改进的WiMAX中继选择算法研究

针对802.16j 的移动多跳中继网络提出一种基于路径损耗和SINR的中继选择算法。该算法通过计算每条传输链路的路径损耗,选出路径损耗之和最小的2个中继站,比较这2个中继站与移动终端之间接入链路的SINR,将具有最大接入链路SINR值的中继站作为最优中继来改善移动终端的服务质量。对系统性能指标进行仿真分析,结果表明该算法可以有效降低中断概率和提高网络的稳健性。     

IEEE 802.16j中继站睡眠模式的研究

IEEE 802.16j标准在IEEE 802.16d/e标准的基础上引入了中继站。由于有的中继站具有便携、游牧,甚至移动的特性,往往采用电池或者太阳能供电的方式,中继站的能量节省问题也随之而来。中继站睡眠模式作为能量节省的重要手段,对其进行研究是十分必要和有用的。介绍了IEEE 802.16j RS睡眠机制,并构建了中继站睡眠模式下的能量消耗模型和帧时延模型。然后用概率统计的方法对模型进行了仿真,并就各参数对平均能量消耗和平均帧时延的影响进行了分析。     

Efficient forwarding scheme for downlink broadcast messages in IEEE 802.16j multi-hop relay networks

Although the IEEE 802.16j standard introduces a connection identifier (CID)-based forwarding scheme and a tunnel-based forwarding scheme, these schemes exhibit poor performance when forwarding broadcast messages. This study considers a CID translation strategy and proposes two CID-translated forwarding schemes for IEEE 802.16 multi-hop relay networks. The basic CID-translated forwarding scheme does not require to append the relay MAC header of the tunnel-based scheme to the broadcast messages. The enhanced CID-translated forwarding scheme further divides a broadcast message into a common part and a specific part and forwards these parts in a multicast manner and a broadcast manner, respectively. Simulation results validate that the basic CID-translated forwarding scheme uses fewer resources than the tunnel-based forwarding scheme. Moreover, the enhanced CID-translated forwarding scheme outperforms the basic CID-translated forwarding scheme in terms of the system resources used and transmission latency.     

Efficient and adaptive resource scheduling in IEEE 802.16j transparent relay networks

Relaying is regarded as a promising technique for enhancing the system throughput and coverage of emerging broadband wireless access networks. While next generation broadband wireless standardization bodies (e.g., LTE-advanced and IEEE 802.16j) have specified the support of relays in general terms, the problem of allocating network resources in an efficient and effective manner remains a challenging issue. In this study, the utility-based resource scheduling optimization problem for IEEE 802.16j transparent relay networks is formulated mathematically and proven to be NP-hard. Two efficient heuristic algorithms, namely Relay Resource Scheduling (RRS) and Adaptive Relay Resource Scheduling (ARRS), are proposed to resolve the resource scheduling problem. RRS maximizes the system utility in networks containing direct and relay mobile stations by exploiting the benefits of optional transmissions. ARRS enhances upon the performance of RRS by adaptively determining the split ratio between the access zone and the transparent zone in the downlink subframe. The computational complexities of both algorithms are shown to be polynomial and proportional to the number of links and subchannels in the network. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms achieve significantly better throughput and fairness performance than existing schemes such as Partial Proportional Fairness (PPF) and GenArgMAX.     

IEEE 802.16j中继站睡眠模式改进算法

IEEE 802.16j标准在IEEE 802.16e标准的基础上引入了中继站。中继站睡眠模式是能量节省的重要手段。其中各参数的选取关系到RS睡眠模式的效果——平均能量消耗和平均帧时延。用概率统计的方法构建了IEEE 802.16j RS睡眠模式下的能量消耗模型和帧时延模型,通过对睡眠模式各窗口参数的分析,提出了根据业务流动态改变窗口参数的算法,并且对改进前后的算法进行了仿真分析。     

Performance analysis of authentication and key distribution scheme for mobile multi-hop relay in IEEE 802.16j

Mobile multi-hop relay (MMR) network is known to be easy to install and convenient to manage because of its self-organizing and self-healing characteristics. However, MMR is vulnerable to security problems because of the same reason. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid authentication and key distribution algorithm for IEEE 802.16j MMR service. The proposed scheme uses centralized authentication when a mobile station or a relay station initially joins the MMR network and uses distributed authentication for hop-by-hop authentication between mobile nodes. We examine the procedure of the proposed scheme and its usefulness when applied to MMR networks. We also analyze the performance of the hybrid scheme. The proposed scheme can be used in any mobile multi-hop network as well as IEEE 802.16j MMR network.     

一种基于IEEE 802.16j网络的带宽调度方案*

针对IEEE 802.16j网络,提出了一种上行业务的动态联合带宽资源调度方案。根据该网络系统树状拓扑结构,在基站BS和中继站RS间采用分级分布式资源调度体制,从而既保障了业务的带宽需求,又提升了上行带宽利用率,同时还提出了针对不同类型业务采用不同的调度算法,改善了调度的公平合理性。仿真结果表明,提出的动态联合调度方案相比严格优先级调度更具灵活性,能够在兼顾用户速率公平的条件下有效地保证各种服务的QoS要求,同时也可获得较高的带宽资源利用率。     

An efficient scheduling algorithm for radio resource reuse in IEEE 802.16j multi-hop relay networks

The IEEE 802.16j standard for WiMAX introduced the concept of relay station in order to increase the service area and decrease the deployment cost of the network. In this paper, we have proposed an efficient scheduling scheme for IEEE 802.16j networks, which maximizes the number of connections that are scheduled in a particular time slot. The proposed scheme schedules the connections based on their priority, which is decided by the quality of service (QoS) requirement of the connections. A selected connection can be scheduled in the current timeslot only if it is not having interference with any of the already scheduled connections. Our algorithm considers scheduling of lower priority connections even if any higher priority connection is not scheduled due to interference. Thus, the delay for lower priority connections is reduced without increasing the delay for higher priority connections. In addition, our algorithm achieves higher frame utilization and higher system throughput by reducing the length of the schedule.     

The implementation of IEEE 802.16m protocol module for ns-3 simulator

This paper presents the first IEEE 802.16m medium access control (MAC) protocol module embedded in the network simulator version 3 (ns-3). The designed module provides a validation tool for researchers to verify simulated results related to the IEEE 802.16m. This module supports the basic MAC functions which includes an initial ranging (IR) function; four types of bandwidth request (BR) procedures; five types of standard-specified quality-of-service (QoS); a QoS-based transmission scheduler; an adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) selection function; a physical (PHY) layer with a channel propagation model. The designed module provides modification flexibility to adapt to other simulation modules. Various scenarios are simulated to show the capacity of the implemented IEEE 802.16m module in details. Results of different types of traffic are tested with the path loss effect on transmission to visualize the numeric capability of the module.     

An interactive QoS framework for fixed WiMAX networks

The IEEE 802.16 standard defines several scheduling classes at MAC layer for preferential treatment of service flows depending on QoS requirements specific to a service flow. In this paper, a new framework has been proposed to solve and address QoS issues for fixed point to multipoint (PMP) 802.16 systems. The proposed framework consists of a uplink scheduler and Call Admission Control (CAC) module. The proposed CAC module interact with the uplink scheduler status and makes its decision based on the scheduler’s queues status. Extensive OPNET simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework.     

A cross layer architecture for multicast and unicast video transmission in mobile broadband networks

This paper focuses on the transport of Unicast and Multicast traffic in the mobile broadband networks. The main objective is to allow video streaming applications to adapt its parameters according to 802.16MAC layer conditions and resource availability. For unicast traffic, we propose a cross layer optimizer, named XLO, between scalable video streaming application and IEEE 802.16 MAC layer. XLO uses the existing service flow management messages exchanged between a base station (BS) and a subscriber station (SS) and make them available to the video streaming application via a specific XLO interface. We implemented the XLO in the QualNet simulator and performed extensive simulations using a personalized scalable video traffic generator, capable of streaming video with different data rates and quality levels. We also introduce an enhanced admission control function at the BS that takes into account video adaptability property. The simulation results show the effectiveness of our XLO mechanism for delivering better quality of service. For multicast traffic, we propose a new solution based on superposition coding and make use of scalable video coding in order to optimize the network resources.     

A performance study of uplink scheduling algorithms in point-to-multipoint WiMAX networks

The IEEE 802.16 standard defines the specifications for medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers of WiMAX networks. A critical part of the MAC layer specification is packet scheduling, which resolves contention for bandwidth and determines the transmission order of users. Evaluating the performance packet scheduling algorithms is of utmost importance towards realizing large-scale WiMAX deployment. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive performance study of scheduling algorithms in point-to-multipoint mode of OFDM-based WiMAX networks. We first make a classification of WiMAX scheduling algorithms, then simulate a representative number of algorithms in each class taking into account that vital characteristics of the IEEE 802.16 MAC layer and OFDM physical layer. We evaluate the algorithms with respect to their abilities to support multiple classes of service, providing quality of service (QoS) guarantees, fairness amongst service classes and bandwidth utilization. To the best of our knowledge, no such comprehensive performance study has been reported in the literature. Simulation results indicate that none of the current algorithms is capable of effectively supporting all WiMAX classes of service. We demonstrate that an efficient, fair and robust scheduler for WiMAX is still an open research area. We conclude our study by making recommendations that can be used by WiMax protocol designers.     

IEEE802.16d固定宽带无线接入技术及应用

宽带无线接入技术发展很快,方式很多,IEEE802.16d是另一种宽带无线接入方式,主要应用于城域范围,可应用于话音、图像、视频及数据等的传输,也是家庭等“最后一英里”接入方式手段之一并具有诸多优点。本文对IEEE802.16d进行了较为详细地介绍和分析,包括主要特点、协议模型、空中接口规范物理层、MAC层以及主要应用。     

Multiple frequency reuse schemes in the two-hop IEEE 802.16j wireless relay networks with asymmetrical topology

In this paper, throughput performance of the access links (i.e., base station to mobile station and relay station to mobile station) is analyzed for the two-hop IEEE 802.16j wireless relay networks with asymmetrical topology. In specific, three frequency reuse schemes are proposed to improve the spectrum efficiency of the access links: (1) an isolation band based frequency reuse scheme (IBFRS) which introduces an isolation band surrounding each relay station (RS) cluster (i.e, a separate RS or several adjacent RSs) so that the throughput of the access link can be improved by allowing frequency reuse between RSs and the base station (BS); (2) the dynamic frequency power partition (DFPP) scheme for reusing the frequency among RSs; (3) the selective reuse (SR) scheme for the RSs to further selectively reuse the frequency in the isolation band according to the interference measurement. Comprehensive simulation shows that by applying the proposed IBFRS+DFPP+SR, the throughput of the access link can be significantly improved.     

An adaptive cross-layer design for multiservice scheduling in OFDMA based mobile WiMAX systems

We consider a cross-layer scheme for the downlink multiuser Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for mobile WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) based on IEEE802.16e standard. We propose an intelligent Medium Access Control (MAC) that adapts with the physical layer (PHY) in response to the different QoS requirements of the diverse service flows in the system. This adaptation is represented by a joint packet scheduling and slot allocation scheme interaction in both MAC and PHY layers. Based on this interaction, a fair and efficient QoS guaranteed resource allocation for a mixture of real-time and non real-time service flows is achieved. We provide extensive simulation results showing the performance aspects of the proposed cross-layer scheme.     

Scheduling solution for the IEEE 802.16 base station

The IEEE 802.16 standard defines a wireless broadband access network technology called WiMAX. It introduces several advantages, one of which is the support for QoS at the MAC level. To ensure meeting the QoS requirements, the 802.16 base station must run some algorithm to allocate slots between connections. This algorithm is not defined in the 802.16 specification but rather is open for alternative implementations. We propose a simple, yet efficient, solution that is capable of allocating slots based on the QoS requirements, bandwidth request sizes, and the 802.16 network parameters. To test the proposed solution, we have implemented the 802.16 MAC and PHY layers in the NS-2 simulator. Several simulation scenarios are presented that demonstrate how the scheduling solution allocates resources in various cases. According to the simulation results, the proposed scheduling solution ensures the QoS requirements of all 802.16 service classes. The solution shares free resources fairly and demonstrates work-conserving behaviour.     

LASER: A load-aware spectral-efficient routing metric for path selection in IEEE 802.16j multi-hop relay networks

For coverage extension and throughput enhancement, the IEEE 802.16j task group has developed a novel multi-hop relay network architecture to enable typical IEEE 802.16 networks to achieve data transmission between base stations and mobile stations via a multi-hop path with relay stations deployment. How to determine an effective path for throughput gain and overhead reduction is emerging and crucial in IEEE 802.16 multi-hop relay networks. This paper introduces a load-aware spectral-efficient routing metric, called LASER, to evaluate paths, and proposes an efficient scheme to determine a proper path. Based on the LASER metric, the proposed path selection scheme formulates the path cost as the summation of cost of each link, and the path with the minimum cost will be selected as the appropriate one. Simulation results show that the proposed LASER-based path selection scheme significantly outperforms existing path selection schemes in network throughput and map overhead.     

Simulator for WiMAX networks

The Network Simulator (ns-2) is a popular tool for the simulation of computer networks; it provides substantial support for simulation of Internet protocols over wired and wireless networks. Although some modules for WiMAX networks simulation have been proposed for the ns-2, none of them implements all MAC features specified by the IEEE 802.16 standard for bandwidth management and QoS support. This paper, however, does present the design and validation of a WiMAX module based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. The module implemented includes mechanisms for bandwidth request and allocation, as well as for QoS provision. Moreover, the implementation is standard-compliant.     

WiMAX认证方案研究

WiMAX安全要实现两大目标:一是为整个无线网络提供机密性保护;二是提供网络接入控制功能。IEEE802.16的安全子层采用了认证客户端/服务器密钥管理协议,在该协议中基站(即服务器)能够对分发给客户端SS的密钥进行控制。本文首先分析了WiMAX网络物理层和MAC层面临的安全威胁,然后给出了WiMAX网络安全体系架构。最后,对散列消息认证码(HMAC)、X.509证书和可扩展认证协议(EAP)进行了详细的介绍。     

一个提高WiMax服务质量的带宽分配调度算法研究

随着接入网络作为连接用户终端与核心网络的纽带的倍受关注,用户越来越关注数据传输的QoS(服务质量)问题。在IEEE802.16协议的MAC层定义了比较完善的QoS机制。但QoS机制中的核心问题,带宽调度算法,协议没有作出明确的阐述和定义。该文在已有典型算法基础上,吸收、采纳了已有算法中适合于IEEE802.16协议的带宽调度的方法,并结合IEEE802.16协议关于QoS的定义,提出了一个针对IEEE802.16协议的PMP(点对多点)模式下集中式的带宽分配调度算法。并在NS2模拟环境下对算法进行了测试。