A neuro‐based approach to designing a Wilkinson power divider

In this paper, a new neuro‐based approach using a feed‐forward neural network is presented to design a Wilkinson power divider. The proposed power divider is composed of symmetrical modified T‐shaped resonators, which are a replacement for quarter‐wave transmission lines in the conventional structure. The proposed technique reduces the size of the power divider by 45% and suppresses unwanted bands up to the fifth harmonics. To verify the concept, a prototype of the power divider has been fabricated and tested, exhibiting good agreement between the predicted and measured results. The results show that the insertion loss and the isolation at the center frequency are about 3.3 ± 0.1 dB and 23 dB, respectively.     

A novel balanced wideband power divider based on microstrip‐slot transitions

A novel design of a balanced wideband power divider (PD) with enhanced common‐mode (CM) suppression is proposed. The top and bottom layers of the structure contain tapered microstrip line. Those microstrip lines are coupled via slotline in the ground plane, which is located at the middle layer. With appropriate placement of the slotline, the coupling between the slotline mode and the differential‐mode (DM) signals can be maximized, while that between the slotline mode and the CM signals can be minimized. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed PD has equal power division, low insertion loss, and good return loss. In the measurement, the fractional bandwidth of the measured ?10 dB (DM) return loss is about 101% (1.82–5.35 GHz), the insertion loss for the DM signals is less than 5 dB, the suppression of the CM signals is higher than 45 dB, and the DM isolation is better than 10 dB over the fractional bandwidth. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:437–442, 2014.     

A broadband coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide power divider using a slot

In this article, a broadband coplanar waveguide (CPW) to rectangular waveguide power divider using the dipole slot is proposed. The power divider consists of an input CPW port and two output rectangular waveguide ports. The CPW to rectangular waveguide power divider using the dipole slot has a return loss larger than 15 dB and an insertion loss equal to 3.08–3.27 dB in the whole X‐band (8.2–12.4 GHz). Furthermore, to broaden the bandwidth, the dipole slot is replaced by the bow‐tie slot. The CPW to rectangular waveguide power divider using the bow‐tie slot yields a return loss larger than 16 dB and an insertion loss equal to 3.05–3.29 dB from 8 to 13 GHz, which exceeds the X‐band. To verify our design, power dividers that use the dipole slot or the bow‐tie slot are fabricated and measured. The measurement results of both power dividers are in good agreement with the simulation results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.     

宽带Wilkinson功分器研制

采用多节λ/4线阻抗变换的原理,研制了工作频带为2-6GHz的超宽频带Wilkinson功分器（功率分配器）,相对带宽100％,PCB面积为29．6×25．6mm2。实际测试结果与ADS仿真数据较为吻合,在2-6GHz频段内,插入损耗小于0．25dB,VSWR优于1．25：1,隔离度大于20dB。因此可广泛应用于宽带功率合成及分配。     

A Micromachined Inline-Type Wideband Microwave Power Sensor Based on GaAs MMIC Technology

Wideband 8–12-GHz inline-type microwave power sensors that are based on measuring the microwave power coupled from the coplanar waveguide line by a microelectromechanical systems membrane are presented. In this method, the signal is available during the power detection. In order to obtain the low reflection losses and insertion losses, as well as the wideband response of the power sensor, an impedance match structure and a compensating capacitance are proposed. The fabrication of the power sensor is compatible with the GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) process. The experimental results show that the sensor has reflection losses better than 20 dB and insertion losses less than 0.45 dB up to 12 GHz. A sensitivity of more than 30 $muhbox{V/mW}$ and a resolution of 0.2 mW are obtained at the 10-GHz frequency.$hfill$[2008-0219]      

新型小型化超宽带功率分配器的设计

利用四分之三波长折叠微带线与四分之一波长微带线级联,并在输入端口引入四分之一波长短路线,设计出一种新型的超宽带功率分配器.采用奇偶模的方法进行理论分析,导出设计参数方程,并通过HFSS进行仿真优化.仿真和测量结果表明,输入回波损耗从3 GHz～10.9 GHz均大于10 dB.插入损耗从2.6 GHz～9.5 GHz均...     

Four‐way waveguide power divider design for W‐band applications

In this article, a four‐way waveguide power divider is proposed for W‐band applications. The waveguide power divider employs an improved H‐plane T‐junction configuration. With the introduction of a metallic tetrahedral protrusion into the waveguide junction, good impedance matching can be achieved within a wide frequency range. First, a two‐way power divider is designed and analyzed, achieving almost identical amplitude and phase response at its two output ports. Then, other two same T‐junctions are cascaded, respectively, at the two output ports of the two‐way power divider to realize the proposed four‐way power divider. The four‐way power divider has been optimized, fabricated, and measured. The measurement results agree with the simulation ones reasonably, which demonstrates that the input return loss of the proposed four‐way power divider maintains above 14 dB across the entire W‐band with an insertion loss of less than 1.3 dB. Therefore, it could find wide applications in W‐band power splitting and combining modules.     

Modified Wilkinson power divider with harmonics suppression and compact size for GSM applications

In this article, a modified microstrip Wilkinson power divider with harmonics suppression for GSM communications applications is presented. For low‐pass filter designing, one open stub, one radial resonator, and two rectangular resonators are used. According to results related to insertion losses (|S₂₁| and |S₃₁|), stopband is wide and equal to 7.5 GHz (3.4‐10.9 GHz), under the condition of 20 dB harmonic suppression level. The results show that at the designed frequency of 1.8 GHz, the input return loss (|S₁₁|) and output return losses (|S₂₂| and |S₃₃|) are better than 22 dB, and the isolation between of output ports (|S₃₂|) is better than 30 dB. The size of the proposed power divider is compact and equal to 10.6 × 14.6 mm². Finally, the proposed power divider was fabricated and the measurement results illustrate a good agreement with simulation results.     

毫米波段的一分八路Wilkinson功分器设计

设计了一种在35 GHz毫米波段的一分八路Wilkinson功分器.使用HFSS软件对功分器进行仿真,通过对传统的Wilkinson功率分配器的改进,详细介绍了二功分器以及八功分器.设计的毫米波功分器具有体积小,频带宽的特点;具有较好的性能指标:在32~36 GHz范围内,参数S21~S91在-9~-9.5 dB之间,S11小于-15 dB.     

A novel symmetrical Wilkinson power divider for dual‐band application

A symmetrical two‐way Wilkinson power divider with shifted output ports, much wide bandwidth and large frequency‐ratio is proposed for dual‐band application. The corresponding transcendental design equations are derived by using the even‐ and odd‐mode analysis. Moreover, the closed‐form scattering parameter expressions are derived. Transcendental design equations are solved and accurate numerical design parameters along with different frequency ratios are obtained. Finally, the proposed structure and design method are validated by simulated and experimental results of typical microstrip planar power dividers, the performance is clearly observed for the input and output matching, isolation and transmission characteristic very well at the two band frequencies. More specifically, the measured transmission characteristics of the divider are 3.11 dB/3.58 dB at the 1.0 GHz/3.5 GHz, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:102–108, 2014.     

Miniaturized multi‐frequency Wilkinson power dividers based on nonuniform coplanar waveguide

In this work, the design of miniaturized dual‐ and triple‐ frequency Wilkinson power dividers using nonuniform coplanar waveguides is presented. The miniaturized configurations are achieved by replacing the conventional uniform arms with their equivalent multi‐frequency nonuniform transmission lines. The nonuniform width variation is governed by a truncated Fourier series expansion with coefficients optimized to obtain the desired multi‐frequency operation. The optimization process is carried out through the analysis of the even/odd mode circuits. The proposed dividers are simulated, fabricated, and measured to validate the design methodology. Simulated and measured results agree very well, and show input/output ports return loss and isolation better than 14.4 dB and transmission parameters in the range of ?3 ± 2 dB at the design frequencies. Size reduction of 16.7% and 17.6% are achieved for the fabricated dual‐ and triple‐frequency dividers, respectively.     

X频段八波束接收组件的设计与实现

针对X频段多波束有源相控阵系统的高集成、小型化、多波束等需求,设计了一款高集成、小型化的瓦片式八波束接收组件,该组件基于多层印制板技术,纵向实现了众多有源器件以及八套波束合路网络高密度布局,实现了组件的高集成化;针对组件的八波束合成需求,基于Wilkinson功分器的形式设计了一款小型化的高效合路网络,在7.5-9 GHz范围内,其插入损耗小于13 dB,端口间隔离度小于-20 dB,输出驻波比小于1.2,通道间幅相一致性良好;为降低组件内部信号的传输损耗,对组件内部的垂直互联结构进行了建模分析,得到不同结构参数对其传输性能的影响,通过优化结构参数的方法实现信号的低损耗传输。在此基础上对组件进行了加工实现,经测试,在7.5-9 GHz范围内,组件输出通道增益大于18 dB,输出驻波比小于1.5,通道间相位一致性小于±5°,尺寸仅有80 mm × 80 mm × 7.66 mm。     

A W‐band broadband power divider/combiner using two parallel antisymmetric tapered probes

In this article, a broadband microstrip‐to‐waveguide transition with antisymmetric tapered probe as well as a W‐band power divider/combiner using dual proposed antisymmetric tapered probes is presented. Because of tapered microstrip shapes and metallic steps, the proposed transition is proved to be broadband, efficient, and compact. The insertion loss of the transition sample is less than 0.56 dB between 75 GHz and 100 GHz. Under the assistance of the gradually changed waveguide and dual parallel tapered probes, the operating band of the power divider/combiner has been significantly improved, which is adequate to work in the whole W‐band. A back‐to‐back prototype of the divider/combiner is fabricated and measured. The measured insertion loss of the single divider/combiner is less than 0.29 dB between 90 GHz and 100 GHz, and agrees well with the simulations. Because the circuit size is smaller than 8.0 mm × 2.2 mm (Thanks to the excellent performance and compact size), the proposed design can find wide applications in miniaturized MCM/MMIC systems.     

The effects of finite dielectric layers in multilevel microstrip interconnects

Microstrip with finite-width substrate and ground plane and coupled multilevel microstrip with a finite-width intermediate dielectric layer are examined with an integral equation-mode matching method. The effects of varying the distance of a microstrip from the edge of a finite-width substrate and ground plane are studied in the frequency and time domains. Coupled multilevel microstrip with a finite-width and homogeneous intermediate layer are also characterized in the frequency and time domains, and the coupling between the two lines is found to be much greater when the intermediate layer is finite. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.     

An efficient method of designing dual‐ and wide‐band power dividers with arbitrary power division

Capability of microstrip nonuniform transmission lines (MNTLs) for construction of dual‐band and broadband unequal Wilkinson power dividers with arbitrary‐way, arbitrary frequency band operations, and arbitrary power divisions is evaluated. Also, the MNTL transformers are introduced for dual‐band/broadband matching of the unequal output impedances of the MNTL power divider with arbitrary output terminal impedances. The strip width of MNTLs is considered variable and is written as a truncated Fourier series expansion. To show the validity of the design procedure, three experimental MNTL Wilkinson power dividers, which are dual‐band two‐ and three‐way power dividers with different power divisions working at 1 and 3.4 GHz and one broadband equal power divider working from 0.4 to 1.8 GHz, have been designed and fabricated. In the first ones with power division of 1.5, outputs isolation and ports matching of less than ?30 dB are achieved. Next, an extended recombinant structure is presented for achieving three‐way MNTL power dividers with dual‐band operation. The measured isolation between outputs and ports matching are better than 30 dB and measured forward transmissions are between ?4.87 and ?5.45 in two passbands of the divider. Also, for the proposed broadband divider, the measured isolation between the outputs is better than 13 dB in 127% desired bandwidth. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.     

Recessed ground microstrip line at 60 GHz and its application of band‐pass filter

The effect of finite‐size recessed ground on characteristic features of a microstrip transmission line is investigated and verified experimentally on alumina substrate of height 0.127 mm with ε_r = 9.8 at 60 GHz. A measured characteristic impedance of 238 Ω, effective dielectric constant of 3.09, and attenuation constant of 3.4 Np/m is achieved by using a recessed ground of dimensions (width × depth) 4.5 mm × 0.95 mm, below a 50‐Ω (on conventional ground plane) microstrip line. The effect of recessed ground on lumped equivalent circuit elements of microstrip line discontinuities including series‐gap, open‐end, and step discontinuities is also studied. To show the usefulness of recessed ground microstrip line, a prototype of fifth‐order Chebyshev‐type recessed ground end‐coupled band‐pass filter is designed and fabricated at 60 GHz. The filter exhibits measured insertion loss lower than 2.2 dB and return loss better than 13 dB over 3‐dB passband of 6% centered at 60 GHz. The measured results show good consistency with simulated results and confirm the usefulness of recessed ground plane microstrip line.     

A Ka‐band power divider/combiner using two side‐inserted magnetic coupling semicircular ring probes

A Ka‐band power divider/combiner with dual magnetic coupling semicircular ring probes is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a broadband microstrip‐to‐waveguide transition with semicircular ring probe is designed based on the side‐inserted structure of magnetic field excitation in a rectangular waveguide. The insertion loss of the proposed transition is less than 0.7 dB in Ka‐band assisted by the dual symmetrical broadband probes and rectangular waveguide. Then, the divider/combiner is proposed using the new transition with magnetic coupling from narrow wall into the rectangular waveguide. The bandwidth of the divider/combiner is more than 9 GHz (from 27 to 36.7 GHz), and the insertion loss of the single divider/combiner is less than 3.3 dB. Finally, the performance of the proposed divider/combiner is validated through simulations and measurements. The proposed design has potential applications in microstrip circuits.     

Composite corporate traveling‐wave power dividers for slot array waveguide antennas

A composite corporate traveling‐wave power divider is presented. The single‐layer structure is composed of three parts: two interdigital traveling‐wave subsections combined with a power splitter. An iterative design technique is described in which the divider is split into a number of basic blocks. Large‐scaled networks are then easily designed because the whole structure does not need to be simulated. A method to take into account the insertion losses is also proposed and bandwidth enhancement is discussed, which is done by increasing the number of corporate layers. Experimental results are also shown for a 1:4 subsection. It provides equal output power with 0.5 dB of insertion loss. The phase‐shift between output ports is close to the specifications of ?150° at 30 GHz, with an error of less than 2°. It is also shown that this topology is well suited for frequency scanning antenna. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

A novel differential filtering SIW power divider with high selectivity

A novel differential power divider with bandpass filtering response using the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is presented. An SIW resonant cavity operated in a balanced resonant mode with odd symmetric electric field distribution is utilized to provide both balanced inputs/outputs and expected common‐mode (CM) suppression in a certain band. Meanwhile, by properly constructing the cross‐coupled topology of SIW resonant cavities, the proposed differential power divider achieves a high‐selectivity bandpass filtering response with two transmission zeros on both sides of the passband. The differential power divider is designed and prototyped on a single‐layer printed circuit board (PCB). The measured center frequency is at 10.6 GHz with 490 MHz 3‐dB bandwidth. A good CM suppression can also be achieved within the operating band. The measured in‐band differential‐mode imbalance for magnitude is ±0.3 dB, while for phase is 0°–4°. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 26:182–188, 2016.     

Generalized high‐isolation n‐way Gysel power divider with arbitrary power ratio and different real terminated impedances

An exact closed‐form design approach for a generalized high‐power n‐way Gysel power divider is proposed. The power divider could be designed to achieve an arbitrary power ratio with the flexible multiway application, arbitrary real terminated impedance, excellent isolation, and easy fabrication through both planar and three‐dimensional structures. Moreover, this improved power divider could maintain high power processing capacity through the coaxial cavity transmission line and grounding resistances. The exact analytical solutions related to ideal port matching and high isolation are obtained based on the circuit and transmission‐line theory. To verify the proposed approach, a compact 3‐way coaxial power divider with a pre‐designed power ratio of 1:1.5:2 and four different real terminated impedances of 50, 55, 60, and 65 Ω is designed and fabricated. Excellent agreement is achieved between the simulated and measured results. Measurements from 4.7 to 5.7 GHz show that the return losses of all input and output ports are better than 15 dB. The maximum insertion loss is 0.5 dB, and the phase imbalance is approximately less than 6.1°. In addition, the isolation between any two output ports is better than 23 dB from 4.5 to 6 GHz. Meanwhile, the power handling capability can reach the maximum power of the commercial 50 Ω SMA connectors (2.098 kW).