一种提高稳定性和公平性的主动队列管理机制

结合平均队列和负载衡量拥塞,实现选择性丢包,提出早期选择性丢包算法(ESD)．ESD采用指数函数计算丢包概率,使丢包概率随拥塞程度增大而指数递增;引入记录活跃连接状态信息的虚队列,并在虚队列上假轮转,以检测发送速率大的连接;区分非响应性连接和响应性连接,挑选丢包的候选连接,拥塞时优先丢弃候选连接在队列头部的数据包．实验结果表明,ESD可提高队列稳定性,降低Web流和RTT较大连接的丢包率,提高连接占用带宽的公平性,缩短应用响应时间．     

APRED：基于Avg和P的RED改进算法

RED算法是IETF推荐的AQM唯一候选算法,但RED中存在Avg对实际队列变化反应较慢,丢弃概率不准确等问题。为了更准确地计算平均队列长度和丢弃概率,对RED算法的平均队列计算方式(Avg)进行动态调整,并且对丢弃概率P进行非线性优化,进而提出一种改进算法APRED。仿真结果表明,改进后的算法在持久流和突发流情况下均能够减小平均队列的抖动,提高瓶颈链路平均吞吐量,降低路由器丢包率,提高了算法的网络适应性。     

D-RED：一种改进的路由器拥塞控制算法

本文详细分析了随机早期检测RED拥塞控制机制算法的思想，阐述了RED的不足，提出了一种改进的动态自适应算法D-RED。该算法设置一个平均队列大小的目标值，在实时平均队列大小小于目标值和大于目标值时使最大丢包概率动态地减去和加上一个通过数学方法推导出的同路由器上一次丢包概率有关的值，以达到更好地控制网络拥塞的目的。利用NS2设计多组仿真实验对RED和D-RED性能进行比较，通过对吞吐量、延迟、振荡、丢包率等多项性能指标分析和比较表明，D-RED算法相对于RED算法使网络丢包率降低了15．7％，网络吞吐量提高了9．44％，而且能够在一定程度上保护TCP数据流，使其得到公平的网络资源。     

非线性高阶RED拥塞控制算法

针对随机早期检测(RED)算法在网络拥塞不严重的时候丢包率相对较大,而在较严重的时候丢包率相对较小的问题,提出了一种非线性高阶RED拥塞控制算法,目的在于提高算法对网络拥塞的调节能力。该算法建立了一个高阶分组丢弃函数模型,在最小门限值附近丢包率缓慢增长,在最大门限值附近丢包率快速增长,有效地控制了平均队列长度。NS2仿真实验验证了改进算法可有效地提高网络性能。     

基于ARED的主动队列管理改进算法

随机早期检测（Random Early Detection,RED）是IETF推荐部署的主动队列管理（Active Queue Management,AQM）算法。 RED存在参数难以配置、无法适应动态网络环境的缺点。 ARED（ Adaptive RED）是RED的自适应版本,通过平均队列长度来动态调整最大丢弃概率,从而达到稳定平均队列长度的目的,但是存在瞬时队列长度振荡的问题。文中研究了拥塞控制中的主动队列管理,对ARED算法进行了改进,优化丢弃概率计算函数,提出TTS-ARED算法,实现在动态网络环境下队列长度的稳定以及丢包率降低。 NS2的仿真结果表明,TTS-ARED算法显著地降低了丢包率,队列长度稳定性比ARED算法更优越。     

基于RED算法的改进研究

拥塞控制(congestion control)机制是确保Intemet QoS的关键因素,随机早期检测(Random Early Detection,RED)算法是提高网络服务质量、解决网络阻塞的重要算法.针对网关的到达队列来说,丢包率的算法采用RED基本思想中与平均队列长度呈线性的关系并不合适,提出了立方RED算法.算法对RED算法进行了改进,使流丢包率与平均队列长度呈立方函数关系,通过NS-2仿真软件研究表明.算法可以有效的增加了网关的吞吐量、减少丢包率.     

一种基于平均队列长度的改进RED算法

通过研究发现,随机早期检测算法中丢弃概率与平均队长成线性的增长关系,这就造成平均队长在最小门限值附近或者超过最大门限值时,按较高的概率丢包,从而降低了网络的利用率。为此,作者对RED算法的EWMA(指数加权滑动平均)方法进行了详细分析,指出其不足之处,并对原算法的计算平均队列长度的方法进行了改进。通过理论分析和仿真试验得出结论,改进RED算法由于在计算平均队列长度的时候结合考虑了当前队列长度的实际情况,并将二者结合起来决定何时丢包及丢包概率大小,大大减少了分组丢弃数,从而提高了RED算法的自适应性,减少了网络带宽资源的浪费,在网络延迟等重要指标上一定程度地优于原RED算法。     

基于平均变化率和空闲长度的丢包概率模型

针对RED队列丢包概率模型在计算丢包概率时精确性不足且未考虑网络流量的自相似性问题,提出了基于数据包入队速率平均变化率和队列空闲长度的队列丢包概率模型（DRED）,给出了相应的实现算法。DRED将网络流量状态引入到丢包概率的计算过程中,丢包概率随着网络流量状态的变化而变化,克服了RED队列丢包概率模型在平均队列长度大于队列最大阈值小于队列最大长度时直接将到达的数据包全部丢弃的弊端。实验结果表明,与RED相比,DRED丢包概率的计算更加精确,丢包率有所降低,吞吐量相对提高,端到端时延虽稍有增大,但时延抖动较小,网络的整体性能有一定提高。     

一种改进ARED拥塞控制算法的实现

随着互联网的迅速发展,无论是网民人数还是上网设备数都呈现高速增长的态势。虽然带宽等互联网基础资源相比二十年前有了质的飞跃,但是由于网络规模的增加还是带来了一系列的问题,其中网络拥塞是比较典型的一个。RED作为路由器主动队列管理策略中的重要算法已经在网络拥塞控制方面起到了很好的效果,成为IETF RFC2309建议的唯一候选算法。与队尾丢弃算法DropTail相比,RED算法具有网络链路利用率较高、吞吐量较大、网络时延和丢包率较小的优点,但其存在参数配置无法适应网络动态变化的缺陷,因而改进的ARED算法增加了自适应的功能,但也存在瞬时队列长度振荡等稳定性问题。对此,研究了RED及ARED拥塞控制算法,并提出了一种改进算法QARED,希望通过优化最大丢包概率计算函数来达到提高平均队列长度稳定性以及降低丢包率的目的。     

一种针对TCP动态队列管理的控制算法

描述了一种新的TCP/IP动态队列管理控制算法,对于传统的随机早期检测法(RED)来说,它的主要目标之一就是稳定路由器队列的长度,然而它实现此目标并不是很成功,主要因为它在平衡队列长度的过程中很强地依赖了动态TCP链接数。而新的动态控制算法则使用了一种简单的控制方法,当路由器缓冲区即将出现拥塞时,它能够根据当前路由器缓冲区负载概率来随机地实施包丢弃。该算法能够很好地稳定路由器缓冲区的队列占用数,同时,在实现过程中并不用评估动态TCP链接数以及分析网络流的状况。所给出的一个实验模型表明,该控制算法是有效可行的。     

Effective RED: An algorithm to improve RED's performance by reducing packet loss rate

Random early detection (RED) is an effective congestion control mechanism acting on the intermediate gateways. We describe a new active queue management scheme, Effective RED (ERED) that aims to reduce packet loss rates in a simple and scalable manner. We made a few change to packet drop function of existing RED scheme. The rest of the original RED remains unchanged. We achieve this by making several refinements and by controlling packet dropping function both with average queue size and instantaneous queue size. Simulations demonstrate that ERED achieves a highest throughput and lowest packet drops than RED, Blue, REM, FRED, LDC and SRED. Since ERED is fully compatible with RED, we can easily upgrade/replace the existing RED implementations by ERED.     

Nonlinear RED: A simple yet efficient active queue management scheme

Among various active queue management schemes (AQM), random early detection (RED) is probably the most extensively studied. Unlike the existing RED enhancement schemes, we replace the linear packet dropping function in RED by a judicially designed nonlinear quadratic function. The rest of the original RED remains unchanged. We call this new scheme Nonlinear RED, or NLRED. The underlying idea is that, with the proposed nonlinear packet dropping function, packet dropping becomes gentler than RED at light traffic load but more aggressive at heavy load. As a result, at light traffic load, NLRED encourages the router to operate in a range of average queue sizes rather than a fixed one. When the load is heavy and the average queue size approaches the pre-determined maximum threshold (i.e. the queue size may soon get out of control), NLRED allows more aggressive packet dropping to back off from it. Simulations demonstrate that NLRED achieves a higher and more stable throughput than RED and REM, another efficient variant of RED. Since NLRED is fully compatible with RED, we can easily upgrade/replace the existing RED implementations by NLRED.     

TCRED:一种基于DiffServ的队列管理算法

AF PHB的实现机制是DiffServ网络的重要研究课题，目前的多数实现采用了RED或类似的队列管理技术，在分析了RED及其改进算法在公平性及分组优先级等方面存在的不足后，提出了一种采用同一组RED参数对三色分组实行队列管理的TCRED算法．TCRED对不同颜色的分组分别计算平均队列长度，并考虑了分组的到达和离去对平均队长的影响，据此计算出各色分组的丢弃几率，该算法能实现分组的相对优先级，保证用户所预定的带宽，同时能实现分组优先级的平滑升级和降级，因而很好地满足了AF PHB的要求。     

Adaptive Head-to-Tail: Active Queue Management based on implicit congestion signals

Active Queue Management is a convenient way to administer the network load without increasing the complexity of end-user protocols. Current AQM techniques work in two ways; the router either drops some of its packets with a given probability or creates different queues with corresponding priorities. Head-to-Tail introduces a novel AQM approach: the packet rearrange scheme. Instead of dropping, HtT rearranges packets, moving them from the head of the queue to its tail. The additional queuing delay triggers a sending rate decrease and congestion events can be avoided. The HtT scheme avoids explicit packet drops and extensive retransmission delays. In this work, we detail the HtT algorithm and demonstrate when and how it outperforms current AQM implementations. We also approach analytically its impact on packet delay and conduct extensive simulations. Our experiments show that HtT achieves better results than Droptail and RED methods in terms of retransmitted packets and Goodput.     

Design and analysis of a self-tuning feedback controller for the Internet

Active queue management (AQM) is an effective method used in Internet routers for congestion avoidance, and to achieve a tradeoff between link utilization and delay. The de facto standard, the random early detection (RED) AQM scheme, and most of its variants use average queue length as a congestion indicator to trigger packet dropping. This paper proposes a novel packet dropping scheme, called self-tuning proportional and integral RED (SPI-RED), as an extension of RED. SPI-RED is based on a self-tuning proportional and Integral feedback controller, which considers not only the average queue length at the current time point, but also the past queue lengths during a round-trip time to smooth the impact caused by short-lived traffic dynamics. Furthermore, we give theoretical analysis of the system stability and give guidelines for selection of feedback gains for the TCP/RED system to stabilize the average queue length at a desirable level. The proposed method can also be applied to the other variants of RED. Extensive simulations have been conducted with ns2. The simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed SPI-RED algorithm outperforms the existing AQM schemes in terms of drop probability and stability.     

A framework to determine bounds of maximum loss rate parameter of RED queue for next generation routers

Random early detection (RED) is expected to eliminate global synchronization by random active packet drop. Its packet drop probability is decided by the maximum packet drop probability in its drop function, buffer thresholds, and average queue length. It has been observed that for a large number of connections, a small value of the maximum packet drop probability may not eliminate global synchronization. Furthermore, since RED uses four parameters to regulate its performance, it is necessary to relate its maximum drop probability with those parameters. The objective of this paper is to develop a framework for the bounds of the maximum drop probability of RED, based on TCP channel model and traffic characteristics. The value of the maximum drop probability obtained by our model will make RED queue achieve its targeted goals.     

Per-stream loss behavior of ∑MAP/M/1/K queuing system with a random early detection mechanism

In this paper, the matrix-analytic approach is applied to explore the per-stream loss behavior of the multimedia traffic under RED scheme. We constructed a ∑MAP/M/1/K queuing model for the RED mechanism with multimedia traffic which follows a continuous-time Markovian arrival process (MAP). In addition to evaluating the long-term per-stream packet drop probabilities, we examine the bursty nature of per-stream packet drops by means of conditional statistics with respect to dropped periods and the probability that the queuing system stays in the dropped period. The dropped period corresponds to having more than a certain number of packets in router buffer; non-dropped period corresponds to the opposite. These performance measures describe the quality of service provided by the router to particular multimedia traffic streams in the presence of background multimedia traffic.     

基于RED分组丢失历史方法的非TCP流鉴别

随机早期检测(RED)是IETF推荐的一种基于路由器的有效的主动队列管理算法,但是在某些情况下,一些数据量很大的高带宽流量会大量占用带宽,从而导致了各流量之间带宽分配的不公平性,甚至产生拥塞崩溃。该文从RED的丢包历史出发,研究了一种在发生拥塞时鉴别出高带宽流量的方法,并通过仿真证实了此方法的有效性。