一种均衡能量的自适应蚁群路由算法

由于网络结构多变和节点资源受限等问题,新型自组织网络都要求其路由协议不仅具有自适应性,而且要能够感知能量.提出一种能够均衡能量的自适应蚁群路由算法.该算法将作为节点参数的能量转化为链路参数,然后使用含有节点能量利用率的网络延迟作为路由代价度量,从而使得信息素既能够表示路径质量,又能够表示路径上的节点能量利用率,因此数据包逐跳路由时能够合理选择出下一跳节点.同时,蚁群优化使得该算法能够自适应网络变化,平衡流量.基于NS2的模拟实验证明该算法能够均衡节点能量从而具有较好的性能.     

DPA:一种动态环境下QoS单播路由算法

目前Internet网络环境下,网络参数的随时变化容易造成路由过期,从而使提供的QoS路由无效,为此提出了一种适合参数动态变化的单播QoS路由算法(DPA),该算法在路径代价随时间不断变化的情况下能够自主地选择最优路由节点,解决多约束QoS单播路由选择不精确的问题.实验表明,本路由算法自适应性和扩展性较好,同时在路由选择方面比传统的路由算法能够提供更好的QoS路由.     

度约束QoS组播路由遗传算法

有度约束的QoS组播路由问题在通信网络中具有重要意义。提出一种基于遗传算法的度约束组播路由算法,采用节点连接路径形式的编码方法构成一棵组播树的表示,设计了相应的具有树形结构的交叉和变异算子,以及节点度的改变算法。算法可以实现具有树形结构染色体的遗传进化。数值实验表明算法具有找到最优解的能力,特别适合于求解大规模网络有度约束的QoS组播路由问题。     

基于“适应活性”的QoS组播路由算法

自然灾害、战争等特殊应用场景下通信网络易受到物理攻击和约束条件影响,难以为用户提供稳定服务。传统的QoS路由算法基于稳态网络,在物理攻击与多约束环境下难以适用。针对这一问题,首次提出并求解了"适应活性"模型以综合衡量节点及其相连链路的动态服务性能。进而通过改进蚁群算法,提出了基于"适应活性"的QoS组播路由算法。该算法能够结合外界环境、业务需求与网络状态,综合考虑链路与节点服务性能选择路径,在继承传统蚁群算法优点的同时,解决了外界环境影响节点性能变化导致选路无法达到QoS最优的问题。MATLAB仿真结果表明,该算法能够在网络性能变化时避开低性能节点,快速有效地选择QoS最优路径。     

改进AntNet算法在Ad Hoc网络路由中的应用

当前大部分的AdHoc网络路由算法在选择路由的时候都没有很好地将节点的能量状态引入到评价系统中去．针对这一问题,本文对AntNet算法进行了适当改进,使其能够记忆和衡量整个路由的能量状态变化．文章详细描述了算法的数据结构,以及节点选择规则和数据结构更新规则．仿真实验和结果分析表明,改进的AntNet算法能够找到平均能量较高且各节点能量较稳定的路径,从而提高网络的生存时间和吞吐量．     

QoS组播路由的模糊遗传算法

已有的QoS组播路由算法都假设已知网络全局的精确状态，而且QoS约束都以确定性界限来表达。然而在实际的网络环境中，网络节点根本无法获得网络全局的精确状态．而且QoS约束完全用确定性界限来表达也存在一定的局限性。本文将模糊集合论的基本原理应用于QoS组播路由问题，充分考虑网络节点所获信息的模糊性和随机性，以及QoS约束务件的模糊界限这一客观存在的性质，提出一种新的QoS组播路由的模糊遗传算法FG。仿真实验表明．该算法是可靠且有效的。     

基于ODMRP的分布式核心稳定路由算法

在无人机网络中,由于节点具有较强的移动性,对于组播路由的建立以及组播组的划分提出更高要求,一般的组播路由协议往往无法满足网络需求.为此,提出了一种基于ODMRP的分布式核心稳定路由算法.该算法结合了改进贪婪机制,根据路由状况对路径进行优化,为了降低源节点的数据处理负担,提出了分布式核心节点选择机制,将组播组的信息储存在多个核心节点中,同时释放了转发节点的储存空间.文章通过路由抢修机制,监控路由状态变化,对即将断裂的路由提前修复,保证了路径的有效性.仿真表明,该算法与标准的ODMRP算法及改进算法VCMP算法相比,能够优化传输路径,降低端到端时延,提高分组交付率,提升网络性能.     

基于熵权系数法的无线传感器网络自适应QoS路由算法

针对无线传感器网络中不同业务对服务质量（QoS）指标的不同要求,以及QoS指标在网络运行过程中实时变化的特点,提出一种基于熵权系数法的自适应QoS路由（EAQR）算法。算法将路由建立过程抽象成多指标加权评分的问题,选取节点负载、平均能量势、通信时延作为QoS评价指标,采用熵权系数法自适应地确定指标的权重,选择最优节点转发数据。仿真实验显示,与有序分配路由(SAR)、能量感知QoS路由(EQR)算法相比,EAQR算法可以有效降低网络平均端到端延迟,减少丢包率,延长网络寿命。     

一种在Ad Hoc网络中基于地理位置的节约能量的组播路由算法

在移动adhoc网络中,设计节约能量的组播路由算法是非常重要的,这是由于网络中的节点运行时所需要的能量来自于电池的有限供给。由于节点是可以移动的,这就要求节约能量的路由协议在本质上是分布式的,对于当前的节点状态是自适应的。论文提出一种基于地理位置的节约能量的组播路由算法,使得在满足带宽的同时,组播的能量消耗尽可能的少。其基本思想是:先由基本的组播算法生成一棵组播树,然后由组播树的每个非叶子节点根据其邻居节点的地理位置,动态地选择一些转发点,通过这些点以较小功率转发时可节约能量,以此优化组播树。     

基于预测时延的无线mesh网络组播路由算法

通过对无线mesh网络的特性分析及其对路由的影响,提出一种基于预测时延的路由选择的组播路由算法,该算法通过选择从源节点到目的节点传输时延最小的路径,通过路径合并,形成组播路由树。这种路由算法具有低时延QoS保障能力,并具有局部修复能力。基于NS2对算法进行仿真,结果证明了算法的有效性。     

Fuzzy Based Reliable Load Balanced Routing Approach for Ad hoc Sensor Networks

Energy management and packet delivery rate are the important factors in ad hoc networks. It is the major network where nodes share the information without administration. Due to the mobility of nodes, maximum energy is spent on transmission of packets. Mostly energy is wasted on packet dropping and false route discovery. In this research work, Fuzzy Based Reliable Load Balanced Routing Approach (RLRA) is proposed to provide high energy efficiency and more network lifetime using optimal multicast route discovery mechanism. It contains three phases. In first phase, optimal multicast route discovery is initiated to resolve the link failures. In second phase, the link quality is estimated and set to threshold value to meet the requirements of high energy efficiency. In third phase, energy model is shown to obtain total energy of network after transmission of packets. A multicast routing is established Based on path reliability and fault tolerant calculation is done and integrated with multicast routing. The routes can withstand the malicious issues. Fuzzy decision model is integrated with propose protocol to decide the performance of network lifetime. The network simulation tool is used for evaluating the RLRA with existing schemes and performance of RLRA is good compared to others.     

An ad hoc multicast protocol based on passive data acknowledgement

An ad hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network of mobile nodes without fixed infrastructure. Its limited bandwidth and frequently changing topology require that its protocol should be robust, simple and energy conserving. In this paper, we propose a new ad hoc multicast protocol based on Passive Data Acknowledgement (PDAODMRP). PDAODMRP has the following contributions: (1) it knows the status of its downstream forwarding nodes by route information collected from data packets instead of BEACON signal of MAC layer, and reduces the waste of wireless bandwidth created by the BEACON signal; (2) it adopts a new route information collection from data packets to reduce the CPU usage of data route information collection; and (3) it adopts a dynamic local route maintenance to enforce its local route maintenance. From simulation results, it can be seen that PDAODMRP has low control overhead and low data delivery delay.     

Efficient Multicast Algorithms for Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks

The wireless mesh network is an emerging technology that provides high quality service to end users as the "last mile” of the Internet. Furthermore, multicast communication is a key technology for wireless mesh networks. Multicast provides efficient data distribution among a group of nodes. However, unlike other wireless networks, such as sensor networks and MANETs, where multicast algorithms are designed to be energy efficient and to achieve optimal route discovery among mobile nodes, wireless mesh networks need to maximize throughput. This paper proposes two multicast algorithms: the Level Channel Assignment (LCA) algorithm and the Multichannel Multicast (MCM) to improve the throughput for multichannel and multi-interface mesh networks. The algorithms build efficient multicast trees by minimizing the number of relay nodes and total hop count distances of the trees. The algorithms use dedicated channel assignment strategies to reduce the interference to improve the network capacity. We also demonstrate that using partially overlapping channels can further diminish the interference. Furthermore, additional interfaces help to increase the bandwidth, and multiple gateways can further shorten the total hop count distance. Simulations show that those algorithms greatly outperform the single-channel multicast algorithm. We also observe that MCM achieves better throughput and shorter delay while LCA can be realized in distributed manner.     

一种基于Ad Hoc低能耗QoS多播路由算法

针对Ad Hoc网络特点和节点的剩余能量、延时、延时抖动、带宽等QoS约束问题,提出了基于Ad Hoc的多QoS约束、多播路由算法SEQMRA。该算法把最大剩余能量作为第一度量,同时考虑节点带宽、延时、延时抖动等因素,并对算法进行了复杂性分析。实验表明,算法在路由成功率、多播树费用、能量消耗方面均具有较好特性。     

A Novel Gradient Boosted Energy Optimization Model (GBEOM) for MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network that is comprised of a set of nodes that move randomly. In MANET, the overall performance is improved through multipath multicast routing to achieve the quality of service (quality of service). In this, different nodes are involved in the information data collection and transmission to the destination nodes in the network. The different nodes are combined and presented to achieve energy-efficient data transmission and classification of the nodes. The route identification and routing are established based on the data broadcast by the network nodes. In transmitting the data packet, evaluating the data delivery ratio is necessary to achieve optimal data transmission in the network. Furthermore, energy consumption and overhead are considered essential factors for the effective data transmission rate and better data delivery rate. In this paper, a Gradient-Based Energy Optimization model (GBEOM) for the route in MANET is proposed to achieve an improved data delivery rate. Initially, the Weighted Multi-objective Cluster-based Spider Monkey Load Balancing (WMC-SMLB) technique is utilized for obtaining energy efficiency and load balancing routing. The WMC algorithm is applied to perform an efficient node clustering process from the considered mobile nodes in MANET. Load balancing efficiency is improved with a higher data delivery ratio and minimum routing overhead based on the residual energy and bandwidth estimation. Next, the Gradient Boosted Multinomial ID3 Classification algorithm is applied to improve the performance of multipath multicast routing in MANET with minimal energy consumption and higher load balancing efficiency. The proposed GBEOM exhibits ∼4% improved performance in MANET routing.     

多媒体通信中带度约束的多播路由算法

随着多媒体业务的发展,多播技术应用日益广泛,多播路由是要寻找连接源节点和一组目的节点的一棵多播树,这个问题在数学上归结为Steiner树问题,它是一个NPC问题。在实际网络中,网络节点具备不同的多播能力,有些节点不支持多播,有些节点支持多播,但为了保证网络速度和节点负载平衡,支持多播的节点要限制其复制信息的数量,即节点的多播能力受限。在这种情况下,寻找多播树变得更加困难,该文用节点的约束来表示敏个节点具备的多播能力,节点多播能力受限情况下的多播路由问题被称为带度约束的多播路由问题,其仍是一个NPC问题。该文提出了一种求解带度的约束多播路由问题的双层遗传算法。算法的基本思想是最优多播树应是一棵满足度约束的最小生成树,因此问题的关键在于如何找到包括在最优生成树中的Steiner节点。遗传算法 采用二进制编码方式,内层算法用于求解满足度约束的最小生成树;外层算法进行全局搜索。该文将算法在稀疏图上进行实验,为了更好地模拟真实网络,稀疏图中每个节点具有不同的多播能力,并且多播目的节点数目相比于网络节点数要小。实验对算法进行了三方面比较：（1）解的质量;（2）计算时间;（3）算法的收敛性。实验结果表明,文中提出的遗传算法能够找到费用较小的多播树,但是当网络规模增大时,算法的求解时间也较长。     

Energy efficient multicast routing in ad hoc wireless networks

In this paper, we discuss the energy efficient multicast problem in ad hoc wireless networks. Each node in the network is assumed to have a fixed level of transmission power. The problem of our concern is: given an ad hoc wireless network and a multicast request, how to find a multicast tree such that the total energy cost of the multicast tree is minimized. We first prove this problem is NP-hard and it is unlikely to have an approximation algorithm with a constant performance ratio of the number of nodes in the network. We then propose an algorithm based on the directed Steiner tree method that has a theoretically guaranteed approximation performance ratio. We also propose two efficient heuristics, node-join-tree (NJT) and tree-join-tree (TJT) algorithms. The NJT algorithm can be easily implemented in a distributed fashion. Extensive simulations have been conducted to compare with other methods and the results have shown significant improvement on energy efficiency of the proposed algorithms.     

基于动态认知PSO的无线传感网络高效路由

研究无线传感网络高效节能路由的问题. 无线传感网络中的节点需要使用电池等一次性能源来进行能量供应, 很多恶劣的环境下无法对节点进行能量补充. 传统的无线传感器网络路由协议主要集中在网络质量或者能源解决的某一方面, 保证了网络质量的网络如果网络工作时间较长就有一些节点因为能量耗尽而死亡, 相反如果仅保证能源节约的网络却无法保证网络的质量. 为此提出一种基于动态认知PSO的无线传感网络高效路由的方法, 分析无线网络的架构以后在传感器节点的路由寻找中引入动态认知的PSO算法, 对节点当前的能量状态与路由信息实时     

Prioritized overlay multicast in mobile ad hoc environments

Many proposed routing protocols for manets require nodes to maintain and update complicated route information, which incurs significant overhead when groups have different priorities. To address this problem, some researchers have begun focusing on application-layer, or overlay, multicast in which an overlay network forms a virtual network consisting of only member nodes atop the physical infrastructure. We propose a prototype of prioritized overlay multicast for manets in which participating nodes can carry out multiple functions and thus be associated with more than one overlay tree.