Artificial immune pattern recognition for structure damage classification

Damage detection in structures is one of the research topics that have received growing interest in research communities. While a number of damage detection and localization methods have been proposed, very few attempts have been made to explore the structure damage classification problem. This paper presents an Artificial Immune Pattern Recognition (AIPR) approach for the damage classification in structures. An AIPR-based structure damage classifier has been developed, which incorporates several novel characteristics of the natural immune system. The structure damage pattern recognition is achieved through mimicking immune recognition mechanisms that possess features such as adaptation, evolution, and immune learning. The damage patterns are represented by feature vectors that are extracted from the structure’s dynamic response measurements. The training process is designed based on the clonal selection principle in the immune system. The selective and adaptive features of the clonal selection algorithm allow the classifier to evolve its pattern recognition antibodies towards the goal of matching the training data. In addition, the immune learning algorithm can learn and remember different data patterns by generating a set of memory cells that contains representative feature vectors for each class (pattern). The performance of the presented structure damage classifier has been validated using a benchmark structure proposed by the IASC–ASCE (International Association for Structural Control–American Society of Civil Engineers) Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Task Group and a three-story frame provided by Los Alamos National Laboratory. The validation results show that the AIPR-based pattern recognition is suitable for structure damage classification. The presented research establishes a fundamental basis for the application of the AIPR concepts in the structure damage classification.     

Agent-based artificial immune system approach for adaptive damage detection in monitoring networks

This paper presents an agent-based artificial immune system approach for adaptive damage detection in distributed monitoring networks. The presented approach establishes a new monitoring paradigm by embodying desirable immune attributes, such as adaptation, immune pattern recognition, and self-organization, into monitoring networks. In the artificial immune system-based paradigm, a group of autonomous mobile monitoring agents mimic immune cells (such as B-cells) in the natural immune system, interact locally with monitoring environment, and respond to emerging problems through simulated immune responses. The presented immune-inspired monitoring paradigm has been applied to structural health monitoring. The “antibody” of a mobile monitoring agent is a pattern recognition algorithm tuned to a certain type of structural damage pattern. The mobile monitoring agent performs damage diagnosis based on structural dynamic response data. Mobile monitoring agents communicate with each other and collaborate with network components based on agent interaction protocols defined in agent standards, the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents standards. A mobile agent system embedded in sensor nodes supports the selective generation, migration, communication, and management of mobile monitoring agents automatically. The active structural health monitoring is achieved by distributing mobile monitoring agents to the sites where they are needed. The structural damage diagnosis using mobile monitoring agents and artificial immune pattern recognition method has been tested using a scaled steel bridge structure. The test result shows the feasibility of using this approach for real-time structural damage diagnosis.     

Rotation, scale and translation invariant handwritten Devanagari numeral character recognition using general fuzzy neural network

In this paper a general fuzzy hyperline segment neural network is proposed [P.M. Patil, Pattern classification and clustering using fuzzy neural networks, Ph.D. Thesis, SRTMU, Nanded, India, January 2003]. It combines supervised and unsupervised learning in a single algorithm so that it can be used for pure classification, pure clustering and hybrid classification/clustering. The method is applied to handwritten Devanagari numeral character recognition and also to the Fisher Iris database. High recognition rates are achieved with less training and recall time per pattern. The algorithm is rotation, scale and translation invariant. The recognition rate with ring data features is found to be 99.5%.     

一种基于人工免疫原理的混合聚类算法

通过借鉴生物免疫系统中的克隆选择原理和记忆机制,提出了一种基于人工免疫原理的混合聚类算法.该算法引入了记忆抗体的分化和抑制机制,可有效地摆脱局部最优点;同时还集成了K-均值搜索算子,用于加快收敛速度.与K-均值方法比较,其具有更快的收敛速度和更高的收敛精度.仿真结果表明,所提算法是有效的.     

Change detection in synthetic aperture radar images based on unsupervised artificial immune systems

In this paper, we propose a novel change detection method for synthetic aperture radar images based on unsupervised artificial immune systems. After generating the difference image from the multitemporal images, we take each pixel as an antigen and build an immune model to deal with the antigens. By continuously stimulating the immune model, the antigens are classified into two groups, changed and unchanged. Firstly, the proposed method incorporates the local information in order to restrain the impact of speckle noise. Secondly, the proposed method simulates the immune response process in a fuzzy way to get an accurate result by retaining more image details. We introduce a fuzzy membership of the antigen and then update the antibodies and memory cells according to the membership. Compared with the clustering algorithms we have proposed in our previous works, the new method inherits immunological properties from immune systems and is robust to speckle noise due to the use of local information as well as fuzzy strategy. Experiments on real synthetic aperture radar images show that the proposed method performs well on several kinds of difference images and engenders more robust result than the other compared methods.     

点密度加权FCM算法的聚类有效性研究

模糊C-均值(FCM)算法是一种非监督的模式识别方法。由于该算法具有对数据集进行等划分的趋势,影响其聚类精度。利用数据点的密度大小作为权值,借助数据本身的分布特性,提出了一种点密度加权模糊C-均值算法。该方法不仅在一定程度上克服了FCM算法的缺陷,而且具有良好的收敛性。当以聚类已知的少量数据点作为监督信息指导聚类,聚类效果进一步改善。并用聚类有效性函数对算法的聚类有效性进行了评价,从而为算法的聚类性能提供了理论依据。     

A hybrid approach to urban land use/cover mapping using Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images

A hybrid method that incorporates the advantages of supervised and unsupervised approaches as well as hard and soft classifications was proposed for mapping the land use/cover of the Atlanta metropolitan area using Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data. The unsupervised ISODATA clustering method was initially used to segment the image into a large number of clusters of pixels. With reference to ground data based on 1?:?40?000 colour infrared aerial photographs in the form of Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle (DOQQ), homogeneous clusters were labelled. Clusters that could not be labelled because of mixed pixels were clipped out and subjected to a supervised fuzzy classification. A final land use/cover map was obtained by a union overlay of the two partial land use/cover maps. This map was evaluated by comparing with maps produced using unsupervised ISODATA clustering, supervised fuzzy and supervised maximum likelihood classification methods. It was found that the hybrid approach was slightly better than the unsupervised ISODATA clustering in land use/cover classification accuracy, most probably because of the supervised fuzzy classification, which effectively dealt with the mixed pixel problem in the low-density urban use category of land use/cover. It was suggested that this hybrid approach can be economically implemented in a standard image processing software package to produce land use/cover maps with higher accuracy from satellite images of moderate spatial resolution in a complex urban environment, where both discrete and continuous land cover elements occur side by side.     

基于改进人工免疫方法的混合模糊聚类算法

为了解决传统模糊聚类算法对初始值敏感、目标函数易陷入局部极小值等问题,将模糊核聚类方法与人工免疫算法相结合,提出了一种基于改进人工免疫方法的混合模糊聚类算法.算法通过借鉴生物免疫系统中的克隆选择原理和记忆机制,自动确定聚类类目及中心位置,同时还集成了模糊c均值搜索算子用于加快收敛速度.仿真实验结果表明了本算法在收敛性、收敛速度和分类性能的有效性.     

CMODLB: an efficient load balancing approach in cloud computing environment

The Journal of Supercomputing - A hybrid of supervised (artificial neural network), unsupervised (clustering) machine learning, and soft computing (interval type 2 fuzzy logic system)-based load...     

Fuzzy time series forecasting with a novel hybrid approach combining fuzzy c-means and neural networks

In recent years, time series forecasting studies in which fuzzy time series approach is utilized have got more attentions. Various soft computing techniques such as fuzzy clustering, artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms have been used in fuzzy time series method to improve the method. While fuzzy clustering and genetic algorithms are being used for fuzzification, artificial neural networks method is being preferred for using in defining fuzzy relationships. In this study, a hybrid fuzzy time series approach is proposed to reach more accurate forecasts. In the proposed hybrid approach, fuzzy c-means clustering method and artificial neural networks are employed for fuzzification and defining fuzzy relationships, respectively. The enrollment data of University of Alabama is forecasted by using both the proposed method and the other fuzzy time series approaches. As a result of comparison, it is seen that the most accurate forecasts are obtained when the proposed hybrid fuzzy time series approach is used.     

A hybrid intelligent system for fault detection and sensor fusion

In this paper, an efficient new hybrid approach for multiple sensor fusion and fault detection is proposed, addressing the problem with multiple faults, which is based on conventional fuzzy soft clustering and artificial immune systems. For this new approach, requires no prior knowledge or information about the sensors, or the system behavior, and no learning processes are required.The proposed hybrid approach consists of two main phases. In the first phase a single fuser for the input sensor signals is generated using the fuzzy clustering c-means algorithm. The fused output is based on the cluster centers that contain the maximum number of the input elements. In the second phase a fault detector was generated base on the artificial immune system AIS.     

A design and analysis of objective function-based unsupervised neural networks for fuzzy clustering

Fuzzy clustering has played an important role in solving many problems. In this paper, we design an unsupervised neural network model based on a fuzzy objective function, called OFUNN. The learning rule for the OFUNN model is a result of the formal derivation by the gradient descent method of a fuzzy objective function. The performance of the cluster analysis algorithm is often evaluated by counting the number of crisp clustering errors. However, the number of clustering errors alone is not a reliable and consistent measure for the performance of clustering, especially in the case of input data with fuzzy boundaries. We introduce two measures to evaluate the performance of the fuzzy clustering algorithm. The clustering results on three data sets, Iris data and two artificial data sets, are analyzed using the proposed measures. They show that OFUNN is very competitive in terms of speed and accuracy compared to the fuzzy c-means algorithm.     

Identification of control chart patterns using wavelet filtering and robust fuzzy clustering

This paper proposes a hybrid framework composed of filtering module and clustering module to identify six common types of control chart patterns, including natural pattern, cyclic pattern, upward shift, downward shift, upward trend, and downward trend. In particular, a multi-scale wavelet filter is designed for denoising and its performance is compared to single-scale filters, including mean filter and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) filter. Moreover, three fuzzy clustering algorithms, based on fuzzy c means (FCM), entropy fuzzy c means (EFCM) and kernel fuzzy c means (KFCM), are adopted to compare their performance of pattern classification. Experimental results demonstrate that the excellent performance of EFCM and KFCM against outliers, especially in the case of high noise level embedded in the input data. Therefore, a hybrid framework combining wavelet filter with robust fuzzy clustering is suggested and proposed in this paper. Compared to neural network based approaches, the proposed method provides a promising way for the on-line recognition of control chart patterns because of its efficient computation and robustness against outliers.     

改进模糊划分的FCM聚类算法的一般化研究

聚类分析是无监督模式识别中的一种重要方法,已广泛应用于数据挖掘、图像处理、计算机视觉、生物信息和文本分析中.在聚类算法中,模糊指数m对聚类结果有十分重要的影响.针对IFP-FCM算法模糊指数m被限定为2的问题,提出了一般化的改进模糊划分的FCM聚类算法GIFP-FCM.通过引入新的隶属度约束,解决了IFP-FCM算法模糊指数m的一般化问题;同时GIFP-FCM算法从Voronoi距离和竞争学习的角度对其鲁棒性和快速收敛性进行了合理解释;其次,通过引入模糊程度系数α,使得FCM算法和IFP-FCM算法分别表示为GIFP-FCM算法在α等于0和α趋于1时的特例.实验结果表明,GIFP-FCM算法较之于IFP-FCM和FCM算法具有更好的鲁棒性和参数适应性;在纹理图像分割中,GIFP-FCM也明显优于IFP-FCM和FCM算法.     

一种基于人工鱼群的混合聚类算法

聚类分析是数据挖掘的核心技术之一,它是一种无导师监督的模式识别方式。聚类分析就是按照数据间的相似程度,依据特定的准则将数据划分成不同子类。文中通过分析K-平均算法的优缺点,提出了一种基于人工鱼群算法的聚类分析算法,并把它与传统的K-平均算法结合得到一种新的混合聚类算法。仿真实验表明,该算法是有效的,具有聚类速度快、精度高特点。     

基于流形距离的人工免疫无监督分类与识别算法

将一种新的流形距离作为相似性度量测度, 提出了一种用于无监督分类与识别的人工免疫系统方法. 通过基于流形距离的相似性度量, 有效利用样本集固有的全局一致性信息, 充分挖掘无类属样本的空间分布信息, 对样本进行类别划分. 新方法将免疫响应过程建模为一个四元组 AIR=(G,I,R,A) , 其中 G 为引发免疫响应的外界刺激, 即抗原; I 为所有可能抗体的集合; R 为抗体间相互作用的规则集合; A 为支配抗体反应、指导抗体进化的动态算法. 针对无监督分类问题, 将抗体编码为代表各类别的典型样本序号的排列, 利用动态算法 A 搜索能代表各类别的典型样本的最佳组合. 将新方法与标准的 K-均值算法、基于流形距离的进化聚类算法以及 Maulik 等人提出的基于遗传算法的聚类算法进行了性能比较. 对 6 个人工数据集及手写体数字识别问题的仿真实验结果显示, 新方法对样本空间分布复杂的无监督分类问题和实际的模式识别问题具有较高的准确率和较好的鲁棒性.     

不确定聚类算法及其在入侵检测系统中应用

聚类算法是一种无监督分类方法,能够很好地应用于入侵检测、模式识别中。结合入侵数据集的特点,通过定义两个新的隶属程度判断准则参数,提出了一种新的隶属关系不确定的可能性模糊聚类算法,并给出了具体算法实现。该算法实现了对入侵数据集的自主学习和检测过程。给出了在KDDCUP99数据集上的检测结果,实验表明该算法具有较高的检测率及较低的误检率。     

General fuzzy min-max neural network for clustering andclassification

This paper describes a general fuzzy min-max (GFMM) neural network which is a generalization and extension of the fuzzy min-max clustering and classification algorithms of Simpson (1992, 1993). The GFMM method combines supervised and unsupervised learning in a single training algorithm. The fusion of clustering and classification resulted in an algorithm that can be used as pure clustering, pure classification, or hybrid clustering classification. It exhibits a property of finding decision boundaries between classes while clustering patterns that cannot be said to belong to any of existing classes. Similarly to the original algorithms, the hyperbox fuzzy sets are used as a representation of clusters and classes. Learning is usually completed in a few passes and consists of placing and adjusting the hyperboxes in the pattern space; this is an expansion-contraction process. The classification results can be crisp or fuzzy. New data can be included without the need for retraining. While retaining all the interesting features of the original algorithms, a number of modifications to their definition have been made in order to accommodate fuzzy input patterns in the form of lower and upper bounds, combine the supervised and unsupervised learning, and improve the effectiveness of operations. A detailed account of the GFMM neural network, its comparison with the Simpson's fuzzy min-max neural networks, a set of examples, and an application to the leakage detection and identification in water distribution systems are given     

基于马氏距离的FCM图像分割算法

基于模糊C均值聚类的图像分割是应用较为广泛的方法之一,但大多数模糊C均值聚类方法都是基于欧式距离,且存在运算时间过长等问题。提出了一种基于Mahalanobis距离的模糊C均值聚类图像分割算法。实验分析表明,提出的算法在保证分割质量的前提下,能较快提高分割速度。实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

An improved long short-term memory networks with Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy for traffic speed prediction considering abnormal traffic situation

Traffic speed prediction is an emerging paradigm for achieving a better transportation system in smart cities and improving the heavy traffic management in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The accurate traffic speed prediction is affected by many contextual factors such as abnormal traffic conditions, traffic incidents, lane closures due to construction or events, and traffic congestion. To overcome these problems, we propose a new method named fuzzy optimized long short-term memory (FOLSTM) neural network for long-term traffic speed prediction. FOLSTM technique is a hybrid method composed of computational intelligence (CI), machine learning (ML), and metaheuristic techniques, capable of predicting the speed for macroscopic traffic key parameters. First, the proposed hybrid unsupervised learning method, agglomerated hierarchical K-means (AHK) clustering, divides the input samples into a group of clusters. Second, based on parameters the Gaussian bell-shaped fuzzy membership function calculates the degree of membership (high, low, and medium) for each cluster using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy rules. Finally, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used in LSTM to optimize the parameters obtained by fuzzy rules and calculate the optimal weight value. FOLSTM evaluates the accurate traffic speed from the abnormal traffic data to overcome the nonlinear characteristics. Experimental results demonstrated that our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of metrics such as mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).