer l with dist(TQ_n, u, v) + 2 les l les 2ⁿ - 1 (n ges 3) and 2) we find that there exist two nodes u and v such that no path of length dist(TQ_n, u, v) + l can be embedded between u and v with dilation 1 (n ges 3). The special cases for the nonexistence and existence of embeddings of paths between nodes u and v and with length dist(TQ_n, u, v) + 1 are also discussed. The embeddings discussed in this paper are optimal in the sense that they have dilation 1     

A parallel routing algorithm on recursive cube of rings networks employing Hamiltonian circuit Latin square

Recursive cube of rings (RCR) networks [Y. Sun, P. Cheung, X. Lin, Recursive cube of rings: a new topology for interconnection networks, IEEE Trans. Parallel Dist. Syst. 11 (3) (2000) 275-286] can be widely used in the design and implementation of parallel processing architectures. In this paper, we investigate the routing of a message on RCR networks, that is a key to the performance of this network. We would like to transmit k+1 packets from a source node to a destination node simultaneously along paths on RCR networks, the ith packet will traverse along the ith path (1?i?k+1). In order for all packets to arrive at a destination node quickly and securely, the ith path must be node-disjoint from all other paths. For construction of these paths, employing Hamiltonian circuit Latin square (HCLS), we present O(n²) parallel routing algorithm on RCR networks.     

Edge congestion and topological properties of crossed cubes

An n-dimensional crossed cube, CQ_n, is a variation of hypercubes. In this paper, we give a new shortest path routing algorithm based on a new distance measure defined herein. In comparison with Efe's algorithm, which generates one shortest path in O(n²) time, our algorithm can generate more shortest paths in O(n) time. Based on a given shortest path routing algorithm, we consider a new performance measure of interconnection networks called edge congestion. Using our shortest path routing algorithm and assuming that message exchange between all pairs of vertices is equally probable, we show that the edge congestion of crossed cubes is the same as that of hypercubes. Using the result of edge congestion, we can show that the bisection width of crossed cubes is 2^n-1. We also prove that wide diameter and fault diameter are [n/2]+2. Furthermore, we study embedding of cycles in cross cubes and construct more types than previous work of cycles of length at least four     

两类重要网络的传输延迟分析

提出了网络平均距离参数概念,用以度量网络的整体传输性能。与平均距离μ不同,网络平均距离μ′具有较强的网络应用背景。针对叉立方体网络的结构特性,给出了在交叉立方体网络中确定任意两个顶点之间最短路的长度和最短路条数的算法。从最短路、直径、平均距离、网络平均距离方面综合分析比较了超立方体网络和交叉立方体网络的信息传输延迟性能。     

Embedding a long fault-free cycle in a crossed cube with more faulty nodes

The crossed cube is an important variant of the most popular hypercube network for parallel computing. In this paper, we consider the problem of embedding a long fault-free cycle in a crossed cube with more faulty nodes. We prove that for n?5 and f?2n−7, a fault-free cycle of length at least n²−f−(n−5) can be embedded in an n-dimensional crossed cube with f faulty nodes. Our work extends some previously known results in the sense of the maximum number of faulty nodes tolerable in a crossed cube.     

基于MPI的匹配方体并行计算研究

双目立体视觉的匹配方体计算过程可以进行SIMD类型的并行计算，基于MPI通信环境将视差值的计算任务分配到不同的计算节点上，然后将各节点计算所获得的DSI图像汇集在根节点上，最终通过数据规整快速获得所需的匹配方体。同时建立了该并行算法基于处理器时钟周期的相对精确的计算时间复杂度模型,用于分析不同计算平台上的性能。由于计算过程中数据相关性较低，因此在基于MPI与Myrinet网络的Linux集群计算平台上获得了较好的加速比。