An economic market for the brokering of time and budget guarantees

Grids offer best effort services to users. Service level agreements offer the opportunity to provide guarantees upon services offered, in such a way that it captures the users' requirements, while also considering concerns of the service providers. This is achieved via a process of converging requirements and service cost values from both sides towards an agreement. This paper presents the intelligent scheduling for quality of service market‐oriented mechanism for brokering guarantees upon completion time and cost for jobs submitted to a batch‐oriented compute service. Web Services agreement (negotiation) is used along with the planning of schedules in determining pricing, ensuring that jobs become prioritised depending on their budget constraints. An evaluation is performed to demonstrate how market mechanisms can be used to achieve this, whilst also showing the effects that scheduling algorithms can have upon the market in terms of rescheduling. The evaluation is completed with a comparison of the broker's capabilities in relation to the literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

网格经济模型中基于信任机制的调度算法

在网格环境中使用经济学原理进行资源管理和调度是网格从理论研究走向实际应用的有效途径之一。本文在Buyya设计的GRACE网格资源管理框架下,提出一种基于微分方程的信任值量化计算公式:信任=直接信任8声誉,在此基础上建立基于行为的网格信任机制。根据应用环境的不同需求,对网格经济模型调度算法(DBC)进行改进,分别提出了以时间优化、成本优化和时间成本折衷优化为目的的网格信任调度算法(TrustDBC)。理论分析及模拟实验结果表明,本文算法性能明显优于相应的未考虑信任的调度算法。     

基于烟花算法的云计算多目标任务调度

为了更好地满足云计算中用户的服务质量(Quality of Service, QoS)需求,合理利用云数据中心的资源,以任务的执行时间和虚拟机的负载均衡作为优化的目标对象,提出了一种基于烟花算法(Fireworks Algorithm, FWA)的多目标优化调度模型。烟花算法是一种启发式算法,利用爆炸算子、高斯变异和选择策略能较快地寻找到全局最优解。通过在Cloudsim上与粒子群优化算法(PSO)和遗传算法(GA)进行有效性和执行时间上的对比,结果表明烟花算法在不同实验次数下可持续得到最优适应度值,而且在种群规模不断扩大时,烟花算法的执行时间没有陡然增加,明显优于PSO算法和GA算法。     

An Internetware Based Approach to Building Web Page Integration Applications for Mobile Devices

Mobile devices are more and more popular in recent years. As a result, there''re huge requests of mobile applications, especially those integrated with multiple information. However, on one hand, most of the mobile applications at present just contain some certain kinds of information and they cannot adapt to the rapid change of users'' requirements, either. On the other hand, to build these applications, it''s usually time consuming and there are not enough resource components with programmable interfaces. In this paper, we propose an approach based on Internerware to building web page integration applications for mobile device. We introduce a framework that provides abundant internet-programmable interfaces, a flexible integration mechanism to meet the users'' rapid changing requirements and a reliable mechanism that guarantees the quality of the referred resources effectively. With this framework, we can rapidly build an application that integrates all the information according to users'' requirement.     

Nimrod-G系统中DBC分类调度算法探讨

针对Nimrod-G系统中DBC调度策略只能集中对一个目标(时间或费用)进行优化的问题,提出了基于平均成本的DBC分类调度算法,该算法综合考虑了任务调度的完成时间和费用。通过GridSim仿真实验证明,基于平均成本的DBC分类调度算法在均衡完成时间和费用方面有很大的优势,有效的扩展了原有算法。     

A rotary chaotic PSO algorithm for trustworthy scheduling of a grid workflow

In this paper, a rotary chaotic particle swarm optimization (RCPSO) algorithm is presented to solve trustworthy scheduling of a grid workflow. In general, the grid workflow scheduling is a complex optimization problem which requires considering various scheduling criteria so as to meet a wide range of QoS requirements from users. Traditional researches into grid workflow scheduling mainly focus on the optimization constrained by time and cost. The key requirements for reliability, availability and security are not considered adequately. The main contribution of this study is to propose a new approach for trustworthy workflow scheduling in a large-scale grid with rich service resources, and present the RCPSO algorithm to optimize the scheduling performance in a multi-dimensional complex space. Experiments were done in two grid applications with at most 120 candidate services supplied to each task of various workflows. The results show better performance of the RCPSO in solving trustworthy scheduling of grid workflow problems as compared to GA, ACO and other recent variants of PSO.     

网格经济模型中基于信任机制的调度算法*

在Buyya设计的GRACE网格资源管理框架下,提出反映信任值动态变化规律的信任函数,在此基础上建立基于行为的网格信任机制。根据应用环境的不同需求,对网格经济模型DBC调度算法进行改进,分别提出了以时间优化、成本优化和时间—成本折中优化为目标的基于信任的DBC调度算法(Trust DBC)。理论分析及模拟实验结果表明,该算法性能明显优于相应的未考虑信任的调度算法。     

基于QoS效益函数的网格任务调度算法

在网格环境中,任务调度是一个非常复杂、重要而且具有挑战性的问题.使用市场经济的概念来构建和管理网格资源是一种较好的方式,而DBC算法是计算经济模式下比较流行的一套调度算法.本文在现有算法的研究基础上,提出一种基于效益函数的改进的网格任务调度算法,并采用GridSim 模拟器对相关算法进行仿真模拟实验和比较.实验结果表明,本文提出的调度算法在任务完成率、实际使用时间、实际使用费用这三方面相对于现有的算法在综合性能上有一定的提高.     

多维QoS指导的DBC最优算法

目前应用于网格的一些调度算法过于简单，不能满足对QoS的多样化需求，比如DBC（deadline and budget constrained）调度算法只支持两维的QoS需求，即截止期限（deadline）和预算（budge）。而对于真正的网格应用，用户与系统之间的交互应该加强，用户应能对提交的工作提出多种多样的QoS需求。在对传统DBC算法进行优化的基础上，提出了“多维QoS指导的DBC最优算法”，以确保搜索到所有满足用户需求的资源，不仅包括价格、时间最优，而且满足他们自己定义的专有QoS需求。为了测试这一最优算法，所做的模拟实验是以上海网格环境中各高性能结点的数据信息作为参数。     

Libra: a computational economy‐based job scheduling system for clusters

Clusters of computers have emerged as mainstream parallel and distributed platforms for high‐performance, high‐throughput and high‐availability computing. To enable effective resource management on clusters, numerous cluster management systems and schedulers have been designed. However, their focus has essentially been on maximizing CPU performance, but not on improving the value of utility delivered to the user and quality of services. This paper presents a new computational economy driven scheduling system called Libra, which has been designed to support allocation of resources based on the users' quality of service requirements. It is intended to work as an add‐on to the existing queuing and resource management system. The first version has been implemented as a plugin scheduler to the Portable Batch System. The scheduler offers market‐based economy driven service for managing batch jobs on clusters by scheduling CPU time according to user‐perceived value (utility), determined by their budget and deadline rather than system performance considerations. The Libra scheduler has been simulated using the GridSim toolkit to carry out a detailed performance analysis. Results show that the deadline and budget based proportional resource allocation strategy improves the utility of the system and user satisfaction as compared with system‐centric scheduling strategies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-criteria and satisfaction oriented scheduling for hybrid distributed computing infrastructures

Assembling and simultaneously using different types of distributed computing infrastructures (DCI) like Grids and Clouds is an increasingly common situation. Because infrastructures are characterized by different attributes such as price, performance, trust, and greenness, the task scheduling problem becomes more complex and challenging. In this paper we present the design for a fault-tolerant and trust-aware scheduler, which allows to execute Bag-of-Tasks applications on elastic and hybrid DCI, following user-defined scheduling strategies. Our approach, named Promethee scheduler, combines a pull-based scheduler with multi-criteria Promethee decision making algorithm. Because multi-criteria scheduling leads to the multiplication of the possible scheduling strategies, we propose SOFT, a methodology that allows to find the optimal scheduling strategies given a set of application requirements. The validation of this method is performed with a simulator that fully implements the Promethee scheduler and recreates an hybrid DCI environment including Internet Desktop Grid, Cloud and Best Effort Grid based on real failure traces. A set of experiments shows that the Promethee scheduler is able to maximize user satisfaction expressed accordingly to three distinct criteria: price, expected completion time and trust, while maximizing the infrastructure useful employment from the resources owner point of view. Finally, we present an optimization which bounds the computation time of the Promethee algorithm, making realistic the possible integration of the scheduler to a wide range of resource management software.     

一种基于人工免疫的新的网格资源调度算法

由于广域网性能的巨大提高和功能强大且价格低廉的计算机不断增多,网格计算以一种极具有前途和吸引力的新范式出现。网格计算是集成地理位置分布,异构,多领域资源的一种平台,它提供透明、安全、同等、高性能资源共享。要获取计算网格中潜在的能量,设计一种有效和高效的网格资源调度算法很重要。网格独特的特点使得网格环境下的资源调度是相当复杂的。本文将重点设计一种新的基于免疫算法的网格资源调度算法。     

基于交互优先算法的网格仿真实体静态调度策略

为了解决网格仿真中的静态任务调度问题，提出一种创新的基于交互优先算法的实体调度策略．该策略使用了一种兼顾通信优化和计算平衡的评价标准．调度策略分为聚类和映射两阶段进行．聚类过程使用一种交互优先算法，将交互密集的实体聚类到一个实体组中并且将被调度到同一处理器上运行；映射过程则使用一种计算优先的启发式算法，优先映射计算消耗大的聚类实体到处理能力强的处理器上．最后，将使用上述两种算法的调度策略同贪婪对分法进行对比实验，结果证明本文的方法能够较好地优化仿真中的通信和计算性能并且更加适合于网格仿真．     

应急物流车辆调度多目标鲁棒优化研究

针对应急物流车辆调度问题中对于经济性、时效性、可靠性和鲁棒性的多种要求，考虑了含有时间窗、不确定需求、不确定行驶时间，以及路段含有失效风险的多目标鲁棒车辆路径优化问题，通过定义新的成本函数、满意度函数、风险度函数和鲁棒度函数作为四个优化目标来构建模型，并基于鲁棒优化理论将不确定模型转化为确定性鲁棒对应模型求解，为解决不确定环境下优化问题提供了新的思路。算法方面，主要基于SPEA2算法框架求解该多目标模型，针对算法缺陷提出多种改进策略，并通过对比实验证明了改进策略的有效性。     

Reputation-based dependable scheduling of workflow applications in Peer-to-Peer Grids

Grids facilitate creation of wide-area collaborative environment for sharing computing or storage resources and various applications. Inter-connecting distributed Grid sites through peer-to-peer routing and information dissemination structure (also known as Peer-to-Peer Grids) is essential to avoid the problems of scheduling efficiency bottleneck and single point of failure in the centralized or hierarchical scheduling approaches. On the other hand, uncertainty and unreliability are facts in distributed infrastructures such as Peer-to-Peer Grids, which are triggered by multiple factors including scale, dynamism, failures, and incomplete global knowledge.In this paper, a reputation-based Grid workflow scheduling technique is proposed to counter the effect of inherent unreliability and temporal characteristics of computing resources in large scale, decentralized Peer-to-Peer Grid environments. The proposed approach builds upon structured peer-to-peer indexing and networking techniques to create a scalable wide-area overlay of Grid sites for supporting dependable scheduling of applications. The scheduling algorithm considers reliability of a Grid resource as a statistical property, which is globally computed in the decentralized Grid overlay based on dynamic feedbacks or reputation scores assigned by individual service consumers mediated via Grid resource brokers. The proposed algorithm dynamically adapts to changing resource conditions and offers significant performance gains as compared to traditional approaches in the event of unsuccessful job execution or resource failure. The results evaluated through an extensive trace driven simulation show that our scheduling technique can reduce the makespan up to 50% and successfully isolate the failure-prone resources from the system.     

基于二分图的两级动态异构网络选择方案

通信技术的发展,使多种接入技术并存的异构网络成为未来通信网络的发展趋势,随着用户业务QoS需求的提高和传输带宽的增加,现有的网络选择算法已经不能满足用户高质量的通信需求。针对异构无线网络频谱资源日益紧缺的问题,提出了由用户端和网络端共同参与的两级动态网络选择方案。该方案包括灰度关联分析法和二分图联合优化匹配算法,通过用户端和网络端的共同决策,算法在有效满足移动用户业务服务质量需求的前提下,优化了系统吞吐量,均衡了网络负载。仿真实验表明,相对传统算法,该方案极大地提高了异构网络频谱资源利用率并降低了用户在无线网络间的切换概率,实现了用户需求和网络资源的合理配置。     

Modeling and Supporting Grid Scheduling

Grid resource management systems and schedulers are important components for building Grids. They are responsible for the selection and allocation of Grid resources to current and future applications. Thus, they are important building blocks for making Grids available to user communities. In this paper we briefly analyze the requirements of Grid resource management and provide a classification of schedulers. Then, we define an extensible formal model for Grid scheduling activities, and characterize the general Grid scheduling problem. Finally, we provide a reference architecture for the support of our model and discuss different aspects of architectural implementations.     

云环境中基于分解的多目标工作流调度算法

云服务提供商在给用户提供海量虚拟资源的同时,也面临着一个现实的问题,即怎样调度这些资源,以最小的代价(完工时间、执行费用、资源利用率等)完成工作流的执行。针对IaaS环境下的工作流调度问题,以完工时间和执行费用作为目标,提出了一种基于分解的多目标工作流调度算法。该算法结合了基于列表的启发式算法和多目标进化算法的选择过程,采用一种分解方法,将多目标优化问题分解为一组单目标优化子问题,然后同时求解这些单目标子问题,使得调度过程更为简单有效。算法利用天马项目发布的现实世界中的工作流进行实验,结果表明,和MOHEFT算法以及NSGA-II*算法相比较,所提出的算法能得到更优的Pareto解集,同时具有更低的时间复杂度。     

DBC性价比资源调度算法

传统的DBC（Deadline and Budget Constrained）调度算法,比如时间最优调度算法、代价最优调度算法都是在时间（deadline）和代价（budget）的约束下,满足时间或代价单方面的QoS需求的极端情况。针对这一不足,提出了一种基于DBC的性价比资源调度算法,综合考虑了时间和代价的QoS需求,目的在于提高任务的完成量以及任务完成的性价比,并通过推理论证和仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性和优越性。     

Market-oriented Grids and Utility Computing: The State-of-the-art and Future Directions

Traditional resource management techniques (resource allocation, admission control and scheduling) have been found to be inadequate for many shared Grid and distributed systems, that consist of autonomous and dynamic distributed resources contributed by multiple organisations. They provide no incentive for users to request resources judiciously and appropriately, and do not accurately capture the true value, importance and deadline (the utility) of a user’s job. Furthermore, they provide no compensation for resource providers to contribute their computing resources to shared Grids, as traditional approaches have a user-centric focus on maximising throughput and minimising waiting time rather than maximising a providers own benefit. Consequently, researchers and practitioners have been examining the appropriateness of ‘market-inspired’ resource management techniques to address these limitations. Such techniques aim to smooth out access patterns and reduce the chance of transient overload, by providing a framework for users to be truthful about their resource requirements and job deadlines, and offering incentives for service providers to prioritise urgent, high utility jobs over low utility jobs. We examine the recent innovations in these systems (from 2000–2007), looking at the state-of-the-art in price setting and negotiation, Grid economy management and utility-driven scheduling and resource allocation, and identify the advantages and limitations of these systems. We then look to the future of these systems, examining the emerging ‘Catallaxy’ market paradigm. Finally we consider the future directions that need to be pursued to address the limitations of the current generation of market oriented Grids and Utility Computing systems.