五次多项式优化的平行泊车路径规划

针对目前自动泊车路径规划普遍存在的曲率突变问题,提出了一种五次多项式优化的平行泊车路径规划方法。五次多项式曲线由约束条件建立的方程组求解得出,并对路径的曲率突变处进行过渡优化。为简化计算,引入“虚圆半径”的概念,以“虚圆半径”作为最小转弯半径,并按照“圆弧-直线-圆弧”平行泊车路径规划的方法进行求解,由此得出优化的平行泊车路径。仿真结果表明,五次多项式优化的平行泊车路径规划方法能够规划出曲率连续、满足避障约束和车辆运动学约束的优化路径,提高了路径跟踪的效果,保证车辆安全完成泊车。     

基于运动微分约束的无人车辆纵横向协同规划算法的研究

为了满足在动态环境中快速行驶的要求,现有无人车辆普遍采用在传统规划系统的两层结构（路径规划-路径跟踪）之间增加局部规划的方法,通过在路径跟踪的同时进行避障来减少耗时的全局路径重规划. 本文针对这种三层结构规划系统存在的问题,提出基于运动微分约束的纵横向协同规划算法,在真实环境中实现速度不超过40km/h的无人驾驶. 根据车辆的实时运动状态,用高阶多项式模型在预瞄距离内对可行驶曲线进行建模,不仅使行驶过程中的转向平稳,而且在较高速时仍具有良好的路径跟踪能力. 由横向规划提供横向安全性的同时,在动力学约束的速度容许空间中进行纵向规划,实现平顺的加速与制动,并保证了纵向安全性和侧向稳定性. 该算法根据实时的局部环境自动决定纵横向期望运动参数,不需要人为设定行驶模式或调整参数. 采用该算法的无人驾驶平台在2011年和2012年智能车未来挑战赛的真实交通环境中,用统一的程序框架顺利完成全程的无人驾驶.     

面向自动驾驶的动态路径规划避障算法

针对自动驾驶中避障的动态路径规划问题,提出一种在已知车辆的初始位置、速度、方向和障碍物位置情况下,实时避开障碍物的动态规划算法。首先,利用三次样条曲线的二阶连续性,结合已知的车道信息产生道路基准线;其次,以车辆的位置方向和道路的曲率构建s-q坐标系,并在s-q坐标系内产生从车辆当前位置到目的位置的一簇平滑曲线,作为候选路径;最后,综合考虑车辆行驶的安全性、平滑性和连贯性准则,设计一种新的代价函数,并且通过使代价函数最小化的方法从候选路径中选择最佳路径。在实验过程中,通过设计多种不同的模拟道路来检验算法的性能。实验结果表明,该方法在多种地形的单车道和多车道道路上都能够规划出安全、平滑的路径,有效避开障碍物,并且具有较好的实时性。     

基于粒子群三次样条优化的局部路径规划方法

为解决机器人在静态未知环境下如何利用局部环境信息规划出连续平滑的路径问题,提出一种基于粒子群三次样条优化与滚动窗口结合的局部路径规划方法。借助三次样条描述路径,根据机器人实时探测到的局部环境信息,在滚动窗口中运用粒子群算法解决样条参数的优化问题,使各部分路径光滑且一阶连续,从而实现最优局部路径规划。仿真结果表明：所提算法可以在静态环境下快速有效地实现机器人的无碰撞局部路径规划,且所规划路径平滑,便于运动控制。     

基于平衡鲸鱼优化算法的无人车路径规划

针对地面无人车辆路径规划问题的特点,提出基于和声二次优化的平衡鲸鱼算法求解最优路径.首先,利用和声搜索算法二次优化来改善种群质量和全局探索能力,依据解的适应性进行微调,提高求解精度;然后,引入动态平衡策略和种群重构机制,跟踪种群最优解状态以协调全局探索与局部开发能力,出现优化停滞时重构种群以增加多样性,避免陷入局部最优;最后,基于不同环境进行仿真实验,与多种算法进行对比分析,研究结果表明了所提出算法在复杂环境下的可行性和有效性,为鲸鱼优化算法在路径规划问题中的应用提供一种新思路.     

基于Frenet坐标系的自动驾驶轨迹规划与优化算法

针对公路场景下作速度保持的自动驾驶汽车实时轨迹规划问题,提出一种基于Frenet坐标系的优化轨迹规划算法.首先,利用Frenet坐标系将车辆运动解耦,构建无约束横向/纵向独立积分系统;然后,根据初始配置和可内嵌到行为层的目标配置,通过采样生成有限的4次、5次多项式候选轨迹集合;最后,利用以高斯卷积、加速度变化率为核心的安全性和舒适性评价指标构建损失函数,评价轨迹成本,并结合曲率、加速度检查,选择能够最小化损失的最优解.结果表明,该算法能满足公路型场景的规划需求,车辆运动轨迹平滑、舒适、安全性更高.     

无人直升机路径规划算法研究

提出了一种基于已知威胁点分布的Voronoi图的无人直升机路径规划算法。利用Dijkstra算法搜索出无人直升机初始最短路径，在此基础上利用威胁加权划分威胁区域对路径进行二次规划，在无人直升机机动特性的限制条件下对路径进行平滑处理，且考虑到突发威胁体出现的条件下再次对路径进行局部重规划求解最佳路径。通过Matlab 6.5对算法进行仿真验证了算法的可行性。     

基于方向引导的智能车VFH+路径规划算法研究

针对矢量场直方图（VFH+）算法在路径规划过程中容易陷入环境死区,生成的路径不能满足车辆运动学限制的问题,提出方向引导的VFH+路径规划算法。首先在双向快速随机树（Bi-RRT）节点扩展中引入车辆的运动学约束,在去除路径上冗余节点的基础上,使用三次B样条曲线得到平滑引导路径。其次,在VFH+算法中引入车辆的最大转角约束与引导路径的离散点方向,来限制VFH+的候选方向范围,并修改代价函数获取合适的前进方向。最后,在MATLAB软件上进行算法的仿真对比以及基于ROS平台的实验验证。结果表明,改进后的VFH+算法能够在满足车辆运动学约束的情况下,生成一条避开环境死区的有效路径。     

参数化运动模型和PSO的自主车运动规划方法

自主地面车辆在障碍物环境下的运动规划问题是一个包含非完整约束条件的全局优化问题。针对该优化问题,提出了一种基于参数化运动模型和改进粒子群优化算法的运动规划方法。该方法将车辆运动模型解耦为参数化弧长-曲率模型和速度模型,并采用混沌映射方法对粒子群优化算法进行了改进,将改进的粒子群优化算法应用于弧长-曲率模型中的参数优化问题。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性,是自主地面车辆运动规划的一种较好方法。     

基于三次B样条曲线的叉车型AGV路径规划研究

针对工厂环境下叉车型AGV在沿给定参考路径运行时,因避障等问题产生的大幅度偏离参考路径的现象,将三次B样条曲线用于路径规划。规划路径在满足AGV运动学约束、最大曲率约束、起点和终点位姿等约束的条件下,使AGV以最短距离回到原参考路径。算法将路径规划问题转化为参数优化问题,将规划路径距离作为目标函数优化求解参数。算法最后使用Matlab针对直线和圆弧参考路径进行了仿真验证,结果表明本文算法能够在大偏差情况下,规划出一条最短路径,使AGV回到参考路径。     

基于适应度函数的无人船遗传算法航径规划

遗传算法通过适应度函数选取最优的路径,采用了无人船转弯半径来改进适应度函数,实现无人船遗传算法航径规划。考虑到无人船机动性能对航迹平滑性的要求,在初始种群中利用贝塞尔曲线优化方法,将原有的折线路径优化成光滑的曲线路径;在适应度函数中添加曲率判断,以无人船最小转弯半径为约束条件,设置曲线路径的最大曲率,最后通过适应度函数筛选出符合约束条件的光滑路径。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法能获得符合无人船最小转弯半径约束的光滑路径,相比于平滑算法,该方法的曲率更小,收敛速度更快。     

空地异构机器人系统协作巡逻路径规划方法EI北大核心CSCD

空地异构机器人系统由空中无人机和地面无人车组成,当两者协作执行持续巡逻任务时,使用无人车充当无人机的地面移动补给站能够解决无人机续航能力不足的问题.运动受限于路网中的无人车必须在适当地点为无人机补充能量,这使得两者的路径高度耦合,给空地协作路径规划带来了挑战.针对此问题,本文通过分析无人机能量、路网、空地汇合时间、巡逻任务全覆盖等多种约束,以无人机完成全部巡逻任务的总距离为代价,建立了空地协作巡逻路径规划模型.该模型可推广至多架无人机与多辆无人车协作的情形.然后,采用遗传算法与蚁群算法相融合的方法,对无人机巡逻路径和无人车能量补给路径进行优化求解.仿真实验表明,本文的方法不仅可以得到很好的路径规划结果,而且较其他算法具有更优的收敛性和执行速度.     

Two-dimensional path finding subject to geometric constraints

The trajectory planning on a plane is considered as the problem of finding a path in a graph of a special form. Algorithms that are able to solve this problem in the case of geometric constraints, more precisely, under the assumptions that the trajectory is composed of a sequence of straight segments such that the angle between the adjacent segments does not exceed a given threshold, are analyzed. This statement is important for the development of effective navigation methods for unmanned vehicles. A novel algorithm for solving this problem is proposed, and the results of theoretical and experimental studies are presented. The experimental results confirm that the proposed algorithm can be used in practice for planning the trajectory of low-flying unmanned multirotor aerial vehicles in an urban area. They also show that the proposed algorithm significantly exceeds other available algorithms in terms of the number of successfully accomplished tasks.     

Real-Time Path Planning Algorithm for Autonomous Border Patrol: Design,Simulation, and Experimentation

This paper presents an online path planning algorithm for unmanned vehicles in charge of autonomous border patrol. In this Pursuit-Evasion game, the unmanned vehicle, acting as the pursuer, is required to capture multiple trespassers on its own before any of them reach a target safe house where they are safe from capture. The problem formulation is based on Isaacs’ Target Guarding problem, but extended to the case of multiple evaders. The proposed path planning method is based on Rapidly-exploring random trees (RRT) and is capable of producing trajectories within seconds to capture 2 or 3 evaders. Simulations are carried out to demonstrate that the resulting trajectories approach the optimal solution produced by a nonlinear programming-based numerical optimal control solver. Experiments are also conducted on unmanned ground vehicles to show the feasibility of implementing the proposed online path planning algorithm on physical applications.     

基于改进蚁群算法的钻井救援车辆路径规划

为了解决救援车辆路途时间过长导致钻井事故应急救援不及时的问题, 提出一种基于改进蚁群算法的钻井救援车辆路径规划方法. 首先针对基本蚁群算法易陷入局部最优, 且在求解转移概率时仅依据信息素含量和路径长度, 未考虑实际路网中影响道路通行的外界因素等不足, 通过引入路径权重因子和改进路径选择策略, 对基本蚁群算法进行了改进; 然后利用改进的蚁群算法, 以用时最少为目标建立了救援车辆路径规划模型; 最后进行了救援车路径规划仿真实验和实际应用测试, 结果表明本文提出的方法可以合理规划出一条全局最优的救援路径, 能有效地解决钻井救援车辆路径规划问题.     

Coevolving and cooperating path planner for multiple unmanned air vehicles

In this paper, the coordinated path planning problem for multiple unmanned air vehicles is studied with the proposal of a novel coevolving and cooperating path planner. In the new planner, potential paths of each vehicle form their own sub-population, and evolve only in their own sub-population, while the interaction among all sub-problems is reflected by the definition of fitness function. Meanwhile, the individual candidates are evaluated with respect to the workspace so that the computation of the configuration space is avoided. By using a problem-specific representation of candidate solutions and genetic operators, our algorithm can take into account different kinds of mission constraints and generate solutions in real time.     

不确定海流环境下水下机器人最优时间路径规划

为解决海流预测不精确条件下,现有基于确定性海流路径规划算法鲁棒性差和规划的路径有可能为不可行路径的问题,本文提出一种基于区间优化的水下机器人(AUV)最优时间路径规划算法.该算法采用双层架构,外层用蚁群系统算法(ACS)寻找由起点至终点的候选路径;内层以区间海流为环境模型,计算候选路径航行时间上下限,并分别通过区间序关系和基于可靠性的区间可能度模型将航行时间区间转换为确定性评价函数,并将评价函数值作为候选路径适应度值返回到外层算法.仿真结果表明,相对于确定海流场路径规划方案,提出的方案增强了路径规划器的鲁棒性并解决了结果路径不可行问题.     

An Integral Framework of Task Assignment and Path Planning for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Dynamic Environments

In this paper, a hierarchical framework for task assignment and path planning of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a dynamic environment is presented. For multi-agent scenarios in dynamic environments, a candidate algorithm should be able to replan for a new path to perform the updated tasks without any collision with obstacles or other agents during the mission. In this paper, we propose an intersection-based algorithm for path generation and a negotiation-based algorithm for task assignment since these algorithms are able to generate admissible paths at a smaller computing cost. The path planning algorithm is also augmented with a potential field-based trajectory replanner, which solves for a detouring trajectory around other agents or pop-up obstacles. For validation, test scenarios for multiple UAVs to perform cooperative missions in dynamic environments are considered. The proposed algorithms are implemented on a fixed-wing UAVs testbed in outdoor environment and showed satisfactory performance to accomplish the mission in the presence of static and pop-up obstacles and other agents.     

Coordinated road-network search route planning by a team of UAVs

This paper presents a road-network search route planning algorithm by which multiple autonomous vehicles are able to efficiently visit every road identified in the map in the context of the Chinese postman problem. Since the typical Chinese postman algorithm can be applied solely to a connected road-network in which ground vehicles are involved, it is modified to be used for a general type of road map including unconnected roads as well as the operational and physical constraints of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). For this, a multi-choice multi-dimensional knapsack problem is formulated to find an optimal solution minimising flight time and then solved via mixed integer linear programming. To deal with the dynamic constraints of the UAVs, the Dubins theory is used for path generation. In particular, a circular–circular–circular type of the Dubins path is exploited based on a differential geometry to guarantee that the vehicles follow the road precisely in a densely distributed road environment. Moreover, to overcome the computational burden of the multi-choice multi-dimensional knapsack algorithm, a nearest insertion and auction-based approximation algorithm is newly introduced. The properties and performance of the proposed algorithm are evaluated via numerical simulations operating on a real village map and randomly generated maps with different parameters.     

四旋翼无人机三维航迹规划及跟踪控制

无人机航迹规划是指根据地形和威胁分布,规划出满足任务要求的合理航迹.为了满足三维空间快速规划的需求,提出了一种基于人工势场的三维航迹规划方法.首先,定义了目标和威胁物的虚拟力函数,推导出了三维空间参数约束方程,并采用联合威胁概念解决三维空间局部极小和振动问题;其次,引入空间圆弧插补技术生成光滑航迹;此外,为方便跟踪控制,提出了航迹时域化方法;最后,利用动态系统全局渐近稳定定理,设计具有全局Lipschitz的闭环系统,实现了具有内外环严格稳定性的双环轨迹跟踪控制.仿真结果验证了航迹规划和跟踪算法的有效性.