实时嵌入式环境中面向构件系统的QoS模型研究

将基于构件技术的开发引入到实时嵌入式软件平台能够很好地适应嵌入式领域多样性的特点,满足对软件开发效率和软件质量的要求。为保证实时嵌入式环境对资源动态变化的需求，考虑到系统资源的全局管理特性，仅从应用中增加QoS适应机制是不够的，还需在现有的构件框架中增加QoS管理机制。为此，提出了一种面向CCM构件系统的QoS模型，能够主动适应动态变化的资源状态，模型中层次式的QoS转换器的设计简化了用户对服务的QoS参数配置。     

一种基于QoS的服务构件组合方法

在面向服务的架构中,如何利用已有的服务构件组装成新的服务成为当前此领域的一个研究热点．该文以构件化嵌入式操作系统Liquid为背景,给出了一种基于QoS的服务构件组合方法,在满足组合服务的功能需求同时,满足其QoS需求．文章详细给出了所涉及的服务模型、QoS模型以及构件选择基本算法．为使此服务构件组合方法适应于动态变化的系统环境,该文进一步对构件选择基本算法进行优化,给出了构件选择的启发和协商算法．最后通过实验,比较和分析三种算法的性能．     

一个动态自适应的迁移和协同调度模型

本文基于工作站网络NOW（networksofworkstations）的特性，提出一个自适应可伸缩的进程迁移和协同凋度模型DASIC（dynamicadaptivescalableprocessmigrationandcoscheduling），试图解决其动态自适应要求越来越高的问题．DASIC模型在系统协同调度的基础上增加动态自适应的可伸缩功能，使其能够动态适应NOW环境下的变化，进行可伸缩的调度和负载平衡凋节．在保证工作站用户独占特性的同时，提高了整个系统资源的利用率，为当前NOW环境中系统资源充分     

一种保证传感器网络实时服务的中间件机制

传感器网络技术的发展导致了在应用与网络之间建立中间件，根据系统资源及网络能源保证在网络上并发运行的应用的QoS。首先，本文结合传感器网络的特性及实时应用的特点，定义了一个事件驱动的保证实时QoS的传感器网络中间件框架。然后，定义了传感器网络中实时应用的执行模型，提出了一种基于时间戳相关的实现技术，在应用调度中结合应用语义保证实时QoS、数据流的时间一致性及并发应用执行的逻辑一致性。最后，给出了基于时间戳模型的调度算法。通过性能测试结果分析表明，它能够显著提高系统的运行效率及对高速外部采集数据处理的实时性，特别适应于处理间歇、高速的传感器网络外部采集数据。     

移动环境下的QoS保证技术

1 引言各种Internet业务在全世界范围内的广泛应用推动了Internet技术的发展,IP协议原有的“尽力发送“机制已经不能很好地适应业务的需求,因此,IETF提出了资源预留协议和实时传输协议等来保证传输业务流的服务质量。同时,越来越多的移动用户要求能够连续无缝地接入Internet,为此I-ETF设计了移动IP协议以满足移动用户的需求。但是,由于移动环境中通信链路质量经常变化,可用的系统资源较少,通信过程中的多次切换可能导致连接中断,因此在移动环境下提供QoS保证需要新的机制。本文第2部分简述了基于固定网络的QoS保证机制,探讨了移动性对QoS的影响,第3部分介绍了几种在移动环境下提供QoS保证的技术,着重介绍了移动资源预留协议,并给出了移动QoS保证技术的研究方向,第4部分提出了一个新的移动QoS框架,最后给出了下一步要做的主要工作。     

一个支持QoS的实时CORBA中间件ORB的结构模型

一、引言分布式网络环境中的实时应用如控制指挥系统、生产流程控制系统、远程通信系统、视频会议系统、分布式多媒体应用系统等,都要求提供端到端的高性能的服务质量(QoS)保证,为此,要求在网络、操作系统、中间件到用户应用等各个层次上都能协调地满足相应的实时QoS需求。QoS主要包括系统资源如网络带宽、时延、抖动、系统可靠性以及内存管理等方面,因此,要保证应用的QoS,就是要保证应用的网络带宽、小的时延,减少系统的抖动,提高系统的可靠性并进行高效的系统内存资源管理。 CORBA(Common Object Request Broker Architecture)是OMG定义的分布式对象计算(DOC)中间件的技术标准,为分布式服务和应用的开发带来极大的灵活性和可重用性,它在不同的应用语言、操作系统、网络协议和应用结构间方便     

无线多媒体网络中端到端自适应QoS保证

无线网络中较高的信道误码率和不稳定的可用带宽等因素给多媒体传输服务质量(QoS)保证带来了新的挑战．该文提出了一种基于二级反馈的两层自适应QoS保证方法，即应用层QoS和传输层QoS，提出了将应用层的最小流速率λmax和最大帧错误率Emax两个QoS参数映射到传输层的最大端到端帧延迟Dmax的计算公式．在应用层提出了自适应节的系统资源的分配公式、自适应QoS调节算法A和算法B．在传输层提出了保证端到端帧延迟Dmax的包长计算公式，给出了自适应包长调节算法．     

一种支持领域特性的Web服务组装方法

Web服务为软件构件技术提供了良好的工业化基础．软件构件和构架技术的研究也为Web服务的应用奠定了一定的应用基础．在构件组装中,如何支持适应用户需求的Web服务的组装是当前研究的热点之一．该文提出了一种基于优化算法的、支持领域特性的Web服务组装方法,该方法的核心是面向Web服务应用．按照用户确定的功能和QoS需求,基于现有领域模型和Web服务QoS属性,将特定领域的优化组装转化为数学优化问题加以解决．这一方法可以较好地适应用户需求的更改并可以辅助用户选择服务．该文最后给出了支持该方法的原型工具的实验结果,用以说明该方法的可行性与有效性．     

嵌入式软件中一种修正QoS值的构件选择方法

CBSD(Component-Based Software Development)已经成为嵌入式软件开发的主流技术。在嵌入式环境下,有大量功能相似的构件,在开发过程中基于QoS的构件选择已成为研究热点。然而这些构件的QoS声明与提供者给出的往往并不一致。为此,提出一种基于修正QoS值的构件选择方法,该方法将QoS信任度作为权重,修正QoS值,再结合模糊逻辑,推理出该构件的综合服务能力。通过嵌入式VOD仿真实验,验证了算法的有效性,保证了构件选择的客观性和准确性。     

开放型网络英语教学系统中流媒体QoS的研究

采用设置本地端缓冲服务器的方法提高流传榆质量．在开放型网络英语教学系统中应用流媒体提供QoS的管理功能,解决音视频流缓冲问题,并提供相应机制支持网络环境下的流媒体QoS。实验结果表明,流体系结构较好实现网络教学环境下的流媒体播放,保证音视频流的QoS。采用此流体系结构能较好地实现对流的管理和控制。从而保证多媒体课件的传输质量。     

自适应的网络服务质量支撑框架

提出了一种新的框架结构以支持不同网络条件下服务质量(QoS)的动态配置及调整，同时提出了一种新的QoS参数化机制来支持网络环境的变化，并且通过编程接口(API)详细描述了这种QoS适应性机制，最后以BSD网络操作系统为例介绍了该方案的关键技术。     

QoS-Aware Admission Control and Dynamic Resource Provisioning Framework in Ubiquitous Multimedia Computing Environments

A ubiquitous service deployment is emerging in the multimedia, networking, and wireless mobile computing area. Therefore, there has been an increasing demand for ubiquitous computing environments to support a certain degree of quality of service (QoS) to meet various service requirements from different computing and networking applications, and to better utilize the computing resources. However, supporting QoS in the ubiquitous computing environments has also raised great concerns regarding the applicability of any QoS solution. Management of such ubiquitous multimedia applications requires new mechanisms, i.e., Soft-QoS framework, to be developed for admission control, negotiation, allocation, and scheduling. In this paper, we present a novel negotiated admission control algorithm that exploits the degradability property of applications to improve the performance of the system. The algorithm is based on setting aside a portion of the resources as reserves and managing it intelligently, so that the total utility of the system can be maximized. The mixed greedy and predictive strategy leads to an efficient protocol that also improves the system performance. We use the constructs of application benefit functions and resource demand functions in the integrated admission control and negotiation protocol. We applied our Soft-QoS framework to the admission controlling and resource scheduling for ubiquitous multimedia devices such as Continuous Media (CM) or Video-On-Demand (VOD) servers, where multimedia applications can generally tolerate certain variations on QoS parameters by providing multiple classes with consistently proportional rather than absolute QoS. Extensive simulation experiments are presented in the paper to evaluate the performance of the novel mechanisms and compare it against some other methods used in the past.This work was in part funded by DARPA through the SPAWARSYSCEN under Contract Number N66001-97-C-8525 and SK Telecom, Korea, under Contract Number (KU-R0405721).     

基于服务质量水平的带宽分层自适应

自适应服务质量技术能有效地适应随时间变化的网络环境.提出了基于服务质量水平max-mi n公平的带宽分层自适应模型.此模型建立在应用层和网络层自适应控制的机制上.网络层利 用资源探测协议来实现基于服务质量水平max-min公平的带宽分配,而应用层实现特定于应 用的自适应服务.     

Dual purpose FWT domain spread spectrum image watermarking in real time

Spread spectrum (SS) watermarking for multimedia signal becomes appealing due to its high robustness attribute and is used widely for various applications. Some of these applications essentially demand development of low cost algorithms so that they can be used for real time services such as broadcast monitoring, security in communication etc. In recent time one popular non-conventional application of digital watermarking becomes promising that assesses blindly the QoS (quality of services) of the multimedia services which is expected to be offered by the future generation mobile radio network. Majority of the existing SS watermarking schemes suffer from high computation cost and complexity leading to the difficulty for real time implementation and limits their usage for the above mentioned applications. This paper proposes fast Walsh transform (FWT) based SS image watermarking scheme that serves the dual purposes of authentication in data transmission as well as QoS assessment for digital media through dynamic estimation of the wireless channel condition. Fast Walsh transform offers low computation cost for implementation, smaller change in image (multimedia signal) information due to data embedding and ease of hardware realization. VLSI implementation using field programmable gate array (FPGA) has been developed to make it suitable for real time implementation.     

Online QoS Optimization Using Service Classes in Surveillance Radar Systems

Many application level qualities are functions of available computation resources. Recent studies have handled the computation resource allocation problem to maximize the overall application quality. However, such QoS problems are fundamentally multi-dimensional optimization problems that require extensive computation. Therefore, online usage of optimization procedures may significantly reduce the computation resource available for applications. This raises the question of how to best use the optimization procedures for dynamic real-time task sets. In dynamic real-time systems, it is important to improve the performance by re-allocating the resources adapting to dynamic situations. However, the overhead of changing task parameters (i.e., algorithms and frequencies) for resource re-allocation is non-negligible in many applications. Thus, too frequent change of resource allocation may not be desirable. This paper proposes a method called service classes configuration to address the QoS problem with dynamic arrival and departure of tasks. The method avoids online usage of optimization procedures by offline designing templates (called service classes) of resource allocation, which will be adaptively used depending on online situations. The service classes are designed by best trading-off the accuracy of dynamic adaptation against the overhead of resource re-allocation. A simplified radar application is used as an illustrative example.     

Specification,Mapping and Control for QoS Adaptation

In this paper we describe a fuzzy-control approach for quality of service (QoS) adaptation, needed in distributed multimedia applications. QoS adaptation is necessary (a) due to sudden variations in network resource availability, especially in the case of Internet, and (b) due to multiple applications requiring shared resource such as bandwidth. To solve the problem of QoS adaptation, several sub-problems need to be considered: (1) mapping of user perception and different combinations of application QoS values onto a uniform quality metric, (2) estimation, control and adjustment of application QoS parameters in case of network and other resource congestion, and (3) enforcement algorithm which reacts according to adapted QoS parameters. Our approach is to solve the QoS adaptation using the integration of (a) quality degree function, which maps the application QoS parameters into a metric, called quality degree, (b) fuzzy controller, which controls, estimates and adjusts the application QoS parameters according to resource availability, and (c) filter algorithms, which are the services to enforce the adapted QoS parameters. The quality degree function associates quality degree as the quality measure with different combinations of application QoS values. This function is influenced by the users perception of quality. The fuzzy control takes the results of the quality degree function, estimates the new quality degree and its corresponding quality level, predicts the new application QoS parameters, and adjusts them. The results of the adapted QoS parameters are then used by the filter algorithms to enforce the changes, proposed by the fuzzy controller, by allocating bandwidth to the application according to its QoS parameter values. We have implemented and applied the quality degree function, the fuzzy controller, and the filter algorithms to the video distribution system (VDS). The results of VDS over the local area network show that (1) the target system improves user perceived QoS at the receivers, and (2) the bandwidth utilization increases significantly when using our fuzzy-control approach for QoS adaptation.     

Towards an ideal service QoS in fuzzy logic-based adaptation planning middleware

Mobile applications require an adaptation phase to adapt to the user's and application context. Utility functions or rules are most often used to make the adaptation planning or decision, i.e. select the most adapted variant for each required service. Fuzzy controllers are used when it is difficult or even impossible to construct precise mathematical models. In the case of mobile applications, the large number of Quality of Service (QoS) and context parameters causes an exponential increase in the number of rules (aka. rule explosion problem), that increases the processing time of the adaptation planning. To reduce the processing time and simplify the fuzzy control system, we propose the concept of ideal QoS. Fuzzy values of ideal QoS parameters are calculated using several fuzzy control systems to fit the context state and user preferences. A fuzzy logic similarity metric based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy operators is proposed to select the service variant having the nearest QoS values to the ideal. Experiments show that our approach can significantly improve both the number of rules and the processing time when selecting the variant that well adapts to environment changes.     

Criticality- and QoS-Based Multiresource Negotiation and Adaptation

This paper presents design, analysis, and implementation of a multiresource management system that enables criticality- and QoS-based resource negotiation and adaptation for mission-critical multimedia applications. With the goal of maximizing the number of high-criticality multimedia streams and the degree of their QoS, it introduces a dynamic scheduling approach using on-line QoS adjustment and multiresource preemption. An integrated multiresource management infrastructure and a set of scheduling algorithms for multiresource preemption and on-line QoS adjustment are presented. The optimality and execution efficiency of two preemption algorithms are analyzed. A primal-dual-algorithm-based approximation solution is shown (1) to be comparable to the linear-programming-based solution, which is near optimal; (2) to outperform a criticality-cognitive baseline algorithm; and (3) to be feasible for on-line scheduling. In addition, the dynamic QoS adjustment scheme is shown to greatly improve the quality of service for video streams. The multiresource management system is part of the Presto multimedia system environment prototyped at Honeywell for mission-critical applications.     

基于预约和适应性的网格QoS体系结构研究

作为网格(grid)环境下分布式资源管理系统,Globus项目的GARA(GlobusArchitectureforReservationandAllocation)是一种保证服务质量(QoS)、实现端到端(poin-to-point)的资源管理体系结构。在此基础上,结合预约和适应性,我们提出了保证QoS的新的体系结构而且给出了实验结果。结果表明该结构具有良好的适应性能。