基于矢量量化的数字视频压缩技术

对基于矢量量化的数字视频压缩技术进行了论述，并根据分析结果提出了一种新的矢量量化算法——多级矢量量化联合编码算法，该算法保持了多级矢量量化算法编码速度快、图像相关性小等特点，同时提高了编码质量。实验表明，该算法与已有的算法相比具有较高的图像质量和更高的压缩率。     

视频图像高压缩比编码算法研究

提出了一种基于DCT变换的矢量自适应分类的全局矢量量化编码算法。为降低码矢的维数和计算复杂度，提高搜索速度和压缩比，将变换的DCT矢量自适应分类为平滑类、边缘类和纹理类，根据矢量的类别构造不同长度的变换矢量和根据矢量的类别分别采用改进的全局矢量量化算法进行相应的码书设计。为提高光照变化时相邻帧间矢量运动补偿的匹配率，在矢量构造中将DC系数单独进行编码。实验结果表明：该算法在信噪比和压缩比方面具有良好的视频压缩性能，比较适合于智能视频监控系统以及水下视频等光照随时间有较大变化的场合。     

基于快速相关矢量量化的图象编码算法

图象编码已经成为当今计算机世界的重要问题,而矢量量化（ＶＱ）又是近年来有损图象压缩的一种重要技术,它的优点是比特率低以及解码简单,但是其穷尽搜索编码计算量较大,为了降低编码时间,已经有多种快速算法出现在一些文献中,然而这些算法往往不能进一步降低比特率,为了解决这一问题,因此提出了一种新颖快速相关矢量量化（ＣＶＱ）图象编码算法,该算法对图象块的编码采用对角顺序,即在编码过程中根据当前图象块（ＣＶＱ）     

Content-based scalable H.263 video coding for road traffic monitoring

For sending video data through very low bit-rate mobile channels, video codec with high compression rate is the pre-requisite. Although the H.263 video codec is recommended as one of the candidates due to its simplicity and efficiency, it is generally believed that its compression efficiency can be further improved if the content-based scalable video coding technique can be applied. In this paper, we propose a modified H.263 encoder which supports real-time content-based scalable video coding. The proposed technique is applied to real-time video surveillance systems for road traffic monitoring. For the proposed approach, the moving objects, i.e. cars, are first extracted from the steady background. Their activities are then further classified as fast or slow by assessing the regularity of their motion. The information is then passed to a modified H.263 encoder to reduce the temporal and spatial redundancies in the video. As compared with the conventional H.263 encoder using for the same application, the proposed system has a 20% increase in compression rate with negligible visual distortion. The proposed system fully complies with the ITU H.263 standard hence the encoded bit stream is completely comprehensible to the conventional H.263 decoder.     

Scene-effect detection and insertion MPEG encoding scheme for video browsing and error concealment

For an MPEG coding scheme, the encoder can do more than video compression. In this paper, a novel MPEG codec embedded with scene-effect information detection and insertion is proposed to provide more functionality at the decoder end. Based on the macroblock (MB) type of information that is generated simultaneously in the encoding process, a single-pass automatic scene-effect insertion MPEG coding scheme can be achieved. Using the USER/spl I.bar/DATA of picture header, the video output bitstreams by our method still conform to the conventional MPEG decoding system. The proposed method provides a solution toward upgrading the existing MPEG codec with low complexity to accomplish at least two major advantages. Precise and effective video browsing resulting from the scene-effect extraction can significantly reduce the user's time to look up what they are interested in. For video transmission, the bitstreams containing scene-effect information can obtain better error concealment performance when scene changes are involved. Compared with the gain it achieves, the payout of our algorithm is very worthy with comparatively small efforts.     

自适应子矢量划分的快速码字搜索算法

矢量量化编码过程中需要进行大量的矢量间距离计算,这个过程的计算复杂度极高,严重限制了其实际使用。为了加速矢量量化的编码过程,已经提出了各种基于1维特征量的码字搜索算法来减小码字搜索的范围。本文在基于不等式的快速搜索算法基础上,通过使用更有效的基于特征量的搜索算法,并引入自适应子矢量划分的方法,将额外增加的存储空间从N(N-1)/2降低到了13N,码字搜索范围减小了33.88%～50.94%,编码时间减少了10.82%～27.16%。     

MIJ2K Optimization using evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithms

This paper deals with the multiobjective definition of video compression and its optimization. The optimization will be done using NSGA-II, a well-tested and highly accurate algorithm with a high convergence speed developed for solving multiobjective problems. Video compression is defined as a problem including two competing objectives. We try to find a set of optimal, so-called Pareto-optimal solutions, instead of a single optimal solution. The two competing objectives are quality and compression ratio maximization. The optimization will be achieved using a new patent pending codec, called MIJ2K, also outlined in this paper. Video will be compressed with the MIJ2K codec applied to some classical videos used for performance measurement, selected from the Xiph.org Foundation repository. The result of the optimization will be a set of near-optimal encoder parameters. We also present the convergence of NSGA-II with different encoder parameters and discuss the suitability of MOEAs as opposed to classical search-based techniques in this field.     

A region-based H.263+ codec and its rate control for low VBR video

This paper presents a region-based video codec, which is compatible with the H.263+ standard, and its associated rate control algorithm for low variable-bit-rate (VBR) video. The proposed region-based coding scheme is a hybrid method that incorporates traditional block DCT coding as well as object-based coding. To achieve this, we adopt H.263+ as the platform, and develop a fast macroblock-based segmentation method to implement the new region-based codec. The associated rate control solution includes rate control in three levels: encoding frame selection, frame-layer rate control and macroblock-layer rate control. The goal is to improve human visual perceptual quality at low bit rates. The efficiency of the proposed rate control algorithm applied to the region-based H.263+ codec is demonstrated via several typical test sequences.     

视频信息隐藏的置乱策略与方法

随着网络和多媒体技术的飞速发展,视频数据的安全问题越来越突出。深入探讨了视频数据在空域、频域以及运动矢量上的置乱策略与方法。对如何提高置乱方法的安全强度,以及如何降低置乱对编码效率与视频图像质量的影响进行了详细分析,提出了置乱应遵循的原则。在此基础上,改进现有的算法,并通过实验进行了验证。实验结果表明,基于频域与运动矢量相结合的视频置乱策略与方法具有更强的安全性。与传统数据加密方法不同,置乱方法能够与视频编解码进行紧密的结合。     

基于自动镜头分割的视频压缩编码算法

将镜头分割引入压缩编码,针对分割镜头特性确定适当的编码器及参数,能够提高视频压缩编码的效率．为此,提出了一种基于对分查找的镜头分割算法(VSSB)以及关键帧频率计算公式．其算法的核心是通过对分查找形成二叉树,同时通过广度优先搜索寻找分割点,具有O(log n)的时间复杂性．针对实时应用,采用了双阈值比较的镜头分割算法,能够较好地实现镜头切变和渐变的检测．基于镜头分割算法,建立并实现了并行方式的编解码系统模型．实验证明,基于镜头分割的编码方法能够提高压缩比,缩短压缩编码时间,有利于改善重建图像质量。     

A reduced reference video quality assessment of H.264 and mpeg2 codec based on sharpness metric

In this paper, we propose a new perceptually significant video quality metric for the H.264/Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG)‐4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and MPEG2 standard. Our method operates in the spatial domain by using the Sobel filter. The proposed approach does not require a high computational complexity and can be suitable for real‐time evaluation. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method by using three Common Intermediate Format sequences at different compression rates. The comparison of the obtained results is made with some video quality models using “LIVE”, “IVP” and “IRCCyN/IVC 1080i” databases. The performance metrics, i.e. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, indicate that the proposed method gives a good performance in H264 and MPEG2 codec distortions with the three databases comparing with other models.     

NB-IoT环境下基于混合分辨率人脸监控视频压缩方法

在面向社区楼道或门栋监控中,人脸信息尤为重要。通过NB-IoT(窄带物联网)接入,可以满足低成本、广覆盖和多接入的需求,但是常规编码方法在窄带低码率下无法保障人脸质量。针对该问题,提出一种面向人脸业务的混合分辨率监控视频压缩方法。利用监控视频统计特性优化人脸检测速度,采用不同分辨率区别编码人脸和非人脸区域,在高倍率压缩下提高了人脸的可辨识性。实验表明,该方法相较于主流感兴趣区域编码,人脸区域PSNR提高了5.57 dB,编码速度提高了5.12倍,具备NB-IoT环境下的实用性。     

Image and video indexing using vector quantization

Visual (image and video) database systems require efficient indexing to enable fast access to the images in a database. In addition, the large memory capacity and channel bandwidth requirements for the storage and transmission of visual data necessitate the use of compression techniques. We note that image/video indexing and compression are typically pursued independently. This reduces the storage efficiency and may degrade the system performance. In this paper, we present novel algorithms based on vector quantization (VQ) for indexing of compressed images and video. To start with, the images are compressed using VQ. In the first technique, for each codeword in the codebook, a histogram is generated and stored along with the codeword. We note that the superposition of the histograms of the codewords, which are used to represent an image, is a close approximation of the histogram of the image. This histogram is used as an index to store and retrieve the image. In the second technique, the histogram of the labels of an image is used as an index to access the image. We also propose an algorithm for indexing compressed video sequences. Here, each frame is encoded in the intraframe mode using VQ. The labels are used for the segmentation of a video sequence into shots, and for indexing the representative frame of each shot. The proposed techniques not only provide fast access to stored visual data, but also combine compression and indexing. The average retrieval rates are 95% and 94% at compression ratios of 16:1 and 64:1, respectively. The corresponding cut detection rates are 97% and 90%, respectively.     

基于Lagrange的H．264率失真编码优化算法

为了进一步提高编码速度，促进视频编码技术在多媒体通信领域的实际应用，本文对率失真视频编码的关键算法进行了深入的研究并提出了其优化方法，并从信息论理论出发，着重围绕图像压缩的理论，利用率失真特征数学模型、拉格朗日乘子法，对目前新一代的H．264视频标准进行编码算法模式选择，试图从最根本的理论角度探讨信源编码，以便得到更高的压缩比、更好的图像质量和更快的编码速度。最后，利用本文提出的编码模式优化算法，对H．264的JM61e（JUT Test Model）系统测试模型的性能进行全面测试。     

Error Concealment Using Adaptive Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) for Block-Based Image Coding

Image coding algorithms such as Vector Quantisation (VQ), JPEG and MPEG have been widely used for encoding image and video. These compression systems utilise block-based coding techniques to achieve a higher compression ratio. However, a cell loss or a random bit error during network transmission will permeate into the whole block, and then generate several damaged blocks. Therefore, an efficient Error Concealment (EC) scheme is essential for diminishing the impact of damaged blocks in a compressed image. In this paper, a novel adaptive EC algorithm is proposed to conceal the error for block-based image coding systems by using neural network techniques in the spatial domain. In the proposed algorithm, only the intra-frame information is used for reconstructing the image with damaged blocks. The information of pixels surrounding a damaged block is used to recover the errors using the neural network models. Computer simulation results show that the visual quality and the PSNR evaluation of a reconstructed image are significantly improved using the proposed EC algorithm.     

An embedding technique based upon block prediction

This paper presents a novel data hiding scheme for VQ compression images. This scheme first uses SMVQ prediction to classify encoding blocks into different types, then uses different codebooks and encoding strategies to perform encoding and data hiding simultaneously. In using SMVQ prediction, no extra data is required to identify the combination of encoding strategies and codebook, which helps improve compression performance. Furthermore, the proposed scheme adaptively combines VQ and SMVQ encoding characteristics to provide higher image quality of stego-images while size of the hidden payload remains the same. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme indeed outperforms other previously proposed schemes in image quality of the stego-images and compression performance.     

Color video compression using color mapping into textured grayscale video frames

Color video compression has become a necessity in the advent of newer applications of color video and its increasing size for higher definitions. New approaches are used to achieve more compression over the traditional and standard compression techniques. Considerable progress has been made of color transfer-based compression techniques that do not modify standard encoders but add some pre-processing and post-processing steps. We present a novel, simple yet robust, color transfer-based compression technique that can be integrated with the standard encoders like MPEG-2, H.264/AVC, etc. We achieve the compression by discarding the color components from all frames in a video sequence except those of the Intra (I) frames. The colored intra frames are converted to gray-textured images. The method is developed based on embedding the colors of the intra frames to low visibility high frequency textures of its gray luminance image. This is achieved by decomposing the luminance of the intra frame using the non-decimated DWT or discrete wavelet frame transform and replacing the bandpass subbands by the chrominance signals. The lowpass band is same as that of the luminance signal. At the output of the decoder, the colored intra frames are recovered using the wavelet transform. Instead of calculating motion vectors, we identify and reuse the motion vectors present in the decoder. The remaining luminance frames of the video are colored with the help of identified motion vectors and the color information of the preceding frames. The proposed codec considerably improves the compression ratio achievable by the standard codec, at the cost of slight increase in computation time at the decoder end.     

Compression of 3-D Point Visual Data Using Vector Quantization and Rate-Distortion Optimization

In this paper, we propose adaptive and flexible quantization and compression algorithms for 3-D point data using vector quantization (VQ) and rate-distortion (R-D) optimization. The point data are composed of the position and the radius of sphere based on QSplat representation. The positions of child spheres are first transformed to the local coordinate system, which is determined by the parent-children relationship. The local coordinate transform makes the positions more compactly distributed in 3-D space, facilitating an effective application of VQ. We also develop a constrained encoding method for the radius data, which can provide a hole-free surface rendering at the decoder side. Furthermore, R-D optimized compression algorithm is proposed in order to allocate an optimal bitrate to each sphere. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively compress the original 3-D point geometry at various bitrates.     

Network-driven low complexity coding for wireless multi-view video system

For wireless multi-view video system, which has very limited capability for storage and computation at the encoder, it is essential to design a video coding scheme with low complexity. Wyner-Ziv (WZ) coding scheme shifts large computational complexities to decoder with side information reconstruction, however, its encoding efficiency is not high enough. To obtain higher encoding efficiency and lower encoding complexity for wireless multi-view video applications, a network-driven low complexity video coding method is proposed in the paper. The proposed method is designed to implement color correction, motion vector extrapolation and disparity extraction at the central node of network, so as to reduce large computational complexities of motion estimation at the encoder and disparity estimation at the decoder. Experimental results show that encoding efficiency of the proposed method is higher than those of WZ coding and H.264 intraframe coding methods. The encoding complexity of the proposed method is greatly decreased and the decoded views are of color consistency, which is favorable to high quality view rendering at the decoder.     

具有可扩展性的3D子带视频编解码系统

在异构网络中进行的多媒体传输要求视频压缩系统具有高度的调节变换能力，也就是说具有可扩展性．可扩展性是指对码流可以进行部分解码，解码获得的重构视频的质量与接收到的信息量成比例变化．为了获得视频流的高度可扩展性—包括时域，空域和质量，提出了基于SPIHT编码原则的扩展优先扫描的方法来组织时域空域系数的位平面比特流，并设计和实现了一个基于2D t小波变换的视频编解码系统．该系统可以获得具有高度可扩展性的视频流．