Mobility analysis in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)

This paper focuses on vehicle mobility analysis in VANET. The performance of vehicle mobility in terms of average inter-vehicle link available time and the average number of inter-vehicle link changes for maintaining an active link in VANET is analyzed using both handover model and random moving model, respectively. The theoretical analysis is verified by simulation experiments. The numerical results indicate that the analytical random moving model is able to appropriately present the behavior of vehicle moving under different conditions, especially when mobile vehicle is moving relatively fast. On the other hand, the effect of traffic conditions on the accuracy of theoretical analysis is also investigated.     

一种基于HIP的移动性管理机制

主机标识协议（Host Identity Protocol,HIP）是一种综合解决主机移动、多宿主及安全问题的有效方案,为了解决现有HIP机制在处理主机移动时存在切换延迟大、丢包率高等问题,提出了一种高效的基于HIP的移动性管理机制。该机制在基于HIP的层次化设计模型基础上,采用FMIPv6中的快速切换思想,引入了链路层触发机制、预先绑定更新机制和分组缓存转发机制。有效解决了移动主机在不同区域范围内的切换问题,降低了切换延迟和丢包率,改善了移动主机的切换性能,实现了透明、平滑、快速的网络切换。     

Impact of mobility on the performance of relaying in ad hoc networks – Extended version

We consider a mobile ad hoc network consisting of three types of nodes: source, destination, and relay nodes. All the nodes are moving over a bounded region with possibly different mobility patterns. We introduce and study the notion of relay throughput, i.e. the maximum rate at which a node can relay data from the source to the destination. Our findings include the results that (a) the relay throughput depends on the node mobility pattern only via its (stationary) node position distribution, and (b) that a node mobility pattern that results in a uniform steady-state distribution for all nodes achieves the lowest relay throughput. Random waypoint and random direction mobility models in both one and in two dimensions are studied and approximate simple expressions for the relay throughput are provided. Finally, the behavior of the relay buffer occupancy is examined for the random walk and random direction mobility models. For both models, the explicit form of the mean buffer is provided in the heavy-traffic case.     

SmallWorld Model-Based Polylogarithmic Routing Using Mobile Nodes

The use of mobile nodes to improve network system performance has drawn considerable attention recently. The movement-assisted model considers mobility as a desirable feature,where routing is based on the store-carry-forward paradigm with random or controlled movement of resource rich mobile nodes.The application of such a model has been used in several emerging networks,including mobile ad hoc networks(MANETs),wireless sensor networks(WSNs),and delay tolerant networks(DTNs).It is well known that mobility increases the capacity of MANETs by reducing the number of relays for routing,prolonging the lifespan of WSNs by using mobile nodes in place of bottleneck static sensors,and ensuring network connectivity in DTNs using mobile nodes to connect different parts of a disconnected network.Trajectory planning and the coordination of mobile nodes are two important design issues aiming to optimize or balance several measures, including delay,average number of relays,and moving distance.In this paper,we propose a new controlled mobility model with an expected polylogarithmic number of relays to achieve a good balance among several contradictory goals,including delay,the number of relays,and moving distance.The model is based on the small-world model where each static node has"short"link connections to its nearest neighbors and"long"link connections to other nodes following a certain probability distribution.Short links are regular wireless connections whereas long links are implemented using mobile nodes.Various issues are considered,including trade-offs between delay and average number of relays,selection of the number of mobile nodes,and selection of the number of long links.The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated analytically as well as through simulation.     

Exploiting mobility patterns for inter-technology handover in mobile environments

Mobile terminals with multi-radio devices have become increasingly prevalent. This makes it possible for Internet applications to be supported by heterogeneous wireless networks while the terminal is on the move. As the user is constantly moving, it is highly desirable that the terminal connects to the best network and retains high performance of network connections. Handovers can be made within the same type of network (horizontal handover) or different types of networks (vertical handover). This paper focuses on link-layer inter-technology vertical handovers. Vertical handovers present several great challenges, such as user mobility randomness, high handover overhead and optimality requirement. Existing work often focuses only on the current network condition when making handover decisions, ignoring future performance of the terminal. As a result, a handover decision good for the current moment may soon become poor when the user moves to another place. This paper is motivated by the observation that users in a given mobile environment, such as university or enterprise campus, exhibit clear mobility patterns. We propose an approach for making handover decisions, which explicitly exploits user mobility patterns. This approach can produce high-performance handover decisions in the long run. Employing a comprehensive framework for preference customization, the approach supports user customization caring for different user preferences. Extensive real trace driven simulations and comparative study show our algorithm is better than the conventional vertical handover algorithms.     

A per-application mobility management platform for application-specific handover decision in overlay networks

With the advance of various wireless access technologies, the demand for a mobile user equipped with multiple air interfaces simultaneously executing diverse applications emerged. In such network environments, per-application mobility management is a key to allow each application of an end user device to dynamically and fully take advantage of the most suitable access technology. In this paper, we devised a comprehensive architectural platform with cross-layer techniques to realize this disruptive technology, i.e., per-application mobility management. The proposed platform enables the triggering of vertical handover decisions based on the dynamic measurements from the entire protocol stack. For per-application, the handover decision as well as the mobility management and the transport/application protocol control adaptation for handover performance optimization are made with cross-layer techniques. Through the simulation results, it is shown that multi-layer handover triggering of the proposed platform enhances the QoS of the application services by making handover decisions when the QoS requirements of an application is not satisfied as well as when a mobile user moves out of the current access network in overlay network environments. It is also presented that per-application handover based on the proposed platform enhances the QoS of the application services compared to the handover approaches which make every on-going service flows handover together to the same access network.     

基于链路平衡的宽带CDMA系统软切换性能分析

针对第三代CDMA移动通信系统软切换关键技术,给出了基于一个宏小区和两个微小区重迭结构软切换的一种模型。在引入小区前反向链路平衡概念的基础上,重点对宏小区系统的软切换增加门限与微小区系统负载因子的关系,以及宏小区系统的软切换增加门限与其它小区干扰对微小区用户干扰之比的关系进行了定量分析和相应的性能仿真。通过分析可看出：该模型可合理地降低CDMA系统软切换呼叫阻塞率,改善CDMA系统的通信质量。     

Modeling variable user mobility with stochastic correlation concept

Analyzing stochastic behavior of user mobility is a basic study for traffic performance analysis in land–mobile cellular communications. Due to the heavy burden in simulation considering significant mobility parameters, many analytical models have been proposed as alternatives. However, analytical approach to figure out the stochastic behavior is so difficult that realistic features can hardly be reflected without simplification. As expected, the effect of variable user mobility (VUM) on traffic performance may not be reasonably analyzed with such simplified models, especially in a case of micro-cellular systems where traffic performance, such as handover rate, is more sensitively affected by user mobility. Thus we are motivated to investigate an improved alternative. This paper has focused on developing a VUM model. Considering VUM in mobility modeling, we figure out its effect on probability distributions of cell dwell time which is basic for traffic performance analysis in land–mobile cellular communications. A new concept on variable characteristics of user mobility called stochastic correlation is introduced for the analysis. Probability distribution of path length during a call is also studied using our model of VUM. We believe that our model with stochastic correlation could be applied to many performance modeling problems in land–mobile cellular systems with mobility sensitive traffic performance.     

一种应用于Mobile IPv6中切换算法的分析与改进

Mobile IPv6为全球的移动数据通信提供了一个平台。当一个通信主机在不同的子网间移动时,希望在进行切换的时间段内仍能保持通信的连贯和通信的性能。该文介绍了一个切换算法,分析了它的不足,并提出了自己的改进算法。     

MANET中节点的运动模型和性能分析

移动自组网的节点运动模型描述了节点的运动情况，采用合适的运动模型对于分析各种协议性能具有重要的意义。该文结合移动自组网络中路由协议的相关属性，提出了邻居节点比率、链路生存时间和平均链路保持时间3种评价指标，并通过大量的模拟实验分析和比较了随机行走运动模型、随机停留运动模型、高斯－马尔可夫运动模型和无边界运动模型4种运动模型，这对于考虑不同运动模型下路由协议的设计十分重要。     

一种基于标地分离的卫星网络移动切换管理技术

移动卫星网络因具有覆盖区域广、通信延时低等优势受到广泛关注,当前有大量研究旨在开发IP协议的组网技术,并将其与地面IP网络融合。融合网络的挑战之一,即为卫星移动性,用户在卫星网络中的接入点频繁切换导致移动管理问题,而现有的移动IP技术不能高效支持卫星网络移动切换。为了高效支持移动切换,在卫星网络中应用标地分离思想,在标地分离的架构下研究切换管理问题;用映射服务系统对终端进行位置管理,在移动切换中由新接入卫星网关和终端的标志为主要信息在原卫星中形成通告转发表。仿真结果表明,相对移动IP技术,该方法有明显优势。将其应用于卫星网络时可以降低切换延时,减少大量的绑定更新开销或是次优路由,提升系统的性能和可扩展性。     

Experimentation and performance analysis of multi-interfaced mobile router scheme

Network mobility (NEMO) aims providing seamless Internet connectivity of the whole mobile network that consists of mobile routers (MRs) and mobile network nodes (MNNs). The network moves around along with vehicles as a whole. According to NEMO basic support protocol (NEMO BSP), only one primary care of address (CoA) of MR can be registered with home agent, which will affect the handover performance. As an extension of NEMO BSP, multiple care of addresses (MCoA) registration scheme was proposed as Internet-draft and has received extensive researches.This paper studies the Internet connectivity of mobile router (MR) on the basis stated above; MR is equipped with WLAN, CDMA and GPRS interfaces simultaneously. Concretely, a smooth handover algorithm is proposed and experimented on our platform successfully; round trip time (RTT) of each link and the handover process between different interfaces are analyzed, respectively. Furthermore, the service disruption time and packet loss ratio performances are also compared between uni-interfaced MR scheme of NEMO BSP and scheme proposed in this paper, and the results indicate that multi-interfaced scheme not only supports large area movement across heterogeneous networks of MR, it also provides a seamless handover with no packet loss and little service disruption time.     

基于Android终端与数据挖掘的FMIPv6切换算法

当前基于数据挖掘的MIPv6切换算法通过对移动轨迹的关联性挖掘进行有效的移动预测从而实现平滑切换。考虑到移动终端有限的计算能力和存储容量决定了传统的数据挖掘算法并不适用的情况,提出一种低消耗的基于数据挖掘的FMIPv6切换算法(LCTWP-FMIPv6),通过减少对移动轨迹数据集的扫描范围从而减小了数据挖掘过程的计算量与存储空间占用,同时将LCTWP-FMIPv6切换算法android移动终端上进行实现。对比实验结果表明,LCTWP-FMIPv6切换算法在保证移动切换过程平滑与高效的同时在数据挖掘过程中的耗时也比传统数据挖掘算法有明显的减少。     

Analytical study of intradomain handover in multiple-mobile-routers-based multihomed NEMO networks

The need to stay connected to the Internet “anytime” and “anywhere” is becoming more and more required in the recent years with the development of wireless networks. The NEMO basic support protocol was developed to grant the Internet connection for an entire mobile network, like vehicle or aircraft network. In NEMO a Mobile Router manages the mobility of the entire network on behalf of the other nodes in order to reduce the overhead of signaling messages. The critical part of mobility support is to reduce the handover latency, particularly when a Mobile Router is not reachable. This handover period degrades the performance of most delay sensitive applications. Referring to our proposition for NEMO handover improvement which is conceived for multiple-mobile-routers-based multihomed NEMO network, we find out a mathematical model to study the intradomain handover performance. We derive the mathematical model to analyze interruption interval (the time interval during which none of mobile routers can transport packets) during the intradomain handover. We study the impact of varying critical parameters, like vehicle speed, overlapping coverage distance, distance between mobile routers, and scanning frequency. The obtained results reveal that the seamless handover can be achieved if network configuration parameters are correctly chosen.     

基于终端移动状态的LGD触发算法

针对垂直切换中LMS预测LGD触发机制没有考虑终端移动状态的问题,提出基于终端移动状态的LGD触发算法,由终端移动模型推导出移动状态(速度和方向)与信号强度的关系,并将信号强度推导值与抽样值加权求和后采用LMS算法预测信号强度的变化趋势。仿真表明,改进后的LMS算法预测误差小,可以降低丢包率和空闲时间。     

A medium access control protocol that supports a seamless handover in wireless sensor networks

This paper introduces a mobility-aware medium access control protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks (MA-MAC). The protocol evaluates the RSSI values of acknowledgement packets and determines whether a gradual deterioration in the RSSI values eventually leads to a disconnection. If it does, it initiates a handover by switching transmission from a unicast to a broadcast mode and by embedding neighbour discovery requests in the broadcast data packets. While the mobile node continues transmitting data packets via the existing link, the neighbour discovery requests enable it to discover new nodes that can serve as intermediate nodes. Once an intermediate node is found, the mobile node establishes a link with it and switches transmission back to unicast. Conceptually, MA-MAC's handover feature can be implemented by extending any of the existing transmitter initiated, energy-efficient protocols such as XMAC or BMAC. Our present implementation is based on the XMAC protocol. The paper reports how the protocol performs as the speed of mobility, handover threshold, and sending interval vary.     

低轨航天器空地间移动IP切换技术研究

为解决低轨航天器与各地面基站之间移动IP切换时延大的问题,提出基于轨道信息预测的移动IP切换方案。根据轨道信息和地面基站位置信息事先预测接入地面基站的时刻和接入顺序,定时触发航天器与最合适接入的地面基站之间进行移动IP切换。研究并改进了数据链路层和网络层的切换流程,并通过STK和OPNET结合方式对该方案进行了仿真。实验结果表明,该方案能明显改善低轨航天器的移动IP切换性能。     

基于群集移动节点的切换算法

无线蜂窝网的信号切换依赖IP层的移动切换,IETF提出的代理移动IPv6(PMIPv6)协议可以保证移动终端应用IPv6网的快速切换,但是它在切换时延方面仍然无法保证实时通信的服务质量。研究基于PMIPv6协议,提出群集移动节点(CMN)算法,应用媒体无关切换(MIH)技术,减少了大量移动节点,同时提出切换请求时系统时延增大的问题,扩展原始代理绑定更新消息结构(A-PBU)。最后模拟网络模型和节点移动模型,从切换时延方面分析算法的有效性。实验结果表明,系统应用CMN算法与原始切换算法相比可以大大降低切换时延。     

无线Mesh网在城市轨道交通车地通信系统中的研究

无线Mesh网因组网灵活、支持范围大和移动性强等特点,使其在城市轨道交通(城轨)中具有很好的应用前景。尝试将无线Mesh网技术应用于城轨车地通信系统中,针对车地通信存在的越区切换问题,提出了一种基于车载MMS(mobile Mesh station)位置触发的越区切换方案,利用OPNET对组网方案和切换方案进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,无线Mesh组网方案性能优于传统WLAN组网方案性能,切换方案能有效降低时延并避免了假切换和乒乓切换的发生。