提取多尺度光照不变量的人脸识别

光照变化条件下的人脸图像识别一直以来都是图像处理中的热点和难点问题,为了提高人脸图像的识别率,提出了一种用于非均匀光照条件下人脸识别的算法.利用对数及二维小波变换的多尺度特性提取出人脸的光照不变量,然后运用PCA+LDA方法进行人脸特征提取,并采用基于欧氏距离的最近邻分类器进行识别.通过Matlab编程实验,在Yale B人脸库中达到了较高的识别率.     

一种高性能的人脸识别方法

在基于人脸图像的身份认证系统中，最关键的技术就是如何提取人脸图像的高质量特征以及如何进行分类识别，该文就提出了一种快速、准确的人脸图像识别方法。该方法利用基于核函数的学习算法，进行人脸图像的特征提取和分类。首先，该方法分别利用核主分量分析以及核Fisher算法提取人脸图像的特征，然后对这些特征进行合理的组合以构成组合特征向量，再利用支持向量机进行识别。实验结果显示，所提出的高性能人脸识别方法的识别率高，即使对于轻度光照不均匀的人脸图像、人脸姿势的有限变化图像，也能获得较高的识别率；同时，该方法的训练速度和识别速度也非常快，完全满足人脸识别系统实时性要求。     

基于改进型PCA和LDA融合算法的人脸图像识别

研究提高人脸识别率问题,因人脸图像易受光照条件、人脸丰富的表情变化以及周围复杂环境干扰等因素的负面影响,导致其识别准确度很低,影响其识别效果。鉴于此,提出了改进型PCA和LDA融合算法人脸图像识别方法,首先通过在改进PCA算法中结合基于标准差和局部均值的图像增强处理,使其可以有效调节光照不均匀对人脸识别所造成的负面影响,进而拓展了PCA算法的应用条件范围,然后将改进的PCA算法与LDA算法相结合,运用改进的PCA算法对训练图像降维,最后再对降维以后的特征采用LDA算法,训练出一个最具判别力的分类器,实验证明本文提出的方法对光照不均匀、表情变化的人脸具有一定的鲁棒性,具有很好的人脸识别性能,提高了其识别率,优于一般的PCA算法。     

基于三维数据与MMSV特征的二维人脸识别*

针对二维人脸识别对姿态与光照变化较为敏感的问题,提出了一种基于三维数据与混合多尺度奇异值特征MMSV(mixture of multi-scale singular value,MMSV)的二维人脸识别方法。在训练阶段,利用三维人脸数据与光照模型获取大量具有不同姿态和光照条件的二维虚拟图像,为构造完备的特征模板奠定基础;同时,通过子集划分有效地缓解了人脸特征提取过程中的非线性问题;最后对人脸图像进行MMSV特征提取,从而对人脸的全局与局部特征进行融合。在识别阶段,通过计算MMSV特征子空间距离完成分类识别。实验证明,提取到的MMSV特征包含有更多的鉴别信息,对姿态和光照变化具有理想的鲁棒性。该方法在WHU-3D数据库上取得了约98.4%的识别率。     

弱光照环境下人脸表情图像识别方法研究

对弱光照环境下人脸表情图像进行识别,可以更好地对人类的情感进行分类,有利于人类在现实社会中的沟通。当前方法利用提取人脸表情图像的一维特征完成对弱光照环境下人脸表情图像的识别,该方法无法对人脸表情图像进行详细地描述,导致人脸表情图像在识别时经常出现识别精度低、速度慢的问题。为此,提出一种基于BP神经网络的弱光照环境下人脸表情图像识别方法。该方法首先利用自相似性对带有噪声的图像进行图像区域划分,并依据统计学习获得线性空间,通过对空间的投影获得不含噪声的人脸表情图像区域向量,将人脸表情图像进行重组,得到去噪后的图像,然后利用Cabor变换对人脸表情图像特征进行提取,采用AdaBoost对弱分类器以及人脸表情图像样本进行训练,并通过多次弱分类器的迭代,得到最终的人脸表情图像强分类器,完成对弱光照环境下人脸表情图像的识别。实验结果证明,所提方法可以提高人脸表情图像的识别准确率,加快识别速度,为该领域的研究发展提供强有力依据。     

遗传算法在人脸识别中的应用研究

研究人脸图像识别准确率问题,人脸是一个非刚体,具有变形大,针对影响因素多且易受干扰,用传统的方法识别率低.为了提高人脸图像识别正确率,提出了利用遗传算法的人脸特征提取的识别方法.首先采用小波变换和张量主成分分析(PCA)方法对人脸图像进行特征提取,然后通过改进的遗传算法对PCA提取的特征进一步的优化,得到人脸最优人脸特征子集,最后根据最优特征进行识别.利用标准人脸识别库进行仿真,试验结果表明,相对其它特征提取的人脸识别方法,不仅具有识别速度加快,而且正确率高,是有效的人脸识别算法.     

一种在光照变化条件下的人脸图像预处理算法

光照变化条件下的人脸图像识别一直以来都是图像处理中的热点和难点问题。为了提高人脸图像的识别率,本文提出了一种用于非均匀光照条件下人脸预处理中的算法,推导出了相对完整算法。通过Matlab编程实验,在Yale人脸库中达到了较高的识别率。     

复杂光照条件下的人脸识别方法

在人脸识别增加真实性的研究中,为了提高在光照条件变化时人脸图像的识别率,并加快运行速度,提出了一种基于小波变换域的光照处理与识别方法.由于光照对低频信息的影响较小,且低频信息在人脸识别中起到最主要作用,通过对人脸的低频逼近图像进行光照处理,采用局部二元模式来表征光照处理后的低频图像,将得到的局部二元模式特征作为人脸的鉴别特征用于分类与识别.根据YaleB、Extended YaleB人脸库的实验结果表明,在复杂的光照条件下识别率高达96%,与传统方法相比,取得了更好的识别结果.     

曲面迭代的混沌特性及其在人脸识别中的应用

为探讨混沌理论在图像应用中的更多可能性,减小图像识别过程中因局部动态变化等因素对识别率的影响,提出一种基于混沌迭代的图像特征构造方法.首先利用图像与辅助函数构造离散动力系统,在二维空间中使用Euler法进行迭代,得到近似吸引子作为图像的特征点阵;然后对该特征点阵进行Radon变换,将其投影到一维空间中,通过计算相关系数等方法对人脸图像进行识别;给出一种灰度自适应方法,在图像识别过程中通过调整灰度对比度来提高吸引子生成质量.实验结果表明,利用该单一特征的初步识别方法在Yalefaces人脸数据库中的识别率为70.91%;改进灰度自适应等方法后识别准确率达到87.33%,可得到较稳定的识别效果;另外,通过绘制出一些不同类图像的吸引子,说明图像不同其吸引子形状也不同.     

基于曲面等高线特征的不同姿态三维人脸深度图识别

三维人脸识别因能克服二维人脸识别易受光照,姿态和表情等因素影响的缺点,从而日益受到关注和重视.文中针对三维人脸实时成像系统所获得的不同姿态下的三维人脸深度图,提出一种人脸识别方法(FDAC).首先利用微分几何相关理论来指导三维深度人脸深度图的校正,再根据曲面等高线来描述人脸的面部特征并使用傅里叶描绘子实现特征提取,最后利用提取的等高线特征进行人脸分类识别.实验结果表明,FDAC方法对于不同姿态下的三维人脸图像有较好的识别率,并且在时间开销方面优于常规的特征脸识别方法.     

Face recognition under varying illumination

To eliminate the effects of illumination variation, the conventional approaches firstly produce a compensation-based face image under standard illumination from the input image and then match the image with the face templates in a database. This method is not inapplicable to the input image with large illumination variation. Therefore, a novel method for varying illumination conditions is proposed. Firstly, the quotient image method is improved. Then, the nine basis images of each subject are generated by the improved quotient image method. Thirdly, one new image of each subject under the same lighting conditions with an input image is synthesized by the corresponding basis images. Finally, the synthetic images and the input image are projected to PCA plane to fulfill the recognition task. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can eliminate the effects of illumination variation and have a high recognition rate in the illumination conditions with remarkable changes.     

基于球面谐波基图像的任意光照下的人脸识别

提出了一种基于球面谐波基图像的光照补偿算法,用以在任意光照条件下进行人脸识别.算法分两步进行：光照估计和光照补偿.基于人脸形状大致相同和每个人脸的反射率基本相等的假设,首先估计了输入人脸图像光照的9个低频谐波系数.根据光照估计的结果,提出了两种光照补偿方法：纹理图像和差图像.纹理图像为输入图像与其光照辐照图之商,与输入图像的光照条件无关.差图像为输入图像与平均人脸在相同光照下的图像之差,通过减去平均人脸在相同光照下的图像,减弱了光照的影响.在CMU-PIE人脸库和Yale B人脸库上的实验表明,通过光照补偿,不同光照下人脸图像识别率有了很大提高.     

Visual learning and recognition of 3-d objects from appearance

The problem of automatically learning object models for recognition and pose estimation is addressed. In contrast to the traditional approach, the recognition problem is formulated as one of matching appearance rather than shape. The appearance of an object in a two-dimensional image depends on its shape, reflectance properties, pose in the scene, and the illumination conditions. While shape and reflectance are intrinsic properties and constant for a rigid object, pose and illumination vary from scene to scene. A compact representation of object appearance is proposed that is parametrized by pose and illumination. For each object of interest, a large set of images is obtained by automatically varying pose and illumination. This image set is compressed to obtain a low-dimensional subspace, called the eigenspace, in which the object is represented as a manifold. Given an unknown input image, the recognition system projects the image to eigenspace. The object is recognized based on the manifold it lies on. The exact position of the projection on the manifold determines the object's pose in the image.A variety of experiments are conducted using objects with complex appearance characteristics. The performance of the recognition and pose estimation algorithms is studied using over a thousand input images of sample objects. Sensitivity of recognition to the number of eigenspace dimensions and the number of learning samples is analyzed. For the objects used, appearance representation in eigenspaces with less than 20 dimensions produces accurate recognition results with an average pose estimation error of about 1.0 degree. A near real-time recognition system with 20 complex objects in the database has been developed. The paper is concluded with a discussion on various issues related to the proposed learning and recognition methodology.     

Virtual illumination grid for correction of uncontrolled illumination in facial images

Face recognition under uncontrolled illumination conditions is still considered an unsolved problem. In order to correct for these illumination conditions, we propose a virtual illumination grid (VIG) approach to model the unknown illumination conditions. Furthermore, we use coupled subspace models of both the facial surface and albedo to estimate the face shape. In order to obtain a representation of the face under frontal illumination, we relight the estimated face shape. We show that the frontal illuminated facial images achieve better performance in face recognition. We have performed the challenging Experiment 4 of the FRGCv2 database, which compares uncontrolled probe images to controlled gallery images. Our illumination correction method results in considerably better recognition rates for a number of well-known face recognition methods. By fusing our global illumination correction method with a local illumination correction method, further improvements are achieved.     

多姿态人脸照片的姿态估计

提出了一种基于面部图像的新的匹配系统。在这个系统中,输入的图像与各种人脸姿态的数据库图像进行比较,然后,匹配的图像给出了人脸姿态。图像数据库不仅包括各种人脸姿态,而且也包括不同的光照条件,如此,这个人脸姿态评价系统适用于不同的光照条件。对于收集各种不同面部图像,这里是通过计算机自动产生,而不是拍摄实际的照片。特征空间方法被用于寻找与输入面部图像匹配的图像。因为不同的光照图像被收集在面部图像数据库中,故提取的主特征向量主要依靠人脸姿态。由于通过选用主特征向量而减少了向量的维数,故这个匹配过程是很快的。这个姿态评价系统能够继续跟踪在不同的光照条件下不同人的人脸姿态。     

一种光照不变人脸识别的预处理算法

提出了一种新的光照不变人脸识别的图像预处理算法称为分段局部归一化方法(SLN)。其思想是对图像像素分段,使得每段中各像素对应的物体表面点具有相近的表面法向量分布,因而对光源具有相似的灰度响应,然后局部归一化在各段中进行以削弱光照影响。该算法首先建立物体的朗伯(Lambert)表面反射模型,用奇异值分解方法估计出人脸形状的平均表面法向量分布矩阵,根据法向量方向利用聚类算法对像素进行分段,然后在各段中进行局部的像素归一化处理,最后传统的人脸识别算法如PCA在归一化后的图像中进行。在Harvard和YaleB人脸图像库中的识别试验表明,该算法能有效地提高在非均匀光照条件下的人脸识别率。     

Face relighting using discriminative 2D spherical spaces for face recognition

As part of the face recognition task in a robust security system, we propose a novel approach for the illumination recovery of faces with cast shadows and specularities. Given a single 2D face image, we relight the face object by extracting the nine spherical harmonic bases and the face spherical illumination coefficients by using the face spherical spaces properties. First, an illumination training database is generated by computing the properties of the spherical spaces out of face albedo and normal values estimated from 2D training images. The training database is then discriminately divided into two directions in terms of the illumination quality and light direction of each image. Based on the generated multi-level illumination discriminative training space, we analyze the target face pixels and compare them with the appropriate training subspace using pre-generated tiles. When designing the framework, practical real-time processing speed and small image size were considered. In contrast to other approaches, our technique requires neither 3D face models nor restricted illumination conditions for the training process. Furthermore, the proposed approach uses one single face image to estimate the face albedo and face spherical spaces. In this work, we also provide the results of a series of experiments performed on publicly available databases to show the significant improvements in the face recognition rates.     

The quotient image: class-based re-rendering and recognition withvarying illuminations

The paper addresses the problem of “class-based” image-based recognition and rendering with varying illumination. The rendering problem is defined as follows: Given a single input image of an object and a sample of images with varying illumination conditions of other objects of the same general class, re-render the input image to simulate new illumination conditions. The class-based recognition problem is similarly defined: Given a single image of an object in a database of images of other objects, some of them multiply sampled under varying illumination, identify (match) any novel image of that object under varying illumination with the single image of that object in the database. We focus on Lambertian surface classes and, in particular, the class of human faces. The key result in our approach is based on a definition of an illumination invariant signature image which enables an analytic generation of the image space with varying illumination. We show that a small database of objects-in our experiments as few as two objects-is sufficient for generating the image space with varying illumination of any new object of the class from a single input image of that object. In many cases, the recognition results outperform by far conventional methods and the re-rendering is of remarkable quality considering the size of the database of example images and the mild preprocess required for making the algorithm work     

一种人脸标准光照图像的线性重构方法

基于相同光照下不同人脸图像与其标准光照图像之间的稳定关系,文中提出一种人脸标准光照图像重构方法。首先,为消除人脸结构影响,引入人脸三维变形,实现图像像素级对齐。其次,根据图像明暗变化,给出一种基于图像分块的光照分类方法。最后,对于形状对齐后的不同光照类别样本,训练出基于子空间的线性重构模型。该方法有效避免传统预处理方法带来的重构图像纹理丢失和子空间方法引起的图像失真。Extended Yale B数据库上实验表明,该方法对图像真实度与人脸识别率的提升,也验证文中人脸对齐和光照分类方法的有效性。     

Pose Robust Low-resolution Face Recognition via Coupled Kernel-based Enhanced Discriminant Analysis

Most face recognition techniques have been successful in dealing with high-resolution (HR) frontal face images. However, real-world face recognition systems are often confronted with the low-resolution (LR) face images with pose and illumination variations. This is a very challenging issue, especially under the constraint of using only a single gallery image per person. To address the problem, we propose a novel approach called coupled kernel-based enhanced discriminant analysis (CKEDA). CKEDA aims to simultaneously project the features from LR non-frontal probe images and HR frontal gallery ones into a common space where discrimination property is maximized. There are four advantages of the proposed approach: 1) by using the appropriate kernel function, the data becomes linearly separable, which is beneficial for recognition; 2) inspired by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), we integrate multiple discriminant factors into our objective function to enhance the discrimination property; 3) we use the gallery extended trick to improve the recognition performance for a single gallery image per person problem; 4) our approach can address the problem of matching LR non-frontal probe images with HR frontal gallery images, which is difficult for most existing face recognition techniques. Experimental evaluation on the multi-PIE dataset signifies highly competitive performance of our algorithm.