应用于桥梁监控的无线传感器网络MAC协议

为保证监控桥梁任务的实时性,提出了一种多优先级多信道的无线传感器网络MAC(MPMC-MAC)协议。MPMC-MAC协议结合节点接收的数据类型和节点发送信息频率为其分配优先级,再根据优先级及信道状况对节点进行信道分配,以确保优先级高的节点优先发送数据。当信道冲突或节点通信受到干扰导致信息需要重传时,采用信道再分配技术。该技术主要根据节点的优先级、节点的剩余能量及其重传次数重新对节点分配信道,保证了信道分配的公平性。另外,该协议通过动态调整节点的活跃周期和睡眠周期的时长以节省能量,并减少传播时延。仿真结果表明,MPMC-MAC协议在网络吞吐量、平均传播时延以及节点的能量消耗等性能方面均优于Hybrid MAC(HyMAC)、Zebra MAC(ZMAC)及IEEE802.15.4 MAC协议。     

DLD-MAC:一种区分服务的低时延传感器网络MAC协议

针对现有无线传感器网络MAC协议不能提供区分服务和传输时延较大的问题,在经典多跳传输协议DW-MAC的基础上,提出了一种具有区分服务功能的低时延MAC协议—DLD-MAC(Diffserv-based Low-Delay MAC)。其基本思路是让高优先级数据选择更小的竞争窗口,以降低时延和能耗。Markov建模分析表明,DLD-MAC能对不同优先级的业务流进行很好的服务区分,而且相较于传统的无线传感器网络MAC协议,其在时延性能上有显著优势,能更有效地保障服务质量。     

无线传感器网络多信道协议的调度机制

针对现有无线传感器网络多信道MAC协议没有区分数据业务优先级的问题,提出了一种基于区分服务的多信道协议（DP-McMAC）。该协议采用优先级调度策略和区分服务机制,对不同数据业务设置不同的退避参数和竞争窗口,并对提出的协议进行数学建模及延迟分析。仿真结果表明,该协议在高优先级数据的传输时延和吞吐量等性能方面比现有的协议均有所提高,并且保证了高优先级数据传输的实时性要求。     

EDA-MAC:事件驱动应用感知的无线传感器网络MAC协议

MAC协议是无线传感器网络领域中的一个广泛研究的问题,然而,现有的MAC协议较少是针对具体的应用而设计.针对基于无线传感器网络的坡道转弯交通控制系统,设计并实现了一个事件驱动、应用感知的MAC协议EDA-MAC(Event Driven Application MAC).此协议使用竞争时隙分配算法选择优先级最高的汇报事件,根据此优先级作为可以汇报事件的基准,限制低优先级事件的汇报,有效降低数据包的碰撞,保证了数据传输的完整性和实时性.同时,提出一个时隙动态调整算法,根据已有汇报事件的信息,动态调整非竞争周期和非活动周期的时隙数目,减少节点的空闲监听时间,最大程度地使节点处于睡眠状态,有效降低了节点能耗.试验结果表明,该MAC协议支持优先事件传输,具有较好的实时性和能量高效性,适用于基于无线传感器网络的坡道转弯交通控制系统.     

无线多媒体传感器网络实时MAC协议

实时性是无线多媒体传感器网络的重要考虑因素之一,而MAC协议能否高效地使用无线信道对保障无线多媒体传感器网络的实时性起着决定性作用。针对无线多媒体传感器网络的业务数据特点,提出了一种基于时隙预留的多信道实时MAC协议。该协议在响应流媒体查询之前,事先建立一条从源节点到汇聚节点的时隙预留流路径,从而最小化数据包在每一次转发时的信道接入时延。仿真结果表明,该协议明显减小了流媒体数据的端到端时延与时延抖动,并且具有较好的能量有效性。     

基于令牌的无线工业控制网络的信道接入控制

针对无线工业控制网络(WICN)的实时性和可靠性要求,在分析了几种常见的无线局域网的MAC协议(MACA、MA-CAW和IEEE802.11)的不足后,提出了一种基于令牌控制的MAC协议.并且还详细介绍了该协议中的令牌恢复机制、优先级机制和数据帧确认机制,并利用离散事件仿真平台OMNeT 对该协议和CSMA/CA协议进行了仿真对比试验.仿真结果表明,该协议保证了信道接入的公平性,减少了数据传输时延,增强了数据传输的可靠性,适用于无线工业控制网络.     

多个无线传感器网络中节能MAC协议设计

在无线传感器网络中,媒体访问控制(MAC)层协议影响着整个网络的性能。根据无线传感器网络对节点能耗和时延的要求,本文提出了一种基于跨层设计的节能MAC协议。利用物理层、MAC层和路由层之间的信息交互,在保证可靠通信的基础上,实现在一个监听/睡眠周期内数据多跳传输,缩短数据传输时延,并且有效控制网络数据传输的冗余度,降低冗余节点能量消耗。性能分析和仿真结果表明,节能MAC协议能够有效地降低网络时延并且减少节点能耗。     

DQ-MAC:一种基于区分服务的WSN信道访问机制

针对现有无线传感器网络MAC协议不能提供数据业务优先级区分的问题,在充分分析导MAC协议的基础上,提出了一种基于区分服务的MAC协议改进机制—DC}MAC(Diffserv-based Qo}aware MAC)。其基本思路是让高优先级数据有更多的侦听时间,使高优先级数据传输的机会是低优先级的两倍,达到了减少高优先级数据的传输时延的目的,从而确保了高优先级数据业务的传输性能。相关分析结果表明,该机制使高优先级数据业务拥有更高的吞吐量,并且降低了高优先级业务的平均服务时延。     

无线传感器网络MAC协议实时性研究

MAC协议决定着无线信道的使用方式,是保证网络高效通信的关键协议。通过分析无线传感器网络的特点,针对应用需求,讨论影响MAC协议设计的有关问题,研究和比较了当前典型的无线传感器网络MAC协议的主要机制及实时性,展望了无线传感器网络实时MAC协议的进一步研究策略和发展趋势。     

无线传感器网络MAC协议进展

MAC协议是无线传感器网络协议的重要组成部分,网络的性能(如吞吐量、容量、时延及功耗等)依赖于所采用的MAC协议,也是无线传感器网络设计研究的主要技术难点之一。该文指出了无线传感器网络MAC协议设计的主要问题,对几种典型的MAC协议进行了分析和研究,并分析研究了无线传感器网络MAC协议的研究与应用方向。     

An efficient quality-of-service MAC protocol for infrastructure WLANs

In this paper, we propose a new efficient MAC protocol, named quality-of-service MAC (QMAC), which is an integrated solution for providing QoS guarantees to real-time multimedia applications in infrastructure WLANs. In addition, QMAC has the following attractive features: (i) its reservation scheme ensures that real-time stations enter the polling list in bounded time, (ii) it supports multiple priority levels and guarantees that high-priority stations always join the polling list earlier than low-priority stations, (iii) it employs the distributed pre-check technique such that the access point can admit as many newly flows as possible, while not violating admitted flows' guarantees, (iv) its dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme provides real-time traffic transmission with per-flow probabilistic bandwidth assurances, and (v) it uses a multipoll frame to poll all stations on the polling list at a time, therefore, the bandwidth can be utilized more efficient. Through simulations, we demonstrate the advantage of our QMAC.     

Differentiation, QoS guarantee, and optimization for real-time traffic over one-hop ad hoc networks

Nodes having a self-centrically broadcasting nature of communication form a wireless ad hoc network. Many issues are involved to provide quality of service (QoS) for ad hoc networks, including routing, medium access, resource reservation, mobility management, etc. Previous work mostly focuses on QoS routing with an assumption that the medium access control (MAC) layer can support QoS very well. However, contention-based MAC protocols are adopted in most ad hoc networks since there is no centralized control. QoS support in contention-based MAC layer is a very challenging issue. Carefully designed distributed medium access techniques must be used as foundations for most ad hoc networks. In this paper, we study and enhance distributed medium access techniques for real-time transmissions in the IEEE 802.11 single-hop ad hoc wireless networks. In the IEEE 802.11 MAC, error control adopts positive acknowledgement and retransmission to improve transmission reliability in the wireless medium (WM). However, for real-time multimedia traffic with sensitive delay requirements, retransmitted frames may be too late to be useful due to the fact that the delay of competing the WM is unpredictable. In this paper, we address several MAC issues and QoS issues for delay-sensitive real-time traffic. First, a priority scheme is proposed to differentiate the delay sensitive real-time traffic from the best-effort traffic. In the proposed priority scheme, retransmission is not used for the real-time traffic, and a smaller backoff window size is adopted. Second, we propose several schemes to guarantee QoS requirements. The first scheme is to guarantee frame-dropping probability for the real-time traffic. The second scheme is to guarantee throughput and delay. The last scheme is to guarantee throughput, delay, and frame-dropping probability simultaneously. Finally, we propose adaptive window backoff schemes to optimize throughput with and without QoS constraints.     

A CSMA/CD compatible MAC for real-time transmissions based on varying collision intervals

This paper suggests a CSMA/CD compatible MAC protocol for real-time transmissions in a shared Home or Small Office Local Area Network. The new MAC is based on the distributed assignment of special TAG numbers to the stations transmitting real-time traffic. These TAG numbers determine a Round Robin order of transmissions among the real-time stations. They also help in resolving collisions among real time stations by setting the length of the Jam signal, transmitted in case of a collision, to be a function of the TAG number. In a collision the station with the highest TAG number, and so with the longest Jam, is persisting with its Jam transmission for the longest until all the other stations defer. Thus, the collision terminates and the longest persisting station can transmit its packet successfully. The new protocol enables stations implementing the IEEE 802.3 MAC standard to transmit on the same network with stations implementing the new protocol. After introducing the protocol, we compute an upper bound on the access delay that the protocol guarantees and prove the correctness of the distributed TAG assignment procedure. Finally, we simulate the protocol in a network consisting stations implementing the new protocol together with stations implementing the standard IEEE 802.3 MAC. We show that the access delays of the stations transmitting real-time traffic are indeed bounded as predicted.     

连续时间两级完全轮询接入MAC协议分析

针对物联网中优先级业务和实时性的需求,提出一种连续时间两级完全轮询接入MAC协议。在连续时间的基础上,将用户划分为优先级用户和普通用户,采用完全服务规则对用户提供服务来降低平均等待时延。当优先级用户向普通用户切换时,将服务时间和切换时间并行处理来提高系统的服务效率。使用随机过程和概率母函数的方法建立数学模型,对该协议用户的平均排队队长和平均等待时延进行了精确解析,并通过仿真实验验证。实验结果表明,理论值与实验值一致,该协议能对不同优先级的业务进行区分,用户的平均等待时延较低。     

Medium-access control protocols for WDM-based optical access networks with passive-star clusters interconnected by a backbone ring

This paper investigates the performance of medium access control (MAC) protocols in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) based optical access network consisting of a backbone ring interconnecting several passive-star-based clusters of optical networking units (ONUs) at customer premises. Each cluster is connected to the backbone through an access node (AN). A scheduler located in each AN, executes two MAC protocols, one for the intracluster traffic and the other for the intercluster traffic. In order to maintain the quality of service, the scheduler in the AN employs, priority-based queuing for the intercluster traffic on pre-assigned wavelengths. For controlling the intracluster traffic, the scheduler employs pre-transmission coordination with ranging and look-ahead functionalities in the MAC protocol. The performance of MAC protocol for intracluster traffic is evaluated through event-driven simulation, while for intercluster traffic the MAC performance is evaluated through analytical modeling of the queuing system employing two dynamic bandwidth management schemes. Performance of the intracluster MAC protocol is shown to be improved by novel use of subcarrier multiplexing on the wavelength used for the control packet transmission. A comparative study of the two intercluster schemes in terms of end-to-end delay is carried out, to understand the effect of priority queuing on the real-time and non-real-time service packets.     

自适应调度的增强QoS保证机制

针对IEEE802.11的媒体接入控制层QoS支持技术进行了研究.基于无线局域网MAC层DCF和EDCF两种退避机制,提出了一种增强型自适应慢速递减的EASDCF方案,并在此基础上的结合IEEE802.11e的业务分级的思想,通过最大竞争窗口和重传次数的不同来区分不同的优先级,并对每个优先级进行区分服务.仿真结果表明,EASDCF机制所采用的分级策略提高了时延敏感业务的吞吐量,并使丢包率敏感的数据业务得到可靠保障,该算法能够有效地增强网络的QoS,提高整个网络的性能.     

Enhanced MAC protocol to support multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks

With the advanced physical layer techniques such as multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), transmission real-time 2D/3D contents and applications becomes more and more necessary in wireless networks for the amazing growing in demand of customers. However, the low efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocol degrades the performance of real-time traffic greatly in multihop, wireless and mobile environment. Focusing on supporting real-time multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks (WMNs), an enhanced MAC protocol is proposed. And the contribution of this paper is twofold: (1) An efficient carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) compatible time division multiple access (TDMA)-like MAC protocol called T-MAC is proposed, which aims to improve the system performance by allocating more channel access time in centralized manner and decreasing overhead. (2) An optimal adaptive scheduling scheme is proposed to support real-time multimedia applications and guarantee QoS for different priority traffic, which aims to find the optimized schedule among all possible sequences of concurrent transmissions by minimizing the occupied resources. Detailed simulation results and comparison with IEEE 802.11e MAC scheme show that the proposed T-MAC can effectively improve quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate, which also manifests that T-MAC is an efficient multimedia applications transmission scheme for mobile terminals and MAPs in cognitive WMNs.     

Admission control scheme based on priority access for wireless LANs

In order to support the quality of service (QoS) requirements at the medium access control (MAC) layer, the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) has been developed in IEEE 802.11e standard. However, it cannot guarantee the stringent real-time constraints of multimedia applications such as voice and video without an efficient method of controlling network loads. In this paper, we propose a measurement-based admission control scheme, which is made up of two parts: priority access and admission control. First, in order to measure the channel status per traffic type, we propose a priority access mechanism in which each priority traffic is distinguished by a busy tone, and separately performs its own packet transmission operation. Then, admission control mechanism protects existing flows from new ones, and maintains the QoS of the admitted flows based on the measured channel status information. Performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by simulation. Our results show that the proposed scheme is very effective in guaranteeing the QoS of multimedia applications as well as in avoiding the performance starvation of low priority traffics.     

无线局域网中TCP公平性问题研究综述

在无线局域网络中,由于无线MAC层协议只能保证各无线节点的公平接入无线信道,如何确保传输层TCP流的公平性就变得十分重要.TCP闭环拥塞控制的贪婪性、MAC协议节点接入公平性和无线信道的异构性,导致TCP在无线局域网络出现多种不公平问题.对当前存在的几种TCP不公平问题及相应的解决方法进行了分析和比较,阐述了目前亟待解决的主要问题和今后的研究方向.     

支持QoS的IEEE 802.11的分布协调功能(DCF)算法

IEEE802．11是一种无线局域网标准，它采用CSMA／CA算法，有两种工作模式——DCF和PCF。当无线站点工作于DCF模式时，可以方便地构建自组网络.DCF模式是一种随机的无线信道共享方式，不能保障语音、视频等实时业务。本文按照各种业务的服务需求，在DCF中引入并行优先级队列，使这些队列接入信道的参数DIFS和CW与各种类型应用相对应，从而在MAC层中实现服务区分。